「德法軸心對歐洲統合的影響」乃歐盟學界的焦點議題，主要原因在於德法兩國在統合決策上具有「合則成、不合則敗」的關鍵影響力。本文以德法兩國的關係特質與影響為主要研究標的，輔以自由派政府間主義為理論工具，一方面針對德法關係本身的特殊性進行縱深觀察，另一方面則從歐盟層面探討德法軸心對歐洲統合與歐元政策的影響。德法關係從敵對到合作的發展過程中，所謂的「德法特殊關係」乃國際局勢與各自國家利益折衷下的產物；1963年艾麗榭條約奠定了德法合作與交往的互信基礎，不但開啟德法國防、外交等面向的合作，也建立兩國制度性協商的平台，從而成為推動歐洲統合的領導軸心。在歐盟多邊關係中，所謂的「德法軸心」乃表現在「溝通矛盾、協調立場，提出倡議、促成共識」，進而達到驅動統合、處理危機與促進會員國合作的領導功能。而這種雙領導角色乃由雙方充足的意圖與權力所支持，因此對德法兩國權力消長與意圖走向的觀察乃是重點：在權力面上，德法軸心的領導力與正當性來自雙方相對優勢的綜合實力；在意圖面上，德法兩國雖有不同的社會結構、歷史經驗與觀念邏輯，但支持歐洲統合的態度卻是一致。值得一提的是，當德法兩國的制度性權力因歐盟擴大而被稀釋時，其雙邊既存的協商機制，便成為歐盟成本高昂之多邊談判的替代性協商場所，進而使德法兩國對歐洲統合政策始終扮演龍頭角色。而德法一致的親歐立場，也使雙邊溝通能夠順暢進行，進而在相互妥協讓利下迅速達成統合共識。對於歐元政策，德法領導人都有不同主張，但卻能透過制度性協商使兩國在「分歧中合作」的競合關係下帶領歐盟渡過歐債危機。儘管德法兩國逐漸擴大的權力差距已經改變了原本微妙的德法均勢，使得昔日「法國為主，德國為輔」的搭擋模式已轉變為「德國主導，法國輔之」的局面；縱使如此，德法兩國不斷依循自由派政府間主義的「國家偏好、談判競合、制度選擇」的互動模式，成功推動統合政策。雖然，德國獨大是德法關係與歐盟內部權力結構的問題，但「德法軸心」仍是在穩定歐盟的主要基石。

In today's Europe, France and Germany are perceived as key actors that exercise an essential influence on shaping European policies. Plus, the special relationship between the two states has served as the anchor of European integration since its starting point. Since the reconciliation after WWII, the Franco-German bilateralism has evolved into an intimate partnership in the framework of the Élysée Treaty signed in 1963. The institutional architecture between France and Germany was then to be enforced that enabled such ancient antagonists to mediate their conflicts and act in tandem on European issues. Thus, the so-called ‘Franco-German Axis’ is understood as an intense Franco-German cooperation in view of  European leadership in the sense of promoting integration, managing crises, and shaping subgroups of member states. However, considering the growing  power asymmetry brought by the return of German hegemony coupled with relative French economic and political weakness, the Franco-German Axis is perceived to have stalled and questioned to have lost its raison d’ être in recent years. Therefor, the aimes of this thesis were to figure out whether the Franco-German Axis has already become an obsolete notion that no longer makes sense. In the case of the European sovereign debt crisis, an intense Franco-German cooperation is still observable in identifying solutions to common challenges and breaking deadlocks in negotiations at the EU level under three types of leadership: Agenda-setting, consensus building, coalition building. Besides, comparing to the costly and time-consuming bargaining procedure on the EU level, the intensif and highly institutionalized communications on the Franco-German bilateral level plus their issue specific leadership resources on EMU matters somehow remain themselves at the core of the EU. In this context, we can say that a Franco-German partnership still remains a critical and symbolic factor necessary for reaching agreements leading to more institutional changes in the EU.

目錄

第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………..1
研究動機與研究目的………………………………………………...1
研究範圍與研究限制………………………………………………...2
問題意識………………………………………………………………....3
文獻探討………………………………………………………………....5
研究架構………………………………………………………………....12
第二章 自由派政府間主義的理論闡釋…………..…….….…..14
第一節 歐洲統合與自由派政府間主義的發展……………....14
第二節 自由派政府間主義的理論結構與核心論點…….…..18
第三節 自由派政府間主義的三階段分析架構….………..….23
第三章 德法關係的發展與德法軸心的形塑…………….…….34
第一節 德法敵對期(1871-1945)：從普法戰爭到兩次世界大戰………………….......................…34
第二節 德法諒解期(1945-1957)：戰後歐洲新秩序與德法關係的調整……....................................…….…37
第三節 德法友誼建構期(1957-1963)：從軍事統合的挫敗到德法友好關係的加溫......................................................................45
第四節 德法親密互動期（1963~迄今）：艾麗榭條約與德法軸心的建構……........................................................................….51
第四章 德法軸心的權力來源與統合功能………………..………61
第一節 德法軸心的三大領導功能………………………….........62
第二節 德法軸心的權力來源與變動因素………………..………64
第三節 德法軸心對歐盟決策的影響………..……………..……..70
第五章 德法軸心對歐元政策的影響……………………….…..…73
第一節 德法迥異的歐元戰略………………....…………….………73
第二節 歐債危機中的德法雙領導角色……………………..……79
第三節 德法軸心對歐債危機的影響：自由派政府間主義的視角…87
第六章 結論 ……………………………………………......………..…94
參考文獻……………………………………………........………………97

圖目錄

＜圖1＞ 研究架構圖……………………………………….....13
＜圖2＞ 雙重賽局下行為者互動關係示意圖…………….21
＜圖3＞ 效益共識圈 ………………………………………....22
＜圖4＞ 新功能主義與政府間主義比較圖……………....27
＜圖5＞ 德法決策高層交流機制圖……………………......56
＜圖6＞ 德法雙邊合作管道與對話結構圖…………….….59
＜圖7＞德法分歧度與會員國利益關係圖……………......71

表目錄
＜表1＞ Moravsik理性的三階段架構分析表……….…….32
＜表2＞ 歐盟對希臘的援助計劃表……………………….....63
＜表3＞ 1958-2018德法決策影響力變化表……………..65
＜表4＞ 德法歐元與歐債危機政策對照表……………….…81
＜表5＞ 歐債解決方案一覽表………………………………....85

一、外文文獻：
Ashton, Nigel: Kennedy, Macmillan and the Cold War: the Irony of Interdependence, Basingstoke, Palgrave, 2002.

Ask, Anders Heggernes: Le rôle de la France dans la genèse de la construction européenne : action gouvernementale et initiatives privées 1945-1950, Universitetet i Oslo Institutt for litteratur, om-rådestudier og europeiske språk Europeiske og amerikanske studier-studieretning Frankrike, 04.2009, pp. 25-26.

Bache, Ian/George, Stephen/Bulmer, Simon: Politics in the European Union, Oxford: Oxford Uni-versity Press, 2011.

Balladur, Édouard/Ménudier, Henri (eds.): Le couple franco-allemand en Europe, Paris : Presses Sorbonne  Nouvelle, pp. 25-28, 1993, available from: http://books.openedition.org/psn/5694. (Ac-cessed 22.10.2018)

Bodin, Jean: Les Six Livres de la République,1576, in: McRae, K.D (ed.): The six books of a com-monweale: a facsimile reprint of the English translation of 1606, corrected and supplemented in the light of a new comparison with the French and Latin texts, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1962.

Bougeard, Christian: René Pleven: Un Français libre en politique, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 1994.

Bozo, Frédéric: La politique étrangère de la France depuis 1945, Paris: Flammarion, 2012.

Brauer, Jurgen/Tuyll, Hubert van: Castles, Battles, and Bombs: How Economics Explains Military History, USA: University of Chicago Press; Reprint edition, 08.30.2009.

Brunnermeier, Markus K./James, Harold/Landau, Jean-Pierre: The Euro and the Battle of Ideas, Princeton University Press, 13.12.2016.

Bull, Hedley: The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics, N.Y.: Columbia Univer-sity Press, 1977. 

Bulmer, Simon/Joseph, Jonathan: Explaining the leadership crisis in the EU: agency, structure and the struggle between hegemonic projects, UACES 47 Annual Conference Krakow, 4-6.09.2017.

Colard, Daniel: GERBET, Pierre. Le relèvement 1944-1949, Paris, Imprimerie Nationale, Coll., in: Politique étrangère de la France 1871-1969, 1991, Études internationales, 23(2), pp. 489-491.

Cole, Alistair: Franco-German Relations, Political Dynamics of the European Union, London: Routledge, 15.10.2000.

Colliat, Rémi/Labondance, Fabien : Européanisation des frontières économiques : le cas franco-allemand, Trajectoires [En ligne], no.2, 2008, available from: https://journals.openedition.org/trajectoires/196?fbclid=IwAR1Oc4QU-3yq2yl8B6IRwYwF4FGWlWcJk60NCYxMC40WDSVzrbidvMg5Tlc#quotation. (Accessed 05.11.2018)

Creswell, Michael: France and the German Question, 1945-1955, in: Journal of Cold War Studies, 07. 2003, pp. 5-6.

Dabo, Boubacar: La France et les questions politico-stratégiques franco-allemandes : de l’échec de la CED à l’uni cation allemande (1954-1990), Paris: Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2011.

Daun, Rita, et al.: Les Relation Franco-Allemandes: Chronologie et Documents 1948-1999, Bonn: Europa Union Verlage, 2000.

David, Paul A.: Clio and the Economics of QWERTY, in: The American Economic Review, Vol. 75, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Ninety-Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Eco-nomic Association, May 1985.

Easton, David: Political System: An Enquiry into the State of Political Science, 2nd Edition, US: University of Chicago Press, 01.05.1981.

Fasanaro, Laura: Franco-German Relations and the Coal Problem in the Aftermath of the First and Second World Wars: From Bilateral Conflict to European Energy Cooperation, in: Carine Germond/Henning Türk (eds.): A History of Franco-German Relations in Europe: From “Hereditary Enemies” to Partners, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008

Gallagher, Paul SC: The Euro Crsis Challenges to the ESM Treaty and the Fiscal Compact Treaty before the German Constitutional Court, in: Working Paper (The Institute of International European Affairs; IIEA), No. 10, 2012.

Gasnier-Jeannot, Anne: Le couple franco-allemand à l’épreuve du « non » français, in: Jean Ros-setto/Abdelkhaleq Berramdane(eds.), Regards sur le droit de l’Union européenne après l’échec du Traité constitutionnel, Presses universitaires François-Rabelais, 2007, pp. 7-17, available from: http://books.openedition.org/pufr/2250. (Accessed 04.12.2018)

Gerbet, Pierre: Politique étrangère de la France (5) : Le relèvement, 1944-1949, Paris: Impr. natio-nale, Paris, 1991.

Giauque, Jeffrey Glen: Grand Designs and Visions of Unity:  The Atlantic Powers and the Reor-ganization of Western  Europe, 1955-1963, Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, March 2002.

Gilbert, Mark: From War to Cold War, in:  Klaus Larres  (ed.): A Companion to Europe since 1945, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 06.04.2009, pp. 7-24. 

Gillingham, John: Coal, Steel, and the Rebirth of Europe, 1945-1955: The Germans and French from Ruhr Conflict to Economic Community, Cambridge University Press, 2004.

Gowa, Joanne/Mansfield, Edward D.: Market Structure, Power Asymmetries, and Credible Com-mitments: Alliances and Major-Power Trade, 1907-1991, NJ: Princeton University Press, October 2011.

Graebner, Norman A./Burns, Richard Dean/Siracusa, Joseph M.: America and the Cold War, 1941–1991: A Realist Interpretation, Santa Barbara/CA/USA: Praeger, 2010.

Grimm, Frédério: Notre Chronique Littéraire, Le Testament Politique de Richelieu, in: Paul De Man: Wartime Journalism, 1939-1943, London: University of Nebraska Press, 01.10.1988.  

Große, Rolf: Du royaume franc aux origines de la France et de l’Allemagne: 800-1214, Collection Histoire franco-allemande, Volume1, Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 02.06.2014.

Guyomarch, Alain/Machin, Howard/Ritchie, Ella: France in the European Union, Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998.

Haan, Jakob de /Gilbert, Niels /Hessel, Jeroen /Verkaart: Silvie Beyond the Fiscal Compact: How WellDesigned Eurobonds May Discipline Governments, in:  Journal for Comparative Government and European Policy, Vol. 3, 2012, pp. 323-337.

Haas, Ernst B.: The Obsolescence of Regional Integration Theory, Berkeley/CA: Institute of Inter-national Studies, l975.

Haas, Ernst B.: The Uniting of Europe: Political, Social, and Economic Forces 1950-1957, 2nd ed., containing author preference, Stanford CA: Stanford University Press, 1958.

Haglund, David G.: Alliance within the Alliance, Boulder/Colo.: Westview Press, 1991.

Heyde, Veronika: De l'esprit de la Résistance jusqu'à l'idée de l'Europe: projets européens et américains pour l'Europe de l'après-guerre (1940-1950), coll. Euroclio no. 52, Bruxelles: P.I.E. Peter Lang, 2010.

Hoffmann, Stanley: Obstinate or Obsolete? The Fate of the Nation State and the Case of Western Europe, in: Journal of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1966, pp. 862-915.

Høyland, Bjørn/Schieritz, Mark: Theories of European Integration, in: Jorge Juan, et al. (eds.): The Student's Guide to European Integration: For Students, by Students, Jan. 2004, pp. 28-39.

Hughes, Barry B.: World Politics: The Clash of Perspectives, Englewood Cliffs/N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1991.

Katzenstein, Peter J./Keohane, Robert O./Krasner, Stephen D.: International Organization and the Study of World Politics, The MIT Press, Autumn 1998.

Kennedy, Paul M.: The First World War and the International Power System, in: International Secu-rity, Vol. 9, No. 1, Summer, 1984, pp. 7-40.

Keohane, Robert O./Nye, Joseph: Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition, USA:  Little brown and Company (Inc.), 1977.

Kirchner, Emil J./Sperling, James: From Instability to Stability, in: Emil J. Kirchner/James Sperling (eds.): he Federal Republic of Germany and NATO: 40 Years After, UK: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp.1-28.

Knorr, Klaus: International Economic Leverage and Its Uses, in: Klaus Knorr/Frank Trager (eds.): Economic Issues and National Security, Lawrence/Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 1977, pp. 99-126.

Kocs, Stephen A.: Autonomy or Power? The Franco-German Relationship and Europe's Strategic Choices, 1955-1995, Westport/Connecticut/London: Praeger, 1995.

Kodjo,Tchioffo/Huber,  Elisabetha/Seyoum, Hannamariam: Europe as a Peace Project: From “hered-itary enemies” to global partners: A critical appraisal of the Franco-German Relationship in the framework of the Elysée Treaty, Universität Leipzig, 2013.

Kohl, Wilfred L.: French Nuclear Diplomacy, Princeton Legacy Library, Book 1422, USA: Prince-ton University Press, 08.03.2015.

Kolodziej, Edward A.: French International Policy Under De Gaulle and Pompidou: The Politics of Grandeur, Ithaka/London: Cornell University Press, First Edition, 01.06.1974.

Krasner, Stephen D.: Structural Causes and Regime Consequences: Regimes as Intervening Varia-bles, in: Stephen D. Krasner (ed.), International regimes, New York: Cornell University Press, 1983.

Krotz, Ulrich/Maher, Richard: International Relations Theory and the Rise of European Foreign and Security Policy, in: World Politics, Vol. 63, No. 3, July 2011, pp. 548-579.

Krotz, Ulrich/Schild, Joachim: Shaping Europe. France, Germany, and Embedded Bilateralism from the Elysée Treaty to Twenty-First Century Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.

Krotz, Ulrich: Three eras and possible futures: a long-term view on the Franco-German relationship a century after the first World War, in: International Affairs, 2014, Vol. 90, No. 2, pp. 337–350. 

Lappenküper, Ulrich: From “Hereditary Enemies” to Bonne Entente Franco-Allemande, in: Carine Germond/Henning Türk (eds.): A History of Franco-German Relations in Europe: From “Hereditary Enemies” to Partners, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, pp. 151-164.

Lefèvre, Sylvie: Les relations économiques franco-allemandes de 1945 à 1955 : De l'occupation à la coopération, Nouvelle édition [en ligne], Vincennes : Institut de la gestion publique et du développement économique, 1998, available from: http://books.openedition.org/igpde/2843. (Ac-cessed 29. 10. 2018)

Lequesne, Christian Lequesn: The Eurozone crisis and European integration ‘New intergovernmen-talism’ as a valid theory, 2016.

Leuffen, Dirk/Degner, Hanno/Radtke, Kerstin: Which Mechanics Drive the ‘Franco-German En-gine’? An Analysis of How and Why France and Germany Have Managed to Shape Much of To-day’s EU, in: L'Europe en Formation, n° 366, 04.2012, pp. 45-83.

Lewkowicz, Nicolas: The German Question and the Origins of the Cold War, US: Ipoc Press, p. 69.
Luc, Dinh The: Pareto Optimality, in: Panos M. Pardalos/A. Migdalas/Leonidas Pitsoulis (eds.): Pa-reto Optimality, Game Theory and Equilibria, New York: Springer, 2008, pp. 481-482.

Mancur, Olson Jr.: The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, Sec-ond printing with new preface and appendix, Harvard Economic Studies Volume CXXIV, London: Harvard University Press, Jan. 1971.

Marion, Gaillard: l'aventure avortée de la CED, la France face à ses contradictions, in: Gaillard Marion: France-Europe: Politique européenne de la France de 1950 à nos jours, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique: De Boeck Supérieur, pp. 51-63.

Massé, Pierre: La planification française, in: Les Cahiers de la publicité, n°1, Le procès de la publicité, 15.10.2015, pp. 83-96.

Mazzucelli, Colette/Guerot, Urike/Almut: Cooperative Hegemon, Mission Engine or Improbable Core? Explaining French-German Influence in European Treaty Reform, in: Derek Beach/Colette Mazucelli (eds.): Leadership in the Big Bangs of European Integration, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, pp. 158-177.

McLaughlin, Conor: The Suez Crisis: Security Implications for the Transatlantic Relationship and the Shift in Global Power, Student Scholarship & Creative Works By Year, Paper 46, Dickinson College, 2016, pp. 49-62.

Ménudier, Henri: La rupture Est-Ouest et ses conséquences pour l’Allemagne, in: Henri Ménudier (ed.): L’Allemagne occupée 1945-1949, Paris: Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle, 1989, pp. 28-55.

Milner, Susan: France: Steering Out of Crisis?, in: Pompeo Della Posta/Leila Simona Talani (ed.): Europe and the Financial Crisis,  UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

Milward, Alan: The European Rescue of the Nation-State, London: Routledge, 1994.

Mitrany, David: A Working Peace System: An Argument for the Functional Development of Inter-national Organization”, Quadrangle Books, 1966.

Moravcsik, Andrew: De Gaulle and Europe: Historical Revision and Social Science Theory, Pro-gram for the Study of Germany and Europe Working Paper Series 8.5, Harvard University.

Moravcsik, Andrew/Schimmelfennig, Frank:  Liberal intergovernmentalism, in: Wiener, A/Diez, T (eds.): European Integration Theory, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Moravcsik, Andrew: Liberal intergovernmentalism and Intergration: A Rejoinder, in: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 33, No. 4, Dec. 1995, pp. 612-628.

Moravcsik, Andrew: Negotiating the Single European Act: National Interests and Conventional Statecraft in the European Community, in: International Organization, Vol. 45, No. 1, Winter 1991, pp. 19-56.

Moravcsik, Andrew: Preferences and power in the European Community: A liberal intergovernmen-talist approach, in: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 31, No. 4, 1993, pp. 473-524.

Moravcsik, Andrew: The Choice for Europe: Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht, NY: Cornell University Press, 1998.

Mourlon-Druol, Emmanuel: Rethinking Franco-German relations: a historical perspective, Policy Contribution Issue n˚29, 11.2017.

Munte, Victor Gavin: A New Framework for Franco-German Relations through European Institu-tions, 1950 to 1954, in: Carine Germond/Henning Türk (eds.): A History of Franco-German Rela-tions in Europe: From “Hereditary Enemies” to Partners, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, pp. 165-175.

Norris, William J.: Chinese Economic Statecraft: Commercial Actors, Grand Strategy, and State Control, Cornell University Press, 01.03.2016.

Orgill, Nathan N.: Between Coercion and Conciliation, Franco-German Relations in the Bismarck Era, 1871–90, in: Carine Germond/Henning Türk (eds.): A History of Franco-German Relations in Europe: From “Hereditary Enemies” to Partners, Palgrave Macmillan, 2008, pp. 49-59.

Pagedas, Constantine A.: Anglo-American Strategic Relations and the French Problem, 1960-1963: A Troubled Partnership, Routledge, edition 1, 10.06.2015, pp. 244-256.

Payne, Angela R./Thakkar, Bharat S.: The Marshall Plan - Global Strategy and Foreign Humanitari-an Aid, 22. 08. 2012,  Globalization Hector Cuadra-Montiel, available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/globalization-approaches-to-diversity/the-marshall-plan-global-strategy-and-foreign-humanitarian-aid. (Accessed 03. 11. 2018)

Pierre, Gerbet: Le relèvement (1944-1949), Imprimerie Nationale, Paris, 1991.

European Commission: Refugee Crisis: European Commission takes decisive action, Press release, Strasbourg, 09.09.2015.

Puchala, Donald J.: Institutionalism, Intergovernmentalism and European Integration: A Review Article, in: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 37, No. 2, June 1999, pp. 317-331.

Puchala, Donald: Of blind Men, Elephant, and International Integration, in: Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. 10, March 1972, pp. 267-285.

Putnam, Robert D.: Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games, in: Interna-tional Organization, Vol. 42, No. 3, Summer 1988, pp. 427-460.

Raflic, Jenny: La France entre Europeisme et Atlantism, in: Michele Affinito (eds.): Les deux europes,  - The Two Europes: Actes du IIIe colloque international RICHIE - Proceedings of the 3rd international RICHIE conference (Euroclio), p. 269.

Raflic, Jenny: La IVe République et l'OTAN : fidélité à l'Alliance ou revendications nationales ? Bulletin de l'Institut Pierre Renouvin, Vol. 30, No. 2, 2009, pp. 77-90.

Rosamond, Ben: Theories of Integration, Houndmills/Basingstoke/Hampshire/London: Macmillan Press Ltd., 2000.

Rosato, Sebastian: Europe United: Power Politics and the Making of the European Community, Cornell University Press, 16. 12. 2010.

Rudin, Harry R.: Reviewed Work: Henry Morgenthau, Jr.: Germany Is Our Problem, in: The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 55, No. 2, 1946, pp. 449–455, JSTOR, available from: www.jstor.org/stable/792707. (Access 04.11.2018)

Scheingold, Leon N.: Stuart A. Lindberg: Alternative Model of System Change, in: Europe Would-Be Polity: Patterns of Change in the European Community, Engelwood Cliffs/NJ, 1970.

Schild, Joachim: Leadership in Hard Times: Germany, France, and the Management of the Euro-zone Crisis, in: German Politics & Society, Vol. 31, Issue 1, Spring 2013, pp. 24-47.

Schild, Joachim: Mission Impossible? The Potential for Franco–German Leadership in the Enlarged EU, in: JCMS, Vol. 48, No. 5, 2010, pp. 1367–1390.

Schoeller, Magnus G.: The Rise and Fall of Merkozy: Franco-German Bilateralism as a Negotiation Strategy in Eurozone Crisis Management: in: Journal of Common Market Studies, 2018, pp. 1-17.

Schwartz, Thomas A.: The "Skeleton Key": American Foreign Policy, European Unity, and German Rearmament, 1949-54, in: Central European History, Vol. 19, No. 4, 12.1986, pp. 369-385.

Soutou, Georges-Henri:  Georges Bidault et la construction européenne (1944-1954), in: Revue d’Histoire Diplomatique, tome 3-4, 1991.

Soutou, Georges-Henri: Le général de Gaulle, le plan Fouchet et l’Europe, in: Commentaire, vol. numéro 52, no. 4, 1990, pp. 757-766.

Stark, Hans:  Paris-Berlin: relation solide, rapports asymétriques, politiques antinomiques, Politique étrangère, Hiver, 04.2012, pp. 769-781.

Stark, Hans: La Politique internationale de l'Allemagne: Une puissance malgré elle, France: Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, 17.11.2011.

Stefanova, Boyka: The Europeanisation of Conflict Resolution: Regional Integration and Conflicts from the 1950s to the 21st Century, Oxford University Press, 2011.

Sutton, Michael: France and the Construction of Europe, 1944-2007: The Geopolitical Imperative, New York, NY: Berghahn Books, 18.03.2011, pp. 90-91.

Teasdale, Anthony: The Fouchet Plan: De Gaulle’s Intergovernmental Design for Europe, LSE ‘Europe in Question’ Discussion Paper Series, No. 117, London: London School of Economics, and Political Science, 10.2016.

Thomson, Robert: The Distribution of Power Among the Institution, in Jeremy Richardson/Sonia Mazey (eds.): European Union: Power and policy-making, pp.189-210.

Trachtenberg, Marc: A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945-1963, USA: Princeton University Press, 02.08.1999.

Tsebelis, George/Hahm, Hyeonho: Suspending vetoes: how the euro countries achieved unanimity in the fiscal compact, in: Journal of European Public Policy, Vol. 21, No. 10, 2014, pp.1388–1411.
Wieviorka, Olivier: France and Germany: A Policy of Reconciliation? In: Katja Drinhausen 
/Zhang Jingle (eds.): Historical Reflection and Reconciliation after World War II, KOORD-Schriftenreihe Bd. 6, Beijing, 2011, pp. 47-55.

Vail, Mark I.: From Paradox to Missed Opportunities: French Statist Liberalism and the Euro Crisis, Paper presented at the EUSA’s Fourteenth Biennial Conference, Boston, 5-7.03.2015.
Vanke, Jefrey: Charles de Gaulle’s uncertain idea of Europe, in: Desmond Dinan (eds.): Origins and Evolution of the European Union, New European Union Series, Oxford University Press, 2 edition, 04.13.2014, pp. 136-164.

Wagner, R. Harrison: Economic interdependence, bargaining power, and political influence, in: In-ternational Organization, Vol. 42, No. 3, Summer, 1988, pp. 461-483.

Wall, Stephen: The Official History of Britain and the European Community: From rejection to ref-erendum, 1963-1975, Routledge, 2013, pp. 7-38.

Weber, Max: The distribution of power within the community: Class, Status, Parties, in: Craig Cal-houn et al. (eds.): Classical Sociological Theory, 2nd edition, Malden MA: Blackwell, pp. 247-254.


（二）中文文獻：
杜 子 信：薩爾問題：德法諒解及歐洲整合的關鍵，刊載於：成大歷史學報，第46號， 2014 年 6 月，頁 225-290。

洪丁福：德國的分裂與統一：從俾斯麥到柯爾，臺灣商務印書館，1994。

黃得豐：歐債危機的原因與解決之道及對歐元之影響，刊載於：國政研究報告，08.09.2013. Available from: https://www.npf.org.tw/printfriendly/12571. (Accessed 03.05.2018)

黃琛瑜：英國與里斯本條約的批准：自由政府間主義的分析，刊載於：歐美研究，第44卷第2期，中央研究院歐美研究所，民國103年6月，頁127-161。

張福昌：歐盟司法與內政合作：反恐議題解析，台北：台灣商務印書館，2011年。

張福昌：德國批准「財政公約」的辯論、發展與影響，論文發表於「2012年第5次臺灣歐盟論壇」，台北，14.09.2012。

葉陽明：西德因應德國分裂時期（1949-1990） 之憲政安排，刊載於：國際關係學報，第22期，2006 年 7 月 ，頁11-44。

賴麗琇：德國文化史, 中央圖書出版社，1999年。

鍾志明：歐洲共同體創始階段之歷史制度分析，蘇宏達（主編）：歐洲聯盟的歷史發展與理論辯論，國立臺灣大學出版中心，頁3-42。

蘇宏達：檢視古典現實主義對戴高樂時期歐洲統合運動發展的解釋，刊載於：政治科學論叢，第46期，民國 99 年 12 月，頁 31-70。


（三）網路資料：
Alva, Samson/Manjunath, Vikram: Strategy-proof Pareto-improvement, 27.03.2017, available from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1cc9/fac9a27c48e7eb37f544094535e63e2ae924.pdf?_ga=2.142434929.2102524678.1524052236-1614384955.1524052236. (Accessed 18.04.2018)

Central Bank: ECB increases its capital, 16.12.2010, available from: https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/pr/date/2010/html/pr101216_2.en.html. (Accessed 22.12.2018)

Coopération entre les parlements français et allemand, available from: https://www.france-allemagne.fr/Cooperation-entre-les-parlements,2913.html. (Accessed 29.11.2018)

Countryeconomy.com: GDP - Gross Domestic Product, 2010, available from: https://countryeconomy.com/gdp?year=2011. (Accessed 22.12.2018)

Discours du Président de la République au Forum économique mondial à Davos, available from: https://www.elysee.fr/emmanuel-macron/2018/01/24/discours-du-president-de-la-republique-au-forum-economique-mondial-a-davos. (Accessed 11.12.2018)

Economic Forecasts from the World's Leading Economists, available from: https://www.focus-economics.com/countries/france. (Accessed 18.12.2017)

Erb-dettori, Julia: Le traité d'Aix-la-Chapelle: Une amitié franco-allemande 2.0, in: Le Taurillon, 01.23.2019, available from: https://www.taurillon.org/le-traite-d-aix-la-chapelle-une-amitie-franco-allemande-2-0. (Accessed 01.23.2019)

Europe 2020 strategy, in: European Commission, available from: https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/economic-and-fiscal-policy-coordination/eu-economic-governance-monitoring-prevention-correction/european-semester/framework/europe-2020-strategy_en. (Accessed 18.12.2018)

France's own lesson from Suez, BBC NEWS, 01.06.2006, available from: http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/mpapps/pagetools/print/news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6102536.stm. (Ac-cessed 12.11.2018)

Grant, Charles: Hollande, the Germans and 'political union’, in: Centre for European Reform,09.25.2012, available from: https://www.cer.eu/insights/hollande-germans-and-political-union. (Accessed 29.12.2018)

Harris, Shane: The Massacre at Oradour-sur-Glane: An American lawyer finds new evidence about one of World War II’s most notorious war crimes, seven decades after D-Day,Foreign Policy, 05.06.2014, 4:56 PM, available from: https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/06/05/the-massacre-at-oradour-sur-glane/. (Accessed 22.10.2018)

History, The context, in: European Stability Mechanism, 2018, available from: https://www.esm.europa.eu/about-us/history. (Accessed 01.02.2019)

Infographie «Qu’est-ce qu’un Conseil des Ministres franco-allemand ?», available from: https://www.france-allemagne.fr/18eme-Conseil-des-Ministres-franco-allemand-Metz-le-7-avril-2016.html. (Accessed 29.11.2018)

Jolly, David: S.&P. Downgrade Deals Blow to French Government, The New York Times, 08.11.2013, available from: https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/09/business/international/standard-poors-downgrades-france.html. (Accessed 12.12.2018)

La France et l’OTAN, CVCE, European NAvigator, Etienne Deschamps, available from: https://www.cvce.eu/collections/unit-content/-/unit/02bb76df-d066-4c08-a58a-d4686a3e68ff/c4bbe3c4-b6d7-406d-bb2b-607dbdf37207/dResources#e472def8-1567-480f-80d0-3b84f5204cf1_fr&overlay. (Accessed 12.11.2018)

L’Allemagne, premier partenaire économique de la France, available from: https://www.france-allemagne.fr/Dynamisme-et-competitivite-1410.html. (Accessed 29.11.2018)

La Seconde Guerre mondiale：La mallette pédagogique, available from: http://sgm.cdp.nc/lexiquez.html#zonelibre. (Accessed 22.10.2018)

Le Commissariat général du Plan de modernisation et d’équipement: Rapport Général sur le premier plan de Modernisation et d’équipement, 11. 1946 - 01. 1947, available from: http://www.strategie.gouv.fr/sites/strategie.gouv.fr/files/atoms/files/premier-plan-1947-1953.pdf. (Accessed 03.11.2018)

Le Conseil franco-allemand de défense et de sécurité (CFADS), available from: https://www.france-allemagne.fr/Le-Conseil-franco-allemand-de,275.html. (Accessed 29.11.2018)

Les Conseils des ministres franco-allemands (infographie), available from: https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/allemagne/relations-bilaterales/le-couple-franco-allemand/. (Accessed 27.11.2018)

Le ministère de l’Europe et des Affaires étrangères: Infographie : le couple franco-allemand en chiffres, available from: https://www.france-allemagne.fr/La-cooperation-franco-allemande-en,7337.html. (Accessed 12.12.2018)

Lindenberg, Daniel: Guerres de mémoire en France, in: Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire, No. 42, Sciences Po University Press, (Apr. - Jun.) 1994, pp. 77-95, here pp. 91-85.

Michalopoulos, Sarantis: Southern EU countries in push for anti-austerity alliance, in: EURACTIV, 05.08.2016 available from: https://www.euractiv.com/section/med-south/news/southern-eu-countries-in-push-for-anti-austerity-alliance. (Accessed 19.12.2018)

Robert, Aline Hollande: veut un gouvernement pour l’avant-garde de la zone euro, in: EURACTIV, 20.07.2015, available from: https://www.euractiv.fr/section/politique/news/hollande-veut-un-gouvernement-pour-l-avant-garde-de-la-zone-euro/. (Accessed 28.12.2018)

The ‘Franco-German duo’ and Europe as seen in cartoons (1945–2013): Post-war relations between France and Germany: The beginnings of reconciliation (1945–1957), CVCE.EU, University of Lux-embourg, available from: https://www.cvce.eu/en/education/unit-content/-/unit/c3c5e6c5-1241-471d-9e3a-dc6e7202ca16/a8682efd-06ab-48f4-93ed-400ab9bc45db/Resources#8111e3c8-262d-42c3-b412-3842c37f0353_en&overlay. (Accessed 30.10.2018)

The Saar question, in: The ‘Franco-German duo’ and Europe as seen in cartoons (1945–2013), CVCE.EU, UNI.LU, available from:https://www.cvce.eu/en/unit-content/-/unit/5cc6b004-33b7-4e44-b6db-f5f9e6c01023/6ab611e4-b37f-4d33-a1e0-ba8869997c9e/Resources#9dd5d241-4969-4a90-9685-ab4b5ecb63d0_en&overlay. (Access 04.11.2018) 

Traité de paix entre les Puissances alliées et associées et l'Allemagne, et protocole signés à Versailles, le 28 juin 1919, in: Document parlementaire no 41-41e, Ottawa : J. de Labroquerie Taché, imprimeur de sa très excellente majesté le roi, 1919, available from: https://ia902302.us.archive.org/27/items/traitdepaixent00cana/traitdepaixent00cana.pdf. (Accessed 22.10.2018)

Watt, Nicholas: Nicolas Sarkozy and Angela Merkel dominate EU in an uneasy alliance, in: The Guardian, 05.12.2011, available from: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/wintour-and-watt/2011/dec/05/nicolas-sarkozy-angela-merkel. (Accessed 03.01.2019)

Wurtz, Francis: Le traité de Rome, l'ADN de la construction européenne, in: L’Humanité, available from: https://www.humanite.fr/le-traite-de-rome-ladn-de-la-construction-europeenne-633804. (Ac-cessed 11.11.2018)