本研究首先利用非溶劑誘導法製備水/丁醇/甲酸/尼龍66四成份系統的多孔型尼龍66薄膜。水，對於尼龍66薄膜是強非溶劑，它可以增加製膜液中的晶核密度，當使用丁醇作為軟性沉澱槽時，液液相分離已充分的被壓制。當在製膜液中逐漸的添加水的含量時，藉由觀察薄膜的形態可發現成核密度明顯的增加。當製膜液含少量的水時(<2.5%)，薄膜的截面形態呈現巨型球晶，高含水量(>7.5%)的製膜液則呈現互相交織的軸晶和互相連通孔洞的對稱型雙連續薄膜。水通量和抗張強度的測量結果和薄膜的形態、孔隙度和孔洞尺寸有關。此外，藉由XRD、FTIR-ATR和DSC等儀器分析，得薄膜為a-type結晶且結晶度大約38%，並由DSC的測量得知薄膜的熔點為~265℃。本研究接著利用溼式相轉換法製作PVDF薄膜，並探討於製膜液中添加界面活性劑吐溫20對所形成薄膜的物性及其超過濾效率的影響。我們利用FESEM觀察薄膜的上、下表面和截面的形態，發現隨著吐溫20添加量的增加，截面的手指狀巨孔結構越趨於明顯，球晶顆粒也由束狀變為樹枝狀，且上表面孔洞也逐漸增加。我們也用拉力試驗量測薄膜的抗張強度機械性質。而吐溫20在薄膜的殘留量則由接觸角測試、FTIR-ATR、NMR、XPS等加以分析，並得知界面活性劑幾乎已被完全移除。由薄膜的水通量和超過濾實驗可知薄膜具有相當高的通量和良好的選擇率。最後，本研究利用溼紡法和乾噴溼紡法製備毛細管薄膜，並探討在製膜液中添加吐溫20對薄膜特性的影響。我們利用SEM攝影觀察毛細管薄膜內外表面和截面的結構和形態，發現毛細管薄膜隨著界面活性劑的添加，薄膜表面逐漸產生孔洞，巨孔結構越趨於明顯，且球晶形態從束狀轉為樹枝狀，並藉由拉力試驗得知薄膜的機械強度隨著添加界面活性劑而下降。製膜液的穩態黏度，由流變儀來測定，發現黏度隨著界面活性劑而增加。最後，我們用FTIR-ATR、接觸角測試和NMR分析吐溫20在毛細管薄膜的殘留量，結果顯示，經過仔細清洗後，吐溫20在薄膜中的殘留量僅約0.3%。

Microporous Nylon-66 membranes were prepared by non-solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) from the Water/1-Butanol/Formic acid/Nylon66 quaternary system. Water, as a strong non-solvent for Nylon-66, was employed to enhance polymer crystal nucleation in the casting dope, while 1-butanol was adopted as a soft coagulant whereby liquid-liquid demixing mechanism can be sufficiently suppressed. By gradually increasing the water content in the dope, the effect of nucleation density on the morphology of the membrane was clearly manifested. While low water content (<2.5%) dopes resulted in membranes consisting of large full spherulites, high water content (>7.5%) dopes gave rise to symmetric bi-continuous membranes composed of small interlocked, stick-like crystallites intertwining with continuous channels of micropores. Water permeation flux and tensile strength of the membranes were measured and correlated with the porosity, pore size, and membrane morphology. In addition, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR) analyses indicate that the membranes contained  a-type crystals with a crystallinity of ~38 %, consistent with that determined from Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The later method also showed that all membranes have a similar crystal melting behavior with Tm ~265 oC.
PVDF membranes are prepared via immersion precipitation method. The effects of Tween20 additive in casting dope on the membrane structure and ultra-filtration performance have been studied subsequently. We used field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) to observe the morphologies of the membrane cross-section, top and bottom surfaces. The results indicated that the structure of the crystalline particles changed from sheaf-like to stick-like shape and that the finger-like macrovoids and the nano-pore on the top surface became more obvious as the amount added Tween20 increases. Also, we utilized tensile strength measurements to determine the mechanical property of membranes. The residual Tween20 in the membrane was analyzed by contact angle measurement, Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectrometer (XPS), and we found that the surfactant has almost been removed completely. The water flux and ultra-filtration experiments showed that the membranes exhibit both relatively high permeability and selectivity.
At last, capillary membranes were fabricated by both the wet spinning and dry-jet wet spinning methods. The issues of Tween20 additive in casting dope and air gap have been investigated. We used scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe the morphologies of cross-section, external and inner surface of the formed capillary membranes. The results showed that pore size and porosity of the external and inner surface increased, the shell side and lumen side of macrovoid structure was enhanced, and the structure of spherulite  changed from sheaf-like to stick-like with increasing the amount of surfactant in the casting dope. The mechanical property and the viscosity under different shear rate were determined by tensile strength and rheometeic measurements we found that the viscosity of casting dope increased and tensile strength of membranes decreased with increasing the surfactant in the casting dope. Furthermore, the results of Fourier Transform Infrared-Attenuated total reflection (FTIR-ATR), contact angle measurement and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) revealed that the residual quantity of Tween20 in the capillary membranes is only about 0.3% after a series of washing steps.

目錄
謝 誌	I
中文摘要	II
英文摘要	III
目錄	V
圖目錄	VII
表目錄	X

第一章 序論	1
1.1前言和研究目的	1
1.2參考文獻	2
第二章 尼龍66平板型薄膜	3
2.1前言	3
2.2 實驗	5
2.2.1實驗材料	5
2.2.2相圖之建立	5
2.2.3實驗步驟	6
2.3 物性分析步驟	6
2.4物性分析	9
2.4.1 相圖	9
2.4.2薄膜形態和高分子球晶	10
2.4.3 薄膜成形時間與孔隙度測試	12
2.4.4水滲透與水通量測試	13
2.4.5 拉力測試	14
2.4.6 X光繞射儀(XRD)之結晶度計算	15
2.4.7全反射式紅外線光譜儀(FTIR-ATR)	15
2.4.8微分掃描式熱分析儀(DSC)之熱行為分析	15
2.5結論	16
2.6參考文獻	29
第三章 聚偏二氟乙烯平板型薄膜	34
3.1.簡介	34
3.2.實驗	36
3.2.1實驗材料	36
3.2.2薄膜製備	36
3.2.3薄膜性質分析與超過濾	36
3.3.結果與討論	40
3.3.1薄膜的形態、孔隙度和機械強度	40
3.3.2界面活性劑的殘留	43
3.3.3水通量和超過濾	45
3.4.結論	46
3.5參考文獻	60
第四章 聚偏二氟乙烯毛細管薄膜	65
4.1.簡介	65
4.2實驗	66
4.2.1實驗材料	66
4.2.2實驗步驟	67
4.2.2.1毛細管薄膜的製備	67
4.2.2.2物性分析步驟	68
4.3結果與討論	70
4.3.1添加不同比例界面活性劑之影響	70
4.3.2鑄模液與芯液流速影響	71
4.3.3氣距影響	72
4.3.4製膜液的穩態黏度	73
4.3.5機械強度	74
4.3.6界面活性劑的殘留	75
4.3.7毛細管薄膜與平板型薄膜比較	76
4.3.7.1 形態	76
4.3.7.2 機械強度	76
4.4結論	77
4.5參考文獻	101

圖目錄
圖2.1 在尼龍66(共聚尼龍)/甲酸/丁醇的不同相分離行為的三種不同製膜液(A)均勻高分子溶液(B)膠化(C)液液相分離	18
圖2.2 PA28-10的製膜液POM圖。製膜液初始濃度為高分子=28%，甲酸=62%，水=10%	18
圖2.3(A)尼龍66/甲酸/丁醇(水)的三成份相圖(B)尼龍66/甲酸/丁醇/水的3D四成份相圖	19
圖2.4 (A)PA28-0的截面的SEM圖(B)PA28-0的下表面的POM圖	20
圖2.5 添加不同比例的水到製膜液的SEM截面圖(A) 2.5%, PA28-2.5; (B) 5%, PA28-5; (C) 7.5%, PA28-7.5	21
圖2.6 薄膜截面的放大倍率SEM圖(A)PA28-2.5(B)PA28-5(C)PA28-7.5	22
圖2.7 薄膜下表面的SEM圖(A)PA28-0和(B)PA28-5	23
圖2.8 PA28-7.5的上表面SEM圖	23
圖2.9 在製膜液中添加不同水量的薄膜水通量	24
圖2.10 在製膜液中添加不同水量的薄膜阻隔率	24
圖2.11 尼龍66薄膜的XRD繞射峰	25
圖2.12 不同尼龍66薄膜在FTIR-ATR上的結果	26
圖2.13 添加不同水量薄膜的DSC熱焓吸收圖	27
圖3.1 化學結構示意圖(A) PVDF (B) 吐溫20	47
圖3.2 不同高分子濃度的PVDF薄膜截面SEM圖(A) 15% (B) 18% (C) 20%	48
圖3.3 高分子濃度18%的PVDF薄膜添加吐溫20後的截面形態 (A) 1% (B) 5% (C) 7.5%	49
圖3.4 在高分子濃度為18%並添加吐溫20後漸漸產生手指狀巨孔結構(A)0% (B) 1% (C) 3% (D) 5% (E) 7.5%	50
圖3.5 PVDF薄膜在添加界面活性劑後上表面皮層產生孔洞(A)0% (B) 1% (C) 3% (D) 5% (E) 7.5% (F) 10%	51
圖3.6 PVDF薄膜的上表面皮層 (A) 0% (B) 3% (C) 7.5%	52
圖3.7 高分子濃度為18%並在製膜液中添加吐溫20的薄膜下表面(A)0%(B)3%(C)7.5%	53
圖3.8 添加不同比例界面活性劑的PVDF薄膜上表面在全反射式紅外線光譜儀的表現	54
圖3.9 PVDF薄膜的NMR掃描圖 (A)未添加吐溫20 (B)添加7.5%吐溫20	54
圖3.10 PVDF薄膜在XPS的分析圖(A)MA、MD和MF上表面廣部掃描(B)MD碳細部掃描(C) MD氟細部掃描(D) MD氧細部掃描	55
圖3.11 未添加和添加界面活性劑的PVDF薄膜分別在製膜液、相轉移過程和初生薄膜的示意圖	56
圖3.12 各種添加不同比例吐溫20 PVDF薄膜的純水通量	57
圖3.13添加吐溫20 PVDF薄膜的阻隔率和濾速	57
圖4.1 噴紡法製備毛細管薄膜之裝置示意圖	78
圖4.2在高分子和芯液流速同為1CC/MIN下添加不同比例吐溫20的截面(A) 0% (B)2.5% (C)5% (D)7.5% (E)10%	79
圖4.3 高分子和芯液流速為1CC/MIN下添加不同比例吐溫20所形成薄膜的截面。(A)(B) 0%(C)(D)5% (E)(F) 10%	80
圖4.4在高分子和芯液流速同為1CC/MIN下添加不同比例吐溫20的	81
外表面形態(A) 0% (B)2.5% (C)5% (D)7.5% (E) 10%	81
圖4.5在高分子和芯液流速同為1CC/MIN下添加不同比例吐溫20的內表面形態(A) 0% (B)2.5% (C)5% (D)7.5% (E) 10%	82
圖4.6 在高分子和芯液流速同為0.4CC/MIN下添加不同比例吐溫20的截面(A)0% (B)2.5%(C)5%(D)7.5%(E)10%	83
圖4.7 在高分子和芯液流速同為0.4CC/MIN下添加不同比例吐溫20的截面(A)(B)0% (C)(D)5%(E)(F)10%	84
圖4.8在高分子和芯液流速同為0.4CC/MIN下添加不同比例吐溫20所形成薄膜的外表面/內表面形態(A)(B)0%(C)(D)5%(E)(F)10%	85
圖4.9 以不同的氣距製備添加7.5%的吐溫20製膜液的毛細管薄膜截面形態(A) 0CM (B) 5CM (C) 15CM (D) 30CM	86
圖4.10 以不同的氣距製備添加7.5%的吐溫20製膜液的毛細管薄膜外表面形態(A)0CM(B)5CM(C)15CM(D)30CM	87
圖4.11 以不同的氣距製備添加7.5%的吐溫20製膜液的毛細管薄膜內表面形態(A)0CM(B)5CM(C)15CM(D)30CM	88
圖4.12 以不同的氣距製備添加10%的吐溫20製膜液的毛細管薄膜截面形態(A)0CM(B)5CM(C)15CM(D)30CM	89
圖4.13 以不同的氣距製備添加10%的吐溫20製膜液的毛細管薄膜外表面形態(A) 0CM(B)5CM(C)15CM(D)30CM	90
圖4.14 以不同的氣距製備添加10%的吐溫20製膜液的毛細管薄膜內表面形態(A) 0CM(B)5CM(C)15CM(D)30CM	91
圖4.16 添加不同比例吐溫20毛細管薄膜外表面的全反射式紅外線光譜	92
圖4.17 PVDF毛細管薄膜的NMR(A)未添加吐溫20(B)添加5%吐溫20	93
圖4.18 未添加吐溫20所製作的PVDF毛細管薄膜和平板形薄膜的形態。(A)(C) (E)毛細管薄膜(分別為外表面、截面和內表面)(B)(D)(F)平板型薄膜(分別為上表面、截面和下表面)	94
圖4.19 添加7.5%吐溫20所製作的PVDF毛細管薄膜和平板形薄膜的形態(A)(C) (E)毛細管薄膜(分別為外表面、截面和內表面)(B)(D)(F)平板型薄膜(分別為上表面、截面和下表面)	95

表目錄
表1.1 薄膜的應用(譯自文獻[1])	2
表1.2 商用薄膜的結構、材料和分離機制(譯自文獻[1])	2
表2.1  添加不同比例非溶劑於製膜液的物性分析	28
表2.2 尼龍66薄膜的熔點、熱焓和結晶度	28
表3.1 PVDF薄膜製膜液組成、孔隙度、厚度、成形時間和抗張強度	58
表3.2 PVDF薄膜皮層厚度、表面孔徑和孔隙度、手指狀結構長度和接觸角測試	58
表3.3 PVDF薄膜在NMR殘留率和萃取率和XPS表面元素組成和表面殘留率	59
表 3.4 文獻上改質PVDF薄膜在1BAR下的水通量	59
表4.1 製備毛細管薄膜實驗參數	96
表4.2 添加吐溫20的製膜液組成	96
表4.3 高分子和芯液流速同為1CC/MIN和氣距為15公分下添加不同比例吐溫20的外徑、內徑、厚度、孔隙度、外表面孔洞尺寸和外表面孔隙度	96
表4.4 高分子和芯液流速同為0.4CC/MIN和氣距為15公分下添加不同比例吐溫20所製作薄膜的性質	97
表4.5 以不同的氣距製備添加7.5%的吐溫20製膜液的毛細管薄膜外徑、內徑、厚度和孔隙度	97
表4.6 以不同的氣距製備添加10%的吐溫20製膜液的毛細管薄膜外徑、內徑、厚度和孔隙度	98
表4.7 添加不同比例吐溫20製膜液與文獻上製膜液在剪切率為10和20S-1的穩態剪切黏度	98
表4.8 添加不同比例的界面活性劑在高流速和低流速下的機械強度	99
表4.9 添加7.5%和10%吐溫20的毛細管薄膜在不同氣距下的機械強度	99
表4.10 文獻上不同製膜液配方所製備的毛細管薄膜機械強度比較	99
表4.11 毛細管薄膜接觸角測試與NMR結果	100
表4.12 毛細管薄膜與平板形薄膜的抗張強度	100

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第三章
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第四章
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