本論文從琳達‧荷根的小說《力量》探討女性靈性與土地之間親密而且具有相互的影響性的關係。我將在本論文中指出破壞性與建設性的力量如何影響女性性靈與土地的關係。
  本論文分成五大部分。第一部分為導論，簡述接下來三章之間的關係。第一章將討論歐米希多與阿媽如何經由保護太迦族的聖地和信仰來建立女性的主體性與女性性靈。第二章指出小說中負面力量如何破壞人類與自然相互依存的關係。一旦土地被破壞，女性將失去守護土地與部落信仰的能力，屆時，其保護土地的女性性靈也將消失。第三章延續上一章，探討如何以建設性力量修補被破壞的土地、信仰與女性和土地之間的關係。一旦太迦人從這些力量中重新恢復對族群的信心，守護聖地與部落信仰的責任將會永遠傳承下去。

This thesis aims to examine the interrelation between the female and the land in Linda Hogan’s Power. From discussing the close relationship between the female and the land, we will grasp that these two have the great and determinative influence on all living and non-living beings. I intend to discuss several destructive and reconstructive powers that affect the once balanced environment, in which the Taiga people have lived for hundreds of years. 
This thesis is composed of five parts. The first is Introduction. I briefly introduce the contents of the following three chapters. In Chapter One, “Female Spirituality and Ecofeminist Writing,” I discuss how Omishto and Ama build their female subjectivity and female spirituality from their actions of protecting the sacred land and the indigenous belief system. In Chapter Two, “The Influence of Power on the land and on the Female,” I deal with the influence of destructive power on the female and on the land. When the land is broken, the female, such as Ama, would not keep her female spirituality of safeguarding the sacred land. Besides, the relationship between the human beings and nature would be disrupted. In Chapter Three, “Reconnecting the Female Spirituality with the Land,” I reveal some reconstructive powers that would mend the relationship between the female and the land. When some Taiga people regain their confidence in the land and their belief system, the job of defending the Taiga community would be continuous from generation to generation. And the last part is my conclusion.

Table of Content

Introduction	                                    1	
Chapter One:	
Female Spirituality and Ecofeminist Writing	         16

Chapter Two:	
The Influence of Power on the Land and on the Female	34

Chapter Three:	
Reconnecting Female Spirituality with the Land	50

Conclusion	                                     67
	
Work Cited		                            72

Work Cited

Adamson, Joni. American Indian Literature, Environmental    Justice, and Ecocriticism: The Middle Place. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 2001.

Allen, Paula Gunn. The Sacred Hoop: Recovering the Feminine in American Indians. Boston: Beacon P, 1992.

Chandler, Katherine R. “How Do We Learn to Trust Ourselves Enough to Hear the Chanting of Earth?: Hogan’s Terrestrial Spirituality.” From the Center of Tradition: Critical Perspectives on Linda Hogan. Ed. Barbara J. Cook. UP of Colorado, 2003. 17- 34.

Cheyfitz, Eric, ed. The Columbia Guide to American Indian Literatures of the United States since 1945. New York: Columbia UP, 2006.

Cook, Barbara J. “Introduction.” From the Center of Tradition: Critical Perspectives on Linda Hogan. Ed. Barbara J. Cook. UP of Colorado, 2003. 1-10.

---. “An Interview with Linda Hogan.” From the Center of Tradition: Critical Perspectives on Linda Hogan. Ed. Barbara J. Cook. UP of Colorado, 2003. 11-16. 

---. “Hogan’s Historical Narratives.” From the Center of Tradition: Critical Perspectives on Linda Hogan. Ed. Barbara J. Cook. UP of Colorado, 2003.35-52.

Cuomo, Chris. “Ethics and the Eco/Feminist Self.” Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology. Ed. Michael E. Zimmerman. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2005. 194-207. 

Gardiner, Judith Kegan. “On Female Identity and Writing by Women.” Critical Inquiry 8.2 (1981): 347-361.

Girard, René. Violence and the Sacred. Trans. Patrick Gregory. Baltimore: The John Hopkins UP, 1977.

---. “Sacrifice as Sacral Violence and Substitution.” The Girard Reader. Ed. James G. Williams. New York: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 1996. 69-93.

Hogan, Linda. Dwellings: A Spiritual History of the Living World. New York: Norton, 1995.
---. Power. New York: Norton, 1998.
---. The Woman Who Watches Over the World: A Native Memoir. New York: Norton, 2001.

---. “Of Panthers and People: An Interview with American Indian Author Linda Hogan.” By John A. Murray. 10 May 2008 <http://www.terrain.org/interview/5/>. 

Krupat, Arnold, and Michael A. Elliott. “American Indian Fiction and Anticolonial Resistance.” The Columbia Guide to American Indian Literatures of the United States since 1945. Ed. Eric Cheyfitz. New York: Columbia UP, 2006. 127-182.

Leopold, Aldo. “The Land Ethic.” Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology. Ed. Michael E. Zimmerman. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2005. 102-115

Loomba, Ania. Colonialism/Postcolonialism. London: Norton, 2001.Routledge, 1998.

Mellor, Mary. “Ecofeminism and Environmental Ethics: A Materialist Perspective.” Environmental Philosophy: From 
Animal Rights to Radical Ecology. Ed. Michael E. Zimmerman. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2005. 208-227.

Merchant, Carolyn. Earthcare: Women and the Environment. New York: Routledge, 1995.

---. The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology, and the Scientific Revolution. New York: Harper & Row, 1980.

Oliver, Kelly. Witnessing: Beyond Recognition. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 2001. 

Owens, Louis. Other Destines: Understanding the American Indian Novel. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1992.

Porter, Joy, and Kenneth M. Roemer, eds. The Cambridge Companion Native American Literature. New York: Cambridge UP, 2005. 

Silko, Leslie Marmon. Yellow Woman and a Beauty of the Spirit: Essays on Native American Life Today. New York: 

Simon and Schuster, 1996.

---. “Interior and Exterior Landscapes: The Pueblo Migration Stories.” Speaking for Generations: Native Writes on Writing. Ed. Simon J. Ortiz. Tucson: The U of Arizona P, 1998. 3-24.

Sturgeon, No&euml;l. “Naturalizing Race: Indigenous Women and White Goddesses.” Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology. Ed. Michael E. Zimmerman. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2005. 228-251.

Vizenor, Gerald. Fugitive Poses: Native American Indian Scenes of Absence and Presence.  U of Nebraska P, 1998.

Warren, Karen J. “Ecofeminism and Social Justice: Introduction.” Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology. Ed. Michael E. Zimmerman. New Jersey: Prentice Hall,2005. 139-154.

---. “The Power and the Promise of Ecofeminism, Revised.” Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology. Ed. Michael E. Zimmerman. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2005. 252-28.