由個人創業所造就的中小型企業是台灣過去五十年來經濟發展的重要基礎，也是現階段台灣經濟發展的主要活力來源。而服務業更是未來的產業發展重心。創業活動中組織創業精神傾向及創業機會的辨識模式是影響創業結果的重要因素，本研究之主要目的如下：探討創業精神在組織層面的影響因素及其對創業結果的影響；探討創業機會辨識模式及其對創業結果的影響；並探討組織創業精神與創業機會辨識模式間的關係。
    本研究將研究對象鎖定為向中國青年創業協會諮詢的新創事業，其中又以服務業領域為主要研究對象，共回收有效樣本321份。並以迴歸統計分析方法為主要之研究分析方法以驗證假設。問卷結果顯示，組織的風險承擔性傾向越高、組織的預應能力傾向越高，創業結果越好；另外，以本研究所採用之四大創業機會辨識模式來看，預應性越高的組織，越會採用模式一；創新性、預應性越高的組織，越會採用模式二；創新性、預應性、承擔風險越高的組織，越會採用模式三；而承擔風險性越高的組織，越會採用模式四。顯示組織創業精神與其創業機會辨識模式的選擇之間有所關聯性。而最理性的模式為模式三：自主開發產品，自我鑑定機會。而研究也發現創新精神越高的組織，其越容易採用模式三。
    故創業家本身對於組織的制度設計上，應該加強預應能力，及提高合理承擔風險的能力，才能夠增進其創業結果，達到較滿意的程度。而在創業機會辨識模式方面，從事服務業的創業家在尋找創業機會時都有可能會運用模式一、二、三，這幾種模式之間並非互斥，故代表創業家在組織發展新的創業機會時，這幾種模式可以交互採用，而綜合來說，理性的創業機會辨識模式較能夠幫助組織找到新的創業機會，以維持組織的成長與永續經營。

For the past fifty years, the SMEs founded by entrepreneurs are not only the base of the economic development in Taiwan, but also the main vigor source in the developing economic of Taiwan. Particularly, The service industry is Taiwan’s main developing industry in the future. In the start-up business’ activities, the identification of the new start-up business opportunity and the tendency of the entrepreneurship are the important factors to affect the success of the start-up. There are three purposes of this thesis：（1）to find the effective factors of organization in the organizational entrepreneurship and the result  of start-up business;（2）to analyze the models of identifying the new opportunities and the relationship of the models and the performance of the business; and（3）to find if there is any relationship between the organizational entrepreneurship and the identification  models of the new start-up business opportunity.
    The subjects of this study focus on the entrepreneurs of service industries consulted by Youth Career Development Association. There are 321 effective samples, and the regression analysis used to test the hypothesis. The main result indicates that the higher the risks and the more proactive the company takes, the better the performance the businesses have. In addition, the study conducts 4 identification models of start-up business opportunities, and there are several important findings on this study：（1）the more the proactive the company have , the organization will more likely to use model one;（2）the more the proactive and innovation the company have, the organization would likely to use more model two. (3) the more the proactive, innovation, and risk-taking the company have, the organization would likely to use more model three. Otherwise, the higher the risk-taking the firms have, they would likely use model four. In short, the result shows that there is a significant relationship between the organizational entrepreneurship and the models of the identification of new opportunities.   
    Finally, this study implies that entrepreneurs should design proper organizational culture and institutional rules that increase their innovation, proactive abilities, risk-taking, and choose more rational model to find new opportunities so that can increase the satisfaction of the performance of the business. For the identification model of the new start-up business opportunity, entrepreneurs who focus on the services industry will take model 1,2,3 when they try to find the opportunities of start-up business. In addition, those models can be used overlapping by entrepreneurs whenever they would like to develop the new start-up business or find the business opportunities.

第一章 緒論  1
第一節 研究背景與動機  1
第二節 研究目的	10
第三節 研究範圍與流程  11
第二章 文獻探討	13
第一節 創業之相關理論  13
第二節 創業精神與組織創業精神  16
第三節 創業行為之意涵  25
第四節 創業過程分析  28
第五節 創業結果之意涵  31
第三章 研究方法	34
第一節 研究架構	34
第二節 變數之操作性定義與衡量  35
第三節 研究假設	39
第四節 抽樣設計與分析方法	41
第四章 研究結果	45
第一節 樣本特性	45
第二節 信效度分析	 47
第三節 描述性分析	 49
第四節 各變數間相關分析  52
第五節 迴歸分析	53
第六節 假設檢定結果  61
第五章 結論與建議	64
第一節 研究結論	64
第二節 管理上的意涵  66
第三節 研究限制	67
第四節 後續研究之建議  68
參考文獻	 69
附  錄 : 問卷  78
圖 目 錄
圖1-1 2000 年至2004 年台灣企業家數............................................................. 2
圖1-2 經濟成長與創業活動之關係.................................................................... 5
圖1-3 研究流程................................................................................................... 12
圖2-1 創業精神體系架構圖.............................................................................. 19
圖2-2 創立新事業的觀念架構.......................................................................... 22
圖2-3 創業過程四階段...................................................................................... 25
圖3-1 研究架構................................................................................................... 35
圖4-1 樣本新創事業所屬型態.......................................................................... 47
表 目 錄
表1-1 2003 年及2004 年台灣產業部門企業家數............................................. 3
表1-2 2004 年台灣企業家數－按經營年數....................................................... 3
表1-3 2000 年至2004 年新設中小企業占全體中小企業比率......................... 4
表2-1 創業精神的定義...................................................................................... 17
表3-1 組織創新精神衡量題項.......................................................................... 36
表3-2 創業機會辨識模式衡量題項.................................................................. 38
表4-1 樣本特性................................................................................................... 46
表4-2 Cronbach’s α係數數值意義表.............................................................. 48
表4-3 信度分析................................................................................................... 48
表4-4 描述性分析............................................................................................... 50
表4-5 各構面之相關分析.................................................................................. 52
表4-6 創新精神與創業結果之迴歸分析.......................................................... 54
表4-7 創業機會模式與創業結果之迴歸分析.................................................. 56
表4-8 組織創新精神與創業機會模式一之迴歸分析...................................... 57
表4-9 組織創新精神與創業機會模式二之迴歸分析...................................... 58
表4-10 組織創新精神與創業機會模式三之迴歸分析.................................... 59
表4-11 組織創新精神與創業機會模式四之迴歸分析.................................... 60
表4-12 研究假設檢定之結果彙整.................................................................... 62
表4-13 假設一之研究假設檢定結果................................................................ 63
表4-14 假設二之研究假設檢定結果................................................................ 63
表4-15 假設三之研究假設檢定結果................................................................ 63

一、中文部分
1.李儒宜 (1998)。創業家個人特徵、創業動機與人格特質對於創業
  行為影響之探討。國立東華大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
2.李坤鐘 (2001)。創業導向、行銷策略與行銷績效關係之研究。國
  立中正大學企業管理研究所碩士論文。
3.呂良添 (1998)。創業導向、管理實務、人際網絡與組織績效關係
  之研究。中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文。
4.林晉寬 (1993)。創業家特質與創業行為對創業績效影響之研究。
  台北：順達文化。
5.陳明璋 (1987)。企業家與創業精神。策略管理學術研討會論文
  集。
6.陳建宇 (2003)。台灣中小企業創業導向、組織資源與能力對企業
  績效影響之研究。成功大學管理學院EMBA碩士論文。 
7.許士軍 (1993)。創業行為、創業研究與創業教育。載於劉常勇
  (主編)，兩岸管理教育問題剖析。高雄：復文書局。
8.溫肇東 (2005)。創業精神也出現全球在地化。工商時報，經營知
  識31版。
9.經濟部中小企業處 (2005)。中小企業白皮書（ISBN：986-00-
  2026-4）。
10.蕭富峰及李田樹譯 (2002)。創業與創新精神 (臉譜出版社譯)。
   台北：成邦文化。(原著出版年：1995年)。
11.蕭新煌 (1933)。解讀台灣中小企業家與大企業家的創業過程。
   中國社會學刊，16，139-167。
12.資料來源：新創事業創業育成輔導簡報，蘇文玲，2005，經濟部
   中小企業處打造創業創新型經濟社會研討，6，32。

二、英文部分
1.Acs, Z. J., Arenius D., ＆ Hay, M. (2005). Global 
  Entrepreneur Monitor 2004 Executive Report. Lodon: Lodon 
  Business School.
2.Aldrich, H., Zimmer, C., & McEvoy, D. (1989). 
  Continuities in the Study of Ecological Succession: 
  Asian Businesses in Three English Cities. Social Forces, 
  67(4), 920-944.
3.Ardichvili, A., Cardozo, R., & Rat, S. (2003). A theory 
  of entrepreneurial opportunity identification and 
  development. Journal of Business Venturing, 18(1), 105-
  123.
4.Audretsch, D. B., Thurik, A. R. (2001). What's new about 
  the new economy? Sources of growth in the managed and 
  entrepreneurial economies. Industrial and Corporate 
  Change, 10(1), 267-315.
5.Baker, W. E. (1994). Networking Smart: How to Build 
  Relationships for Personal and Organizational Success. 
  New York: McGraw-Hill.
6.Baird, I. S., ＆ Thomas, H. (1985). Toward a Contingency 
  Model of Strategic Risk Taking. Academy of Management. 
  The Academy of Management Review, Briarcliff Man, 10(2), 
  230-243.
7.Baumol, W. J. (1990). Entrepreneurship: Productive, 
  Unproductive, and Destructive. The Journal of Political 
  Economy, 98(5), 893-921.
8.Begley, T., ＆ Boyd, D. (1987). Psychological 
  Characteristics Associated with Performance in 
  Entrepreneurial Firms and Smaller Bussinesses. Journal 
  of Business Venturing , 2(1), 79-93.
9.Bhave, M. P. (1994). A process model of entrepreneurial 
  venture creation. Journal of Business Venturing, 9(3), 
  223-242.
10.Birley, S. (1985). The Role of Networks in the 
   Entrepreneurial Process.Journal of Business Venturing, 1
   (1), 107-117.
11.Black, K. (2001). Business Statistics: Contemporary 
   Decision Making (3rded.). South Western college.
12.Brockhaus, R. H. (1980). Risk taking propensity of 
   entrepreneurs. Academy of Management Journal, 23(1), 
   509-520.
13.－－－－ (1982). The psychology of the entrepreneur. 
   in: Kent et al. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of 
   Entrepreneurship, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: 
   Prentice Hall.
14.Bygrave, W. D., ＆ Hofer, C. W. (1991). Theorizing 
   About Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship Theory and 
   Practice, 16(2), 13-22.
15.Casson, M. (1982). The Entrepreneur, Barnes and Noble 
   Books, New Jersey: Totowa.
16.Christensen, P.S., Madsen, O.O., ＆ Peterson, R. (1989, 
   October). Opportunity identification, the contribution 
   of entrepreneurship to strategic management. Paper 
   presented at the 9th Annual Strategic Management 
   Society Conference, San Francisco.
17.Cooper, A. C., ＆ Artz, K. W. (1995). Determinants of 
   satisfaction for entrepreneurs. Journal of Business 
   Venturing, 10(6), 439–457.
18.Covin, J. G., ＆ Slevin, D. P. (1991). A conceptual 
   model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior.   
   Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 16(1), 7-24.
19.Cunningham, J. B., ＆ Lischeron, J. (1991). Defining 
   Entrepreneurship. Journal of Small Bsiness Management, 
   29 (1), 45-61.
20.De Koning, A. (1999). Conceptualizing opportunity 
   recognition as a socio-cognitive process. France, 
   Institute European d'Administration des Affaires. 
21.Dess, G. G., Lumpkin, G. T., ＆ Covin, J. G. (1997). 
   Entrepreneurial strategy making and firm performance: 
   Tests of contingency and configurational models. 
   Strategic Management Journal, 18(9), 677-695.
22.Drucker, P.F. (1985). Innovation and Entrepreneurship: 
   Practice and Principles. Harper and Row, New York, 
   Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship. Englewood Cliffs, New 
   Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
23.Dun and Bradstreet. (2003). The Business Failure 
   Record. New York.
24.Gartner, W. B. (1985). A Conceptual Framework for 
   Describing the Phenomenon of New Venture Creation. 
   Academy of Management, The Academy of Management 
   Review, 10(4), 696-707.
25.－－－－ (1989). Some suggestions for research on 
   entrepreneurial traits and characteristics. 
   Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 14(3), 27–37.
26.－－－－, Mitchell, T. R., ＆ Vesper, K. H. (1989). A 
   Taxonomy of New Business Ventures. Journal of Business 
   Venturing, 4(3), 169-186.
27.Ghosh, B. C., Schoch, H. P., ＆ Kwan, W. W. (1993). 
   Australia and Singapore's top performing organisations: 
   A comparative study of their marketing effectiveness. 
   Journal of International Marketing and Marketing 
   Research, 18(3), 115-139.
28.Gimeno J., Folta T. B., Cooper, A. C., ＆ Woo C. Y. 
   (1997). Survival of the fittest? Entrepreneurial human 
   capital and the persistence of underperforming firms. 
   Administrative Science Quarterly. Ithaca, 42(4), 750-
   783.
29.Greenberger, D. B., Sexton, ＆ Donald L. (1988). An 
   Interactive Model of New Venture. Journal of Small 
   Business Management, 26(3), 1-7.
30.Hills, H., Lumpkin, G., ＆ Singh, G. T. (1997). 
   Opportunity recognition: perception and behavior of 
   entrepreneurs. Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 8
   (2), 203-218.
31.Holt, D. H. (1992). Entrepreneurship. New Venture 
   Creation, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
32.Jack, A. (2002). Scottish entrepreneurial networks in 
   the international context. International Small Business 
   Journal, 20(2), 213-219.
33.Khilstrom, R., ＆ Laffont, J. (1979). A general 
   equilibrium entrepreneurial theory of firm forrnation 
   based on risk aversion. Jpolit. Econo, 87(4), 719-748.
34.Kirzner, I. M. (1997). Entrepreneurial discovery and 
   the competitive market process: An Austrian approach. 
   Journal of Economic Literature, 35(1), 60-85.
35.Low, M. B., ＆ MacMillan, I. C. (1988).  
   Entrepreneurship: Past research and future challenges. 
   Journal of Management. 14(2), 139-161.
36.Lumpkin, G. T., ＆ Dess, G. G. (1996). Clarifying the 
   entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to 
   performance. The Academy of Management Review, 21(1), 
   135-172.
37.－－－－ ＆ －－－－ (2001). Linking two dimensions of 
   entrepreneurial orientation to firm performance: The 
   moderating role of environment and industry life cycle. 
   Journal of Business Venturing, 16(5), 429-527.
38.McClelland, D. (1961). The Achieving Society, Princeton 
   NJ: D.Van Nostrand. 
39.McMullan, W. E., ＆ Long, W. A. (1986). Assessing 
   Economic Value Added by University-Based New-Venture 
   Outreach Programs. Journal of Business Venturing, 1(2), 
   225-241.
40.Miller, D., ＆ F. P. (1983). Strategy-making and 
   environment: The third link. Strategic Management 
   Journal, 4(3), 221-235.
41.Morris, M. H. (1998). The effect of centralization and 
   formalization on entrepreneurship in export firms. 
   Journal of Small Business Management, 36(1), 16-29.
42.－－－－ ＆ Lewis, P. S. (1995). The determinants of 
   entrepreneurial activity: Implications for marketing. 
   European Journal of Marketing, 29(7), 31-49.
43.Moon, M. J. (1999). The pursuit of managerial 
   entrepreneurship: Does organization matter? Public 
   Administration Review, 59(1), 31-43.
44.Pitt, L. F., ＆ Kannemeyer, R. (2000). The role of 
   adaptation in microenterprise development: A marketing 
   perspective. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 
   5(2), 137-156.
45.Shane, S. (2000). Prior knowledge and the discovery of 
   entrepreneurial opportunities. Organization Science, 11
   (4), 448-469.
46.－－－－＆ Venkataraman, S. (2000). The promise of 
   entrepreneurship as a field of research. Academy of 
   Management Review, 26(1), 217–226.
47.－－－－ ＆ －－－－ (2000). Entrepreneurship as a field 
   of research: A response to Zahra and Dess, Singh, and 
   Erikson. Academy of Management Review, 26(1), 13–16.
48.Schumpteter, J. (1934). The theory of economic 
   development: An inquiry into profits, capital credit, 
   interest, and the business cycle. Cambridge, MA: 
   Harvard University Press. 
49.－－－－ (1934). Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. 
   New York: Harper and Row.
50.Schwartz, R. G., Teach, R. D., ＆ Birch, N. J. (2005). 
   A longitudinal study of entrepreneurial firms 
   opportunity recognition and product development 
   management strategies. International Journal of 
   Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 11(4), 315-329.
51.Sharma, P., ＆ Chrisman J. J. (1999). Toward a 
   Reconciliation of the Definitional. Issues in the Field 
   of Corporate Entrepreneurship, 23(3), 11-27.
52.Sigrist, B. (1999). Entrepreneurial opportunity 
   recognition. A presentation at the Annual UIC/AMA 
   symposium at Marketing/Entrepreneurship Interface. 
   France: Sofia-Antipolis.
53.Singh, R., Hills, H., ＆ Lumpkin, G.T. (1999). 
   Examining the role of self-perceived entrepreneurial 
   alertness in the opportunity recognition process. 
   Presented at the 13th UIC/AMA Symposium on Marketing 
   and Entrepreneurship Interface, Nice.
54.－－－－ ( 2001). A comment on developing the field of 
   entrepreneurship through the study of opportunity 
   recognition and exploitation. The Academy of Management 
   Review, 26(1), 10-12.
55.Stevenson, H. H., Roberts, M. J., ＆ Grousbeck, H. I. 
   (1985). New Business Ventures and the Entrepreneur. 
   Irwin, Homewood, 14(3) 261-289.
56.Stevenson, Carlos, ＆ Jarillo, J. (1990). A Paradigm of 
   Entrepreneurship. Strategic Management Journal , 11(5), 
   17-27.
57.Stopford, J. M., Baden-Fuller, ＆ Charles, W. F. 
   (1994). Creating corporate entrepreneurship. Strategic 
   Management Journal, 15 (7), 521-536.
58.Svante, A. (2000). The internationalization of the firm 
   from an entrepreneurial perspective. International 
   Studies of Management and Organization, 30(1), 63-92.
59.Teach, R. D., Schwartz, R. G., ＆ Tarpley, F. A. 
   (1989). The recognition and exploitation of opportunity 
   in the software industry: A study of surviving firms. 
   Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 23(2), 383-397.
60.Timmons, J. A. (1990). New venture creation. Boston: 
   Irwin.
61.Timmons, H. C. (1994). A Valuable Investment. Marketing 
   Reporte, 245(24), 10-12.
62.Venkataraman, S. (1997) The distinctive domain of 
   entrepreneurship research: an editor’s perspective. 
   Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence, and 
   Growth, 16(3), 119-138.
63.Welsh, J. A., ＆ White, J. F. (1981). Small Business 
   Ratio Analysis: A Cautionary Note to Consultants. 
   Journal of Small Business Management, 19(4), 20-23.
64.Wortzel, L. H (1979). New life style determinants of 
   women’s food shopping. Journal of Marketing, 43(3), 31-
   46.
65.Zahra, S. A. (1993). A conceptual model of 
   entrepreneurship as firm behavior: A critique and 
   extension. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 17(4), 
   5-22.
66.－－－－ (1995). Corporate entrepreneurship and 
   financial performance: The case of management leveraged 
   buyouts. Journal of Business Venturing, 10(3), 225-278.
67.－－－－. (1996). Goverance, ownership, and corporate 
   entrepreneurship: The moderating impact of industry 
   technological opportunities. Academy of Management 
   Journal, 39(6), 1713-1736.
68.－－－－ ＆ Dess, G. G. (2001). Entrepreneurship as a 
   field of research: Encouraging dialogue and debate. The 
   Academy of Management Review, 26(1), 8-10.