薄膜蒸餾(membrane distillation, MD)是利用多孔性疏水薄膜，在薄膜兩側提供溫度之差異，藉以因水蒸氣壓差產生水之傳輸，可應用於水之純化或水溶液之濃縮。針對真空式薄膜蒸餾，本論文探討之物質系統包括純水、鹽水與葡萄糖水溶液，亦即脫鹽與水溶液濃縮應用，利用兩種商業化中空式纖維模組，進行了不同操作條件之實驗，並建立數學模式探討不同操作條件之影響。實驗與模擬結果相當接近。藉由模式也分析模組內熱質傳阻力之重要性。
　　考量薄膜蒸餾操作需要具溫差之冷熱物流，以及熱泵可同時提供熱能與冷能之特性，本論文提出薄膜蒸餾與熱泵之熱能整合設計，包括氣隔式薄膜蒸餾與熱泵，以及氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾與熱泵兩種流程。流程設計中利用超結構之概念，納入可能之分流架構。吾人利用在Aspen Custom ModelerÒ平台自行建立之數學模式，進行流程內架構變數與操作變數之最佳化分析。針對海水脫鹽與葡萄糖水溶液濃縮之應用，最佳化結果顯示氣隔式薄膜蒸餾與熱泵設計之性能表現優於氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾與熱泵設計。

Membrane distillation (MD) allows the transfer of water vapor across a porous hydrophobic membrane by providing temperature difference on both sides of the the membrane. MD can be applied for water purification or solution concentration. For the vacuum membrane distillation (VMD), this thesis experimentally investigates pure water, salt water and glucose aqueous solution, in other words, for the applications of desalination and solution concentration, using two types of commercial hollow fiber type membrane distillation modules. A mathematical model is developed for VMD. Experimental and simulation results are very close. The effects of operating conditions are studied by experiments and the model. The significance of the heat and mass transfer resistances inside the modules have been analyzed using the model.
　　Given that MD requires hot and cold fluids and heat pump can provide hot and cold energies, this thesis proposes the integrated systems of MD and heat pump. Two flowsheets investigated are the air gap MD (AGMD)-heat pump and AGMD+VMD-heat pump. The superstructure concept is employed for developing the configurations, i.e. the split flow alternatives, of the two flowsheets. Using the mathematical models developed on Aspen Custom ModelerÒ platform, the configuration and operating variables are optimized. For both desalination and glucose aqueous solution concentration applications, the performance of AGMD-heat pump flowsheet is better than AGMD+VMD-heat pump flowsheet.

目錄
中文摘要	I
英文摘要	II
目錄	III
圖目錄	VI
表目錄	X
第一章	緒論	1
1.1	前言	1
1.2	研究動機與範疇	4
1.3	論文組織與架構	5
第二章	文獻回顧	6
第三章	模式建立	11
3.1	模式方程式	11
3.1.1	真空式薄膜蒸餾模組	11
3.1.2	氣隔式薄膜蒸餾模組	15
3.1.3	熱泵	19
3.2	物理/輸送性質	32
3.3	熱質傳係數	39
3.3.1	薄膜蒸餾模組	39
3.3.2	熱泵	41
3.4	模式之求解	42
3.5	基本個案模擬結果	42
3.5.1	真空式薄膜蒸餾	42
3.5.2	熱泵系統	53
第四章	真空式薄膜蒸餾模組實驗系統	63
4.1	實驗系統	63
4.2	設備與儀器規格	64
4.3	實驗步驟	72
4.4	濃度檢測	74
4.5	實驗操作範圍	76
4.5.1	海水淡化實驗	76
4.5.2	葡萄糖水溶液濃縮實驗	76
第五章	真空式薄膜蒸餾模組性能分析	78
5.1	純水	78
5.1.1	模組I實驗	78
5.1.1.1	實驗個案條件	78
5.1.1.2	操作條件之影響	79
5.1.2	模組II實驗	84
5.1.2.1	實驗個案條件	84
5.1.2.2	操作條件之影響	84
5.2	鹽水	89
5.2.1	模組I實驗	89
5.2.1.1	實驗個案條件	89
5.2.1.2	操作條件之影響	89
5.2.2	模組II實驗	96
5.2.2.1	實驗個案條件	96
5.2.2.2	操作條件之影響	97
5.2.2.3	薄膜參數之影響	102
5.2.2.4	阻力分析	104
5.3	葡萄糖水溶液	106
5.3.1	模組I實驗	106
5.3.1.1	實驗個案條件	106
5.3.1.2	操作條件之影響	106
5.3.2	模組II實驗	112
5.3.2.1	實驗個案條件	112
5.3.2.2	操作條件之影響	113
5.3.2.3	薄膜參數之影響	119
5.3.2.4	阻力分析	121
5.4	實驗所獲純水產物之鹽水與葡萄糖濃度分析	123
5.4.1	模組I – 鹽水實驗	124
5.4.2	模組I –葡萄糖水溶液濃縮實驗	126
5.4.3	模組II– 鹽水實驗	127
5.4.4	模組I I–葡萄糖水溶液濃縮實驗	127
第六章	能源整合系統最佳化分析	129
6.1	整合系統之設計	129
6.1.1	氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵整合系統	130
6.1.1.1	流程說明	130
6.1.1.2	設備規格與操作條件	132
6.1.1.3	基本個案性能	133
6.1.2	氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵整合系統	137
6.1.2.1	流程說明	137
6.1.2.2	設備規格與操作條件	138
6.1.2.3	基本個案性能	139
6.2	最佳化分析	146
6.2.1	最佳化方法	146
6.2.2	氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵整合系統	147
6.2.2.1	參數設定	148
6.2.2.2	目標函數	149
6.2.2.3	結果分析	150
6.2.3	氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵整合系統	159
6.2.3.1	參數設定	161
6.2.3.2	目標函數	162
6.2.3.3	結果分析	163
6.2.3.4	最佳化結果彙整比較	175
6.2.3.5	海水淡化系統能源效率比較	178
第七章	結論與建議	180
符號說明	182
參考文獻	186
附錄.最佳化結果數據表	192
圖目錄
圖1.1 薄膜蒸餾之配置型式	3
圖2.1 板框氣隔式薄膜蒸餾模組	7
圖2.2 螺捲氣隔式薄膜蒸餾模組	8
圖2.3 熱回收之氣隔式薄膜蒸餾模組	9
圖2.4 熱整合之直接接觸式薄膜蒸餾系統	10
圖3.1 真空式薄膜蒸餾模組	12
圖3.2 真空式薄膜蒸餾之熱質傳	13
圖3.3 氣隔式薄膜蒸餾模組	15
圖3.4 氣隔式薄膜蒸餾之熱質傳	16
圖3.5 熱泵系統	20
圖3.6 殼管式冷凝器	21
圖3.7 冷凝器熱傳分析	23
圖3.8 殼管式蒸發器	25
圖3.9 蒸發器熱傳分析	27
圖3.10 壓縮機	30
圖3.11 減壓閥	31
圖3.12 模組I純水系統之內部溫度分佈	43
圖3.13 模組I純水系統之內部質傳通量分佈	43
圖3.14模組I純水系統之膜內通量比較	44
圖3.15 模組II純水系統之內部溫度分佈	45
圖3.16 模組II純水系統之內部通量分佈	45
圖3.17 模組II純水系統之膜內通量比較	46
圖3.18 模組I鹽水系統之內部溫度分佈	47
圖3.19 模組I鹽水系統之內部通量分佈	47
圖3.20 模組I鹽水系統之膜內通量比較	48
圖3.21 模組II鹽水系統之內部溫度分佈	48
圖3.22 模組II鹽水系統之內部通量分佈	49
圖3.23 模組II鹽水系統之膜內通量比較	49
圖3.24 模組I葡萄糖水系統之內部溫度分佈	50
圖3.25 模組I葡萄糖水系統之內部通量分佈	50
圖3.26 模組I葡萄糖水系統之膜內通量比較	51
圖3.27 模組II葡萄糖水系統之內部溫度分佈	51
圖3.28 模組II葡萄糖水系統之內部通量分佈	52
圖3.29 模組II葡萄糖水系統之膜內通量比較	52
圖3.30 改變冷凝器海水進料流量之各單元出口液相分率	55
圖3.31 改變冷凝器海水進料流量之壓縮機進口流量與溫度	56
圖3.32 改變冷凝器海水進料流量之單元能量效應	56
圖3.33 改變冷凝器海水進料溫度之各單元出口液相分率	57
圖3.34 改變冷凝器海水進料溫度之各單元能量效應	58
圖3.35 改變蒸發器海水進料流量之各單元出口液相分率	59
圖3.36 改變蒸發器海水進料流量之各單元能量效應	60
圖3.37 改變蒸發器海水進料溫度之各單元出口液相分率	61
圖3.38 改變蒸發器海水進料溫度之各單元能量效應	62
圖4.1 真空式薄膜蒸餾實驗系統	64
圖4.2 模組I之剖面圖	65
圖4.3 模組I之正面相片	65
圖4.4 模組I之側面相片	66
圖4.5 模組II之相片	67
圖4.6 模組II之管側進出端相片	68
圖4.7 鹽水導電度與鹽水濃度之關係	74
圖4.8 DNS反應式	75
圖4.9 吸收度與葡萄糖水溶液濃度之關係	75
圖5.1 水之飽和蒸氣壓與溫度關係	79
圖5.2 模組I純水系統進料溫度對通量之影響	80
圖5.3 模組I純水系統進料流量對通量之影響	81
圖5.4 模組I純水系統真空側壓力對通量之影響	81
圖5.5 模組I純水系統在不同真空壓力下，進料溫度對通量之影響	82
圖5.6  模組I純水系統在不同進料溫度下，真空側壓力對通量之影響	83
圖5.7 模組I純水系統在不同進料流量下，進料溫度對通量之影響	83
圖5.8 模組II純水系統實驗進料溫度對通量之影響	85
圖5.9 模組II純水系統實驗進料流量對通量之影響	86
圖5.10 模組II純水系統實驗真空側壓力對通量之影響	86
圖5.11 模組II純水系統實驗不同真空壓力下，進料溫度對通量之影響	87
圖5.12 模組II純水系統實驗不同進料溫度下，真空側壓力對通量之影響	88
圖5.13 模組II純水系統實驗不同進料流量下，進料溫度對通量之影響	88
圖5.14 水與鹽水飽和蒸氣壓對溫度的比較圖	90
圖5.15 模組I鹽水系統實驗進料溫度對通量之影響	91
圖5.16 模組I鹽水系統實驗進料流量對通量之影響	92
圖5.17 模組I鹽水系統實驗真空側壓力對通量之影響	92
圖5.18 模組I鹽水系統實驗進料濃度對通量之影響	93
圖5.19 模組I鹽水系統實驗不同真空壓力下，進料溫度對通量之影響)	94
圖5.20 模組I鹽水系統實驗不同進料溫度下，真空側壓力對通量之影響	94
圖5.21 模組I鹽水系統實驗不同進料流量下，進料溫度對通量之影響	95
圖5.22 模組II鹽水系統實驗進料溫度對通量之影響	98
圖5.23 模組II鹽水系統實驗進料流量對通量之影響	98
圖5.24 模組II鹽水實驗真空側壓力對通量之影響	99
圖5.25 模組II鹽水系統實驗進料濃度對通量之影響	99
圖5.26 模組II鹽水系統實驗不同真空壓力下，進料溫度對通量之影響	100
圖5.27 模組II鹽水系統實驗不同進料溫度下，真空壓力對通量之影響	101
圖5.28 模組II鹽水實驗系統不同進料流量下，進料溫度對通量之影響	101
圖5.29 模組II鹽水系統個案之薄膜孔徑影響	102
圖5.30模組II鹽水系統個案之薄膜孔隙度影響	103
圖5.31模組II鹽水系統個案之薄膜厚度影響	103
圖5.32 模組II鹽水系統個案熱流體熱傳係數之影響	104
圖5.33 模組II鹽水系統個案薄膜熱傳係數之影響	105
圖5.34 模組II鹽水系統個案薄膜質傳係數之影響	105
圖5.35 水與葡萄糖水飽和蒸氣壓對溫度的比較圖	107
圖5.36 模組I葡萄糖水系統實驗進料溫度對通量之影響	108
圖5.37 模組I葡萄糖水系統實驗進料流量對通量之影響	109
圖5.38 模組I葡萄糖水系統實驗真空側壓力對通量之影響	109
圖5.39 模組I葡萄糖水系統實驗進料濃度對通量之影響	110
圖5.40 模組I葡萄糖水系統實驗不同真空壓力下，進料溫度對通量之影響	111
圖5.41 模組I模組葡萄糖水系統實驗不同進料溫度下，真空側壓力對通量之影響	111
圖5.42 模組I葡萄糖水系統實驗進料流量下，進料溫度對通量之影響	112
圖5.43 模組II葡萄糖水系統實驗進料溫度對通量之影響	114
圖5.44 模組II葡萄糖水系統實驗進料流量對通量之影響	115
圖5.45 模組II葡萄糖水系統實驗真空壓力對通量之影響	115
圖5.46 模組II葡萄糖水系統實驗進料濃度對通量之影響	116
圖5.47 模組II葡萄糖水系統實驗不同真空壓力下，進料溫度對通量之影響	117
圖5.48 模組II葡萄糖水系統實驗不同進料溫度下，真空側壓力對通量之影響	117
圖5.49 模組II葡萄糖水系統實驗不同進料流量下，進料溫度對通量之影響	118
圖5.50模組II葡萄糖水系統個案之薄膜孔徑影響	119
圖5.51模組II葡萄糖水系統個案之薄膜孔隙度影響	120
圖5.52模組II葡萄糖水系統個案之薄膜厚度影響	120
圖5.53 模組II葡萄糖水系統個案之熱流體熱傳係數影響	121
圖5.54 模組II葡萄糖水系統個案之膜熱傳係數影響	122
圖5.55 模組II葡萄糖水系統個案之膜質傳係數影響	122
圖6.1 氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵整合系統	131
圖6.2 氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵整合系統	138
圖6.3 三個氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵整合系統	147
圖6.4 四個氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵整合系統	148
圖6.5 鹽水應用之氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統最佳化目標函數	151
圖6.6 鹽水應用之氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統最佳化決策變數	152
圖6.7 鹽水應用之氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統最佳化產水量	152
圖6.8 鹽水應用之氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統最佳化通量	153
圖6.9 鹽水應用之氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統最佳化熱泵性能係數	153
圖6.10 鹽水應用之氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統出口流體濃度	154
圖6.11 葡萄糖水應用之氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統最佳化目標函數	156
圖6.12 葡萄糖水應用之氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統最佳化決策變數	156
圖6.13 葡萄糖水應用之氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統最佳化產水量	157
圖6.14 葡萄糖水應用之氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統最佳化通量	157
圖6.15 葡萄糖水應用之氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統最佳化熱泵性能係數	158
圖6.16 葡萄糖水應用之氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統出口流體濃度	158
圖6.17 二個氣隔式加一組真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵整合系統	159
圖6.18 三個氣隔式加一組真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵整合系統	160
圖6.19 二個氣隔式加二組真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵整合系統	160
圖6.20 鹽水應用之氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統之最佳化目標函數	164
圖6.21 鹽水應用之氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統之各最佳化決策變數	165
圖6.22 鹽水應用之氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統之最佳化產水量	166
圖6.23 鹽水應用之氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統最佳化通量	167
圖6.24 鹽水應用之氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統最佳化熱泵性能係數	167
圖6.25 鹽水應用之氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統出口流體濃度	168
圖6.26 葡萄糖水應用之氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統最佳化目標函數	170
圖6.27 葡萄糖水應用之氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統最佳化決策變數	171
圖6.28 葡萄糖水應用之氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統最佳化產水量	172
圖6.29 葡萄糖水應用之氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統最佳化通量	173
圖6.30 葡萄糖水應用之氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統最佳化熱泵性能係數	173
圖6.31 葡萄糖水應用之氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統出口流體濃度	174
圖6.32 薄膜蒸餾-熱泵整合系統最佳結構	176


 
表目錄
表3.1 真空式薄膜蒸餾模式	14
表3.2 氣隔式薄膜蒸餾模式	18
表3.3殼管式冷凝器規格	21
表3.4 冷凝器模式	24
表3.5 殼管式蒸發器規格	26
表3.6 蒸發器模式	28
表3.7 壓縮機模式	30
表3.8 減壓閥模式	31
表3.9 葡糖糖水比熱關聯式係數	37
表3.10 熱泵基本個案條件	53
表4.1 模組I規格資料	66
表4.2 模組II規格資料	68
表4.3 殼管式熱交換器規格資料	69
表4.4 蠕動式幫浦規格資料	69
表4.5 真空幫浦規格資料	69
表4.6 流量計規格	70
表4.7 溫度計規格	70
表4.8 電子天平規格	70
表4.9 手提式微電腦導電度/溫度計規格	71
表4.10 熱電可見紫外光分光度計規格	71
表4.11 模組I海水淡水實驗操作範圍	76
表4.12 模組II海水淡水實驗操作範圍	76
表4.13 模組I葡萄糖水溶液濃縮實驗操作範圍	77
表4.14 模組II葡萄糖水溶液濃縮實驗操作範圍	77
表5.1 模組I純水系統實驗條件	78
表5.2 模組II純水系統實驗條件	84
表5.3 模組I鹽水系統實驗條件	89
表5.4 模組II鹽水系統實驗條件	96
表5.5 模組I葡萄糖水溶液系統實驗條件	106
表5.6 模組II葡萄糖水系統實驗條件	113
表5.7 蒸餾水於20℃下之導電度	123
表5.8 蒸餾水於23℃下之吸收值	124
表5.9 模組I之鹽水實驗產物導電度檢測個案與結果	125
表5.10 模組I之葡萄糖水溶液實驗產物吸收度檢測個案與結果	126
表5.11 模組II之鹽水實驗產物導電度檢測個案與結果	127
表5.12 模組II之葡萄糖水溶液實驗產物吸收度檢測個案與結果	128
表6.1 氣隔式薄膜蒸餾模組規格	132
表6.2 熱泵之規格	133
表6.3 氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵整合系統鹽水基本個案操作條件	134
表6.4 氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵整合系統葡萄糖水基本個案操作條件	134
表6.5 氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵整合系統鹽水基本個案結果	135
表6.6 氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵整合系統葡萄糖水基本個案結果	136
表6.7 真空式薄膜蒸餾模組規格	139
表6.8 氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵整合系統 鹽水基本個案操作條件	140
表6.9 氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵整合系統 葡萄糖水基本個案操作條件	141
表6.10 氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵整合系統 鹽水基本個案結果	142
表6.11 氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵整合系統 葡萄糖水基本個案結果	144
表6.12 鹽水應用之氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統參數設定	149
表6.13 葡萄糖水應用之氣隔式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統參數設定	149
表6.14 鹽水應用之氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統參數設定	161
表6.15 葡萄糖水應用之氣隔式加真空式薄膜蒸餾-熱泵系統參數設定	162
表6.16 蒸餾模組-熱泵系統最佳化結果彙整	177
表6.17海水淡化系統能源效率比較	179

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