歐盟統合過程中，政策制定主導權由原本國家這個單一行為者所掌控，逐漸產生決策權向上、向下、向旁的分別分散給歐盟超國家層級、次國家層級與相關利益團體等，此一現象已引起國外學界廣泛的討論與注意，也因此有學者們提出所謂的『多層級治理』途徑來解釋動態的歐盟決策機制運作。國外學者Gary Marks及Liesbet Hooghe等人為提出歐盟『多層級治理』模式的先驅，其論點主張，從1980年代起歐洲之整合已逐漸衍生出多層級的治理模式，由於歐洲的整合，促使國家參與決策機制之權利逐步移轉到歐盟及其國內的區域與地方政府。

本論文以聯邦制的德國和單一國家制的英國來進行個案研究，希望藉此以德、英兩個不同國家的典型，探討歐盟『多層級治理』現況所呈現的個別差異性與同質性。
   
論文分成七章：第一章導論、第二章歐盟政策制定所衍生之權限問題、第三章歐盟政策制定的多層級決策模式、第四章德國個案研究、第五章英國個案研究、第六章歐盟多層級理論的評估與展望、第七章結論。
   
歐盟決策的『多層級治理』機制具備幾項特質：1.多重利益投入與產出具備合法性、2.否決權未必形成歐盟決策之障礙、3.決策機制仍存在合法性與透明性等相關問題。『多層級治理』確實提供了一個重要的研究途徑來解釋歐盟具動態性、複雜性、處於持續變動中的決策機制與發展。
    
觀察德國結構基金計劃擬定的參與程度，可明顯感受德國各邦在計劃擬定扮演一個相當主動的角色，可依循各邦區域發展自身的利益與關切議題，在相關各廳的領導與監督下，擬定結構基金的執行計劃，因此這部分給予第三層級相當大的參與空間。
    
英國與聯邦制的德國相當的不同。在保守黨執政下，『多層級治理』的機制發展是十分受到限制的。在工黨上台執政後，『多層級治理』的決策機制才得有發展的空間。英國雖然經歷憲政的改革，但整體而言，英國中央政府仍然較不願意放棄控管歐盟基金的權力，由於區域基金分配仍然屬於高政治敏感議題部分，因此就算工黨執政，地方政府參與的權限仍然有限。

The European Union (EU) is struggling to go forwards into a closer political integration. Since its creation in 1950s, there are lots of revolutions and key developments in the EU. European integration has been undoubtedly formed different levels: supranational, national, sub-national (regional and local authorities) and interest groups in the EU’s policy-making system. Therefore, some scholars use so-called “Multi-level governance, MLG” approach to analyze the system. Some pioneer scholars, such as Gary Marks and Liesbet Hooghe, depicted European integration as the “MLG” status in which the policy-making competences of the governments have been transferred upward to the EU level, downward to the local and regional level, sideward to interest groups and social partners since the 1980’s.

My Dissertation will discuss and analyze this “MLG” theory and phenomenon in the European Union, and I’m going to compare the situation of Germany with UK to draw a conclusion of the difference and similarity of this trend. 

This dissertation consists of seven chapters: Chapter 1 Introduction, Chapter 2 Competence issues deriving from the EU policy-making, Chapter 3 Multi-level governance applying in the EU policy-making, Chapter 4 Germany as a case study, Chapter 5 United Kingdom as a case study, Chapter 6 Assessment and prospects of the “MLG”, Chapter 7 Conclusion.

From some perspectives of challenges and problems may be faced in the EU complicated policy-making procedures, it is found that MLG is favorable for input and output of the interests; veto of actors would not necessary be any obstacles to the policy-making procedures; “MLG” actually faces the transparency and democratic accountability challenges and problems.

“MLG” actually provides an essential approach to analyze the dynamism and complexity of the policy-making in the EU. There are getting more and more related literature discussing this topic in different aspects. It is believed that this research approach would reach maturity.

Observing the participation of Germany in the structural funds planning, the German Länder plays an active role and is equipped with autonomy, which obviously reveals the MLG mechanism. In spite of the political devolution in the UK, the regional and local authorities have only limited chances to participate in the structural funds planning, which is still a sensitive and high politics issue.

章節目次
第一章、導論	1
第一節 、研究動機與目的	1
第二節 、相關文獻評述	3
第三節 、研究方法與架構	7
壹 、研究方法	7
贰 、論文研究架構	9
叁 、論文章節安排	10
第四節 、相關名詞解釋	11
第二章 、歐盟政策制定所衍生之權限問題	17
第一節 、會員國國家主權之爭議	17
壹 、國家中心治理途徑	18
贰 、多層級治理途徑	19
叁 、國家主權式微	20
第二節 、歐盟與會員國間的權限劃分現況	26
壹 、權限劃分的發展背景	26
贰 、歐盟現行權限劃分之現況與發展	28
叁 、權限種類劃分之發展與落實	34
肆 、《歐盟憲法條約》中權限劃分之三項原則	36
伍 、《歐盟憲法條約》與《里斯本條約》對於權限種類之劃分	42
第三節 、輔助原則與比例原則之適用與落實狀況	50
壹 、輔助原則在共同體立法過程中的落實狀況	50
贰 、歐洲法院判例對輔助與比例原則的影響	53
第三章 、歐盟政策制定的多層級決策模式	57
第一節 、歐盟多層級治理研究途徑	57
壹 、多層級治理論點之產生	57
贰 、多層級治理之定義與特點	60
第二節 、以多層級治理觀點探討歐盟之決策模式	70
壹 、相互調解模式	71
贰 、政府間協調模式	72
叁 、層級（超國家層級）模式	75
肆 、共同決定模式	76
伍 、歐盟區域委員會的設置及其扮演的角色	83
陸、第三層級區域代表的影響力	87
第四章 、個案研究：以德國結構基金的運作及法源為例	97
第一節 、運作的事實描述	97
壹 、結構基金的初始發展與起源	97
贰 、一九八八年結構基金的改革	100
叁 、一九九三年結構基金的改革	100
肆 、一九九九年結構基金的改革	102
伍 、歐盟區域政策與結構基金發展之重要階段	106
陸、現階段歐盟結構基金政策計畫的形成方式	108
第二節 、運作衍生的法律及體制問題	109
壹 、德國《基本法》中對聯邦政府與各邦之權限劃分規範	109
贰 、德國國內聯邦體制的決策特質	117
第三節 、德國參與歐盟多層級決策的機制	130
壹 、德國在歐盟決策體系之模式─多層級治理	130
贰 、以德國下薩克森邦結構基金的運作為探討案例	134
第五章 、個案研究：以英國結構基金的運作及法源為例	141
第一節 、運作的事實描述	141
壹 、英國的夥伴原則與多層級治理	143
贰 、英國的附加原則與多層級治理	147
第二節 、運作衍生的法律及體制問題	150
壹 、英國中央與地方政府之權限劃分規範	150
贰 、英國體制的決策特質	153
第三節 、英國參與歐盟多層級決策的機制	155
壹 、立法準備階段	155
贰 、執行政策階段	163
第六章 、歐盟多層級理論的評估及展望	165
第一節 、『多層級治理』理論評估	165
壹 、利益的投入與產出	167
贰 、否決權在決策過程中所扮演之角色	167
叁 、決策機制之合法性與透明性	168
第二節 、多層級治理新趨勢	169
壹 、開放性協調模式的興起	170
贰 、傳統共同體模式	177
叁 、開放性協調模式	178
第三節 、理論未來發展及展望	179
第七章 、結論	185
第一節 、主要研究發現	185
壹 、『多層級治理』相當適合解釋歐盟具動態性、複雜性的決策機制	185
贰 、德國與英國多層級決策的差異性	187
叁 、區域行為者扮演的角色	190
第二節 、後續研究建議	191
參考書目	193
附錄	211


圖表目次
圖表 1分析歐盟多層級治理決策架構圖	9
圖表 2研究架構圖	10
圖表 3共同決定程序流程	80
圖表 4英格蘭行政區組成架構圖	152

表格目次
表格 1現行條約與歐盟憲法條約比較	46
表格 2共同決定程序適用議題內容	81
表格 3歐盟結構基金三階段目標與基金項目之比較	104
表格 4區域政策與結構基金發展之重要階段表	106
表格 5德國各邦在參議院的席次數	123
表格 6一九九五年下薩克森邦結構基金政策的領導與相關專責部會表	139
表格 7英國各類地方政府層級議會(COUNCILS)的總數表	153
表格 8英國不同層級政府所負責的政策權限表	154

中文文獻

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法律文件
1.	Case C-376/98, Tobacco Advertising case.
2.	Council Regulation (EEC) 2052/88, OJ L 185, 15.7.1988, pp. 9–20.
3.	Consolidated versions of the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, OJC 115 of 9 May 2008.
4.	Deutschland (1994). Grundgesetz. München : Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.
5.	Opinion (1/75) 1975 ECJ, Case 41/76 Donckerwolcke, Case 174/84 Bulk Oil, Case 50/76 Amsterdam Bulb, Case 31/74 Galli, Case 14/68 Walt Wilhelm v Bundeskartellamt.
6.	Treaty establishing the European Community (consolidated text), OJC 325 of 24 December 2002.
7.	Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, OJC 310, 16 December 2004.
8.Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty establishing the European Community, signed at Lisbon, 13 December 2007, OJC 306 of 17 December 2007.
9.Treaty on European Union (consolidated text), OJC 325 of 24 December 2002.

網路文獻資料
1.	Die Bundesregierung 德國聯邦政府官方網站
http://www.bundesregierung.de/Webs/Breg/DE/Homepage/home.html
2.	Eur-Lex Database歐盟法律資料庫
http://eur-lex.europa.eu/
3.	http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/funds/prord/prords/prds1_en.htm，出自於歐盟官方網，執委會區域政策中結構基金的簡介與運作。
4.	http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/funds/prord/prords/history_en.htm，出自於歐盟官方網，執委會區域政策中結構基金的歷史發展與沿革。
5.	Committee of the Regions歐盟區域委員會官方網站
http://www.cor.europa.eu/
6.	Subsidiarity Monitoring Network 輔助原則監測網絡
http://subsidiarity.cor.europa.eu/