系統識別號 | U0002-2108201910483800 |
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DOI | 10.6846/TKU.2019.00655 |
論文名稱(中文) | 水熱法/溶劑熱法合成二硒化鎢應用於電容去離子技術 |
論文名稱(英文) | Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis of Tungsten Diselenide (WSe2) For Capacitive Deionization |
第三語言論文名稱 | |
校院名稱 | 淡江大學 |
系所名稱(中文) | 水資源及環境工程學系碩士班 |
系所名稱(英文) | Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering |
外國學位學校名稱 | |
外國學位學院名稱 | |
外國學位研究所名稱 | |
學年度 | 107 |
學期 | 2 |
出版年 | 108 |
研究生(中文) | 董明叡 |
研究生(英文) | Ming-Ruel Dong |
學號 | 607480125 |
學位類別 | 碩士 |
語言別 | 繁體中文 |
第二語言別 | |
口試日期 | 2019-07-23 |
論文頁數 | 99頁 |
口試委員 |
指導教授
-
彭晴玉
共同指導教授 - 許世杰 委員 - 林正嵐 委員 - 秦靜如 |
關鍵字(中) |
水熱法 溶劑熱法 過渡金屬硫化物 二硒化鎢 電容去離子 |
關鍵字(英) |
Capacitive Deionization Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Tungsten Diselenide (WSe2) Hydrothermal Solvothermal |
第三語言關鍵字 | |
學科別分類 | |
中文摘要 |
過渡金屬硫化物(Transition metal dichalcogenides, TMD)擁有非凡的電化學、光學和電催化性能,近年受到科學界矚目。作為TMD的關鍵成員之一,二硒化鎢(Tungsten Diselenide, WSe2) 具有1.2 eV的間接帶隙並且在單層中具有1.7 eV的直接帶隙、超低導熱率(0.05 W m-1 k-1)、邊緣位置提供更多活性位點等優勢;本研究之目的即以水熱法或溶劑熱法合成高質量少層數的WSe2,並應用WSe2於電容去離子系統。 電容去離子(Capacitive Deionization, CDI)是深具潛力的低能耗脫鹽技術,透過在兩個電極之間施加電壓從鹽水中去除離子。本研究以二硒化鎢以作為CDI的電極材料。WSe2表現出良好的循環穩定性,50 mg/L NaCl溶液,施加1.2 V電壓,鈉離子電吸附容量為1.8 mg Na+/g WSe2 (水熱合成法)與2.9 mg Na+/g WSe2 (溶劑熱合成法)。 本研究的另一個目的是製備WSe2/rGO複合材料,石墨烯可以提高WSe2的比電容值(116.6 F/g)。於50 mg / L NaCl溶液中,施加1.2 V,WSe2/rGO具有更高的鈉離子電吸附容量(3.1 mg Na+/g WSe2/rGO)。 |
英文摘要 |
Layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted much attention from the scientific community due to their extraordinary electrical, optical and electrocatalytic properties. As a key member of TMDs, WSe2 has indirect bandgap of 1.2 eV in bulk and direct one of 1.7 eV in monolayer, ultralow thermal conductivities (0.05W m-1 k-1), more exposed edges providing active sites. Therefore, the objective of this study is to synthesize high quality and few-layered WSe2 nanosheets by hydrothermal or solvothermal method and then apply it to the capacitive deionization system. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a promising technology for removal of ions from saline water upon applying a voltage between two electrodes. In this study, Tungsten Diselenide (WSe2) has been employed as electrode material for CDI. Tungsten Diselenide (WSe2) demonstrates a good cycling stability, high sodium electrosorption capacity of 1.8 mg Na+/g WSe2 (hydrothermal synthesized) and 2.9 mg Na+/g WSe2 (solvothermal synthesized) at 1.2 V applied voltage in 50 mg/L NaCl solution. Another purpose of this study is to prepare WSe2/rGO composites, which can improve specific capacitance to 116.6 F/g by adding graphene. Higher sodium electrosorption capacity of 3.1 mg Na+/g WSe2/rGO was found with WSe2/rGO composites at 1.2 V applied voltage in 50 mg/L NaCl solution. |
第三語言摘要 | |
論文目次 |
第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究緣起 1 1.2 研究目的 2 第二章 文獻回顧 4 2.1 二硒化鎢 4 2.1.1 過渡金屬二硫族化物簡介 4 2.1.2 二硒化鎢簡介 8 2.1.3 二硒化鎢合成 10 2.2 電容去離子技術之原理與應用發展 15 2.2.1 傳統常見淡化技術 16 2.2.2 電容去離子技術之原理 17 2.2.3 電容去離子技術電極材料 19 2.2.4 電容去離子技術之應用發展 25 第三章 研究材料及方法 28 3.1 實驗架構 28 3.2 實驗藥品與設備 30 3.2.1 實驗藥品 30 3.2.2 實驗儀器設備 32 3.3 材料之合成 33 3.3.1 水熱法合成二硒化鎢 33 3.3.2 溶劑熱法合成二硒化鎢 35 3.3.3 溶劑熱法合成二硒化鎢/還原氧化石墨烯複合材料 37 3.4 電極之製備 39 3.5 實驗分析方法 41 3.5.1 X光繞射分析儀(XRD) 41 3.5.2 拉曼光譜(Raman spectroscopy) 41 3.5.3 掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM) 41 3.5.4 穿透式電子顯微鏡(TEM) 42 3.5.5 恆電位儀(Potentiostat) 42 3.5.6 感應耦合電漿原子發射光譜儀(ICP-OES) 46 3.6 電容去離子技術系統 47 第四章 結果與討論 49 4.1 水熱法合成二硒化鎢 49 4.1.1 水熱合成二硒化鎢之表面型態與特性分析 49 4.1.2 水熱合成二硒化鎢之電化學特性分析 55 4.1.3 水熱合成二硒化鎢應用於電容去離子技術 60 4.2 溶劑熱法合成二硒化鎢 62 4.2.1 二硒化鎢之表面型態與特性分析 62 4.2.2 二硒化鎢之電化學特性分析 67 4.2.3 二硒化鎢應用於電容去離子技術 71 4.3 二硒化鎢/石墨烯複合材料 74 4.3.1 二硒化鎢/石墨烯之表面型態與特性分析 74 4.3.2 二硒化鎢/石墨烯之電化學特性分析 80 4.3.3 二硒化鎢/石墨烯應用於電容去離子技術 84 4.4 二硒化鎢電極材料應用於CDI系統之電吸附能力綜述 87 第五章 結論與建議 89 Reference 92 List of Figure Figure 1.2.1 WSe2 for capacitive deionization (CDI) in saline water. 3 Figure 2.1.1.1 Sketch of the layered structure of transition metal dichalcogenides 6 Figure 2.1.1.2 Crystal structures of TMDs with a typical formula of MX2. (a) Three-dimensional model of the MoS2crystal structure. (b) Unit cell structures of 2H-MX2 and 1T-MX2 (Lv et al., 2015). 6 Figure 2.1.2.1 Schematic of WSe2 structure (a) side view and (b) top view (Chakravarty et al., 2015). 8 Figure 2.1.2.2 (a, b) SEM images and (c, d) TEM images of graphene-like WSe2.(X.Wang et al., 2017) 9 Figure 2.1.3.1 (a) Schematic illustration for the growth of WSe2 layers on sapphire substrates by the reaction of WO3 and Se powders in a CVD furnace. A photo of the setup is also shown. (b,c) Optical microscopy images of the WSe2 monolayer flakes and monolayer film grown at 850 and 750°C, respectively. Scale bar is 10 μm in length. The inset in (c) shows the photograph of a uniform monolayer film grown on a double side polished sapphire substrate. (d) AFM image of a WSe2 monolayer flake grown at 850°C on a sapphire substrate (Huang et al., 2014). 11 Figure 2.1.3.2 The Schematic illustrations of (a) the synthesis process and (b) the formation mechanism of graphene-like WSe2 (X.Wang et al., 2017). 13 Figure 2.2.2.1 (A) capacitive deionization (CDI) and (B) membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) during the electroadsorption process (Porada et al., 2013). 18 Figure 2.2.3.1 SEM images of activated carbon cloth (a) Pore structures of non-treated carbon fiber (b) chemically modified carbon fiber in KOH (c)HNO3 (d) solutions (Oh et al., 2006). 19 Figure 2.2.3.2 Synthetic scheme showing the versatility associated with carbon aerogel synthesis (Biener et al., 2011). 21 Figure 2.2.3.3 Structural models of a SWCNT (left) and a MWCNT (right) 21 Figure 2.2.3.4 Formation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) from graphene oxide (GO) using strong oxidizing agents (Szunerits &Boukherroub, 2014). 24 Figure 2.2.3.5 Schematic illustration for the preparation of WSe2/RGO hybrid (X.Wang et al., 2018). 24 Figure 2.2.3.6 Proposed photocatalytic mechanism of the WSe2/RGO 24 Figure 2.2.4.1 Effect of applied voltage on the removal capacities of activated carbon electrodes for (up) As(V) and (down) As(III) solutions with an initial concentration of 0.2 mg/L (Fan et al., 2016). 27 Figure 3.1.1.1 Experimental structure for CDI system. 29 Figure 3.3.1.1 Hydrothermal synthesis WSe2 preparation procedure. 34 Figure 3.3.2.1 Solvothermal synthesis WSe2 preparation procedure. 36 Figure 3.3.3.1 Solvothermal synthesis WSe2/ rGO preparation procedure . 38 Figure 3.3.3.1 Carbon electrodes prepared with a modified evaporation casting method.(YongLiu et al., 2016) 40 Figure 3.5.5.1 Three electrode system. 45 Figure 3.6.1.1 Schematic diagram of the CDI system. 48 Figure 4.1.1.1 XRD patterns of hydrothermal synthesized WSe2. 51 Figure 4.1.1.2 Raman spectra of hydrothermal synthesized WSe2. 52 Figure 4.1.1.3 (a、b) SEM images of hydrothermal synthesized WSe2. (c) EDS of hydrothermal synthesized WSe2. 53 Figure 4.1.1.4 TEM images of hydrothermal synthesized WSe2. 54 Figure 4.1.2.1 Cyclic voltammograms (CV) of hydrothermal synthesized WSe2 at various scan rates. 57 Figure 4.1.2.2 Mass normalized specific capacitance of hydrothermal synthesized WSe2 with respect to the scan rates. 58 Figure 4.1.2.3 The electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) measured at frequency range of 1 MHz to 1 Hz for hydrothermal synthesized WSe2. 59 Figure 4.1.3.1 Electrosorption/desorption of hydrothermal synthesized WSe2 electrodes applied to CDI system in 50 mg/L NaCl at 1.2 V. 61 Figure 4.2.1.1 XRD patterns of solvothermal synthesized WSe2. 63 Figure 4.2.1.2 Raman of solvothermal synthesized WSe2. 64 Figure 4.2.1.3 (a-f) SEM images of solvothermal synthesized WSe2 (g) EDS of solvothermal synthesized WSe2. 65 Figure 4.2.1.4 TEM images of solvothermal synthesized WSe2. 66 Figure 4.2.2.1 Cyclic voltammograms (CV) of solvothermal synthesized WSe2 at various scan rates. 68 Figure 4.2.2.2 Specific capacitance of solvothermal synthesized WSe2. 69 Figure 4.2.2.3 The electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) measured at frequency range of 1 MHz to 1 Hz for solvothermal synthesized WSe2. 70 Figure 4.2.3.1 Electrosorption/desorption of solvothermal synthesized WSe2 electrodes applied to CDI system in 50 mg/L NaCl at 1.2 V. 72 Figure 4.2.3.2 Electrosorption/desorption of solvothermal synthesized WSe2 electrodes applied to CDI system in 400 mg/L NaCl at 1.2 V. 73 Figure 4.3.1.1 XRD patterns of WSe2/rGO. 76 Figure 4.3.1.2 Raman spectra of WSe2/rGO . 77 Figure 4.3.1.3 (a-d) SEM images of WSe2/rGO (e) EDS of WSe2/rGO. 78 Figure 4.3.1.4 TEM images of WSe2/rGO. 79 Figure 4.3.2.1 Cyclic voltammograms (CV) of WSe2/rGO at various scan rates. 81 Figure 4.3.2.2 Specific capacitance of WSe2/rGO. 82 Figure 4.3.2.3 The electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) measured at frequency range of 1 MHz to 1 Hz for WSe2/rGO. 83 Figure 4.3.3.1 Electrosorption/desorption of rGO electrodes applied to CDI system in 50 mg/L NaCl at 1.2 V. 85 Figure 4.3.3.2 Electrosorption/desorption of WSe2/rGO electrodes applied to CDI system in 50 mg/L NaCl at 1.2 V. 86 List of Table Table 2.1.1.1 Summary of electroadsorption capacity of CDI electrode materials 7 Table 2.1.3.1 Details on the precursors used in each synthesis of metal chalcogenides (Lin et al., 2019). 14 Table 3.2.1.1 Manufactures and purity of experimental medicines. 30 Table 3.2.1.2 Manufactures and purity of experimental medicines. 30 Table 3.2.1.3 Manufactures and purity of experimental medicines. 31 Table 3.2.2.1 Manufacturers and model of equipment. 32 Table 4.1.2.1 Mass normalized specific capacitance of hydrothermal synthesized WSe2 with respect to the scan rates. 58 Table 4.1.2.2 Parameters of equivalent circuits of hydrothermal synthesized WSe2. 59 Table 4.1.3.1 Na+ removal efficiency (%) and electrosorption capacity of hydrothermal synthesized WSe2 applied to CDI system. 61 Table 4.2.2.1 Specific capacitance of solvothermal synthesized WSe2. 69 Table 4.2.2.2 Parameters of equivalent circuits of solvothermal synthesized WSe2. 70 Table 4.2.3.1 Na+ removal efficiency (%) and electrosorption capacity of solvothermal synthesized WSe2 applied to CDI system in 50 mg/L NaCl at 1.2 V. 72 Table 4.2.3.2 Na+ removal efficiency (%) and electrosorption capacity of solvothermal synthesized WSe2 applied to CDI system in 400 mg/L NaCl at 1.2 V. 73 Table 4.3.2.1 Specific capacitance of WSe2/rGO. 82 Table 4.3.2.2 Parameters of equivalent circuits of WSe2/rGO. 83 Table 4.3.3.1 Na+ removal efficiency (%) and electrosorption capacity of rGO applied to CDI system in 50 mg/L NaCl at 1.2 V. 85 Table 4.3.3.2 Na+ removal efficiency (%) and electrosorption capacity of WSe2/rGO applied to CDI system in 50 mg/L NaCl at 1.2 V. 86 Table 4.4.1.1 Summary of electrosorption capacity and specific capacitance of various electrode materials applied in CDI systems. 88 Table 5.1 Sodium removal efficiency and electrosorption capacity of WSe2 or WSe2/rGO . 91 |
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