本研究以掃流式無機薄膜過濾系統探討蛋白質溶液之過濾行為與結垢現象，並尋求提升濾速之操作方式。實驗溶液為BSA溶液，操作參數有透膜壓差、濃度、pH值、液體速度、氣體速度、逆洗頻率等，另也計算薄膜過濾之各項阻力，及以淨濾速比較不同操作方式之性能。
    實驗結果顯示，pH值為3時濾速最高、pH值為7時次之、pH值為4.9時濾速最低，由於濃度極化層的阻力與BSA之電性及形狀有關，pH值為3時BSA為帶狀且表面帶電，濃度極化層不易堆積，因此濾速最高，pH值為4.9時，BSA為球狀且表面不帶電，因此所形成之濃度極化層最緻密，使得濾速最低。而由不同操作方式之淨濾速分析可知，通氣為最佳的操作方式，逆洗會因清洗耗去的濾液量而使濾速低於一般過濾。通氣可移除濃度極化層，防止BSA粒子吸附於膜面，且不需耗費濾液清洗，因此具有最高的淨濾速， pH值為3時，通氣約可提高60％之濾速。

Inorganic membranes were employed in a cross-flow filtration system for investigating the flux behavior and membrane fouling of BSA solutions. The operating parameters included transmembrane pressure, solution concentration, pH value, liquid velocity, air velocity and backwashing frequency. The filtration resistances were also evaluated and the net permeate flux was considered in order to compare the performances of various operation modes,
For varying the pH, the experimental results show that the permeate flux is maximum at pH = 3 and is minimum at pH = 4.9. The BSA particle’s shape and surface charge were determined by the pH value. At pH = 3, the BSA molecules are linear with surface charge, the BSA polarization layer in the filtration has a loose structure results in a lower filtration resistance.. At pH = 4.9, a compact BSA polarization layer’s structure was formed due to the neutral and nearly spherical BSA molecues. Basing on the analysis of net permeate flux, the gas sparging method is better than the backwashing for flux enhancement. The gas sparging can effectively remove the polarization layer and reduce the BSA deposition on the membrane. Furthermore, no permeate is wasted for washing in gas sparging. At pH =3, the flux increment by gas sparging is up to 60%.

圖目錄																IV
表目錄			   												  VII
第一章 序論														 1
  1.1 前言															 1
  1.2 薄膜分離														 2
  1.3 濃度極化與結垢現象											 4
  1.4 本研究之目標												 6
第二章 文獻回顧 													 9
  2.1 蛋白質簡介 													 9
    2.1.1 蛋白質酸鹼性質 	9
    2.1.2 蛋白質的等電點 	9
    2.1.3 蛋白質之相關研究	10
  2.2 薄膜超過濾之特性	   								       13
  2.3 影響濾速之因素 												15
  2.4 提高濾速之方法 												17
  2.5 濾速分析模式 												25
第三章 實驗裝置與方法											36
  3.1 實驗裝置														36
  3.2 實驗藥品													 	36
  3.3 實驗步驟														37
  3.4 操作條件 													37
    3.4.1 系統操作條件 											37
    3.4.2 流量計校正與雷諾數計算 								38
  3.5 分析方法 													38
    3.5.1 分析儀器 												38
    3.5.2 BSA的分析方法與條件 									38
    3.5.3 阻隔率之計算 											39
  3.6 薄膜清洗 													39
第四章 結果與討論 												47
  4.1 薄膜純水濾速 												47
  4. 2 BSA溶液濾速												47
    4.2.1 液體掃流速度之影響										47
    4.2.2 通氣之影響									       	50
    4.2.3 逆洗操作之影響											54
    4.2.4 通氣與逆洗操作之比較									56
    4.2.5 浄濾速分析 												57
  4.3 阻力分析										       		59
    4.3.1 阻力串聯模式											59
    4.3.2 液體掃流對阻力之影響									59
    4.3.3 氣體掃流對阻力之影響									60
    4.3.4 逆洗對阻力之影響 										61
    4.3.5 不同操作對阻力之影響 									62
  4.4 模式分析 													62
    4.4.1 滲透壓模式	 											62
    4.4.2 物性參數	 												64
    4.7.2 計算結果 												65
第五章 結論						       						92
  5.1 掃流速度的影響												92
  5.2 逆洗對濾速之影響											92
  5.3 pH値之影響      											93
  5.4 阻力分析    												93
  5.5 滲透壓模式	94
  5.6 淨濾速分析	95
  5.7 總結	95
符號說明	97
參考文獻	100
附錄	110

圖目錄

圖1.1  薄膜分離程序之分類 										 7
圖1.2  (a)濾餅過濾及(b)掃流過濾示意圖 							 8
圖2.1  蛋白質(胺基酸)的雙極結構									10
圖2.2  蛋白質(胺基酸)的帶電性與環境性質之關係					10
圖2.3  蛋白質結構圖(a)中性溶液下(b)pH值3之下					11
圖2.4  壓力對濾速之關係圖 										32
圖2.5  提高濾速之方法 											33
圖2.6  氣液兩相之流動型態圖										34
圖2.7  膠層極化之濃度分佈圖	35
圖3.1  管式陶瓷薄膜過濾實驗裝置圖 								40
圖3.2  TiO2薄膜介達電位隨著pH值之變化圖 						41
圖3.3  流體流量計校正圖(流量計A) 								41
圖3.4  流體流量與掃流速度(UL)之關係圖(流量計A)				42
圖3.5  管式單通道薄膜流體流量與雷諾數之關係圖(流量計A)		42
圖3.6  流體流量計校正圖(流量計B)          					43
圖3.7  流體流量與掃流速度(UL)之關係圖(流量計B)				43
圖3.8  管式單通道薄膜流體流量與雷諾數之關係圖(流量計B)		44
圖4.1  MWCO 5k Da薄膜純水濾速圖								67
圖4.2  100 kPa下不同液體速度之濾速變化圖						67
圖4.3  300 kPa下不同液體速度之濾速變化圖              		68
圖4.4  100 kPa下不同液體速度之濾速變化圖          			68
圖4.5  300 kPa下不同液體速度之濾速變化圖			       	69
圖4.6  100 kPa下不同氣體速度之濾速變化圖			       	69
圖4.7  300 kPa下不同氣體速度之濾速變化圖				       70
圖4.8  100 kPa下不同氣體速度之濾速變化圖                   70
圖4.9  300 kPa下不同氣體速度之濾速變化圖						71
圖4.10  間歇性通氣之濾速變化圖				           		71
圖4.11  pH値3下通氣與ㄧ般過濾之濾速變化圖						72圖4.12  pH値4.9下通氣與ㄧ般過濾之濾速變化圖					72
圖4.13  pH値7.0下通氣與ㄧ般過濾之濾速變化圖					73
圖4.14  不同頻率下之濾速變化圖			   	                 73
圖4.15  pH=3.0之下逆洗與過濾濾速變化圖				          74
圖4.16  pH=4.9之下逆洗與過濾濾速變化圖		                 	74
圖4.17  pH=7.0之下逆洗與過濾濾速變化圖				          75
圖4.18  不同pH值之下逆洗濾速變化圖                        75
圖4.19  pH值7.0之下不同操作手法之濾速變化圖                76
圖4.20  pH值4.9之下不同操作手法之濾速變化圖                76
圖4.21  pH值3.0之下不同操作手法之濾速變化圖               77
圖4.22  不同操作頻率下淨濾速對比圖	                	       77
圖4.23  不同操作手法之下各pH值淨濾速對比圖					78
圖4.24  100 kPa下不同掃流速度之阻力變化圖						78
圖4.25  300 kPa下不同掃流速度之阻力變化圖			       	79
圖4.26  100 kPa下不同掃流速度之阻力變化圖			       	79
圖4.27  300 kPa下不同掃流速度之阻力變化圖                  80
圖4.28  100 kPa下通氣與ㄧ般過濾之阻力變化圖	   				80
圖4.29  300 kPa下通氣與ㄧ般過濾之阻力變化圖					81
圖4.30  100 kPa下通氣與ㄧ般過濾之阻力變化圖					81
圖4.31  300 kPa下通氣與ㄧ般過濾之阻力變化圖					82
圖4.32  不同pH値下通氣阻力變化圖      						82
圖4.33  pH値3.0下通氣與ㄧ般過濾之阻力變化圖             	83
圖4.34  pH値4.9下通氣與ㄧ般過濾之阻力變化圖             	83
圖4.35  pH値7.0下通氣與ㄧ般過濾之阻力變化圖             	84
圖4.36  逆洗頻率15 : 1之阻力變化圖	                     	84
圖4.37  逆洗頻率10 : 1之阻力變化圖	                     	85
圖4.38  逆洗頻率5 : 1之阻力變化圖		                  	85
圖4.39  不同逆洗頻率下總阻力變化圖		                  	86
圖4.40  pH=3.0之下逆洗與過濾阻力對比圖		              	86
圖4.41  pH=4.9之下逆洗與過濾阻力對比圖			             	87
圖4.42  pH=7.0之下逆洗與過濾阻力對比圖		          		87
圖4.43  不同pH值之下逆洗阻力對比圖	                			88
圖4.44  pH=3之下不同操作手法阻力對比圖	          			88
圖4.45  pH=4.9之下不同操作手法阻力對比圖	                 	89
圖4.46  pH=7.0之下不同操作手法阻力對比圖		          		89
圖4.47  滲透壓模式下理論與實驗濾速比較圖(1000ppm；100 kPa)  90
圖4.48  滲透壓模式下理論與實驗濾速比較圖(1000ppm；300 kPa) 	90
圖4.49  滲透壓模式下理論與實驗濾速比較圖(2000ppm；100 kPa)  91
圖4.50  滲透壓模式下理論與實驗濾速比較圖(2000ppm；300 kPa) 	91圖A-1  BSA檢量線	                                        110
表目錄

表1.1  不同操作程序之驅動力分類 								 7
表3.1  薄膜性質說明 												44
表3.2  BSA特性說明 												45
表3.3  流量計A刻度與實際流量、掃流速度、雷諾數之關係 		45
表3.4  流量計B刻度與實際流量、掃流速度、雷諾數之關係 		46
表4.1  各薄膜純水透過率及薄膜阻力 								47
表4.2  通氣操作之流態          								50
表4.3  不同逆洗頻率之濾速表    								66
表4.4  不同操作手法之濾速表    								66

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