系統識別號 | U0002-2001201009232000 |
---|---|
DOI | 10.6846/TKU.2010.00563 |
論文名稱(中文) | 應用於多重熱源之平板熱管熱傳分析 |
論文名稱(英文) | Thermal Performance Analysis of Vapor Chamber Applying on Multiple Heat Sources |
第三語言論文名稱 | |
校院名稱 | 淡江大學 |
系所名稱(中文) | 機械與機電工程學系博士班 |
系所名稱(英文) | Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering |
外國學位學校名稱 | |
外國學位學院名稱 | |
外國學位研究所名稱 | |
學年度 | 98 |
學期 | 1 |
出版年 | 99 |
研究生(中文) | 余駿生 |
研究生(英文) | Chun-Sheng Yu |
學號 | 892340067 |
學位類別 | 博士 |
語言別 | 英文 |
第二語言別 | |
口試日期 | 2009-12-25 |
論文頁數 | 132頁 |
口試委員 |
指導教授
-
康尚文(swkang@mail.tku.edu.tw)
委員 - 陳炳輝(phchen@ntu.edu.tw) 委員 - 陳增源(tychen@mail.tku.edu.tw) 委員 - 楊建裕(cyyang@ncu.edu.tw) 委員 - 楊龍杰(ljyang@mail.tku.edu.tw) |
關鍵字(中) |
平板熱管 多重熱源 擴散熱阻 |
關鍵字(英) |
Vapor Chamber Multiple Heat Sources Spreading Thermal Resistance |
第三語言關鍵字 | |
學科別分類 | |
中文摘要 |
本論文研究目的為計算多熱源之等效面積與平板熱管尺寸對擴散熱阻的影響,比較理論解析與電腦數值模擬結果。主要動機為現今與擴散熱阻相關的文獻多以理論解析為主,主要以傳統金屬材料為探討方向,並以數值模擬與實驗之結果比對。面對現今系統散熱設計,隨著多熱源以及高發熱瓦數晶片在高階電子系統的應用,本文以推導等效熱源面積關係式,探討多熱源散熱模組在設計上所需考慮的參數,配合電腦數值模擬提出改善散熱模組散熱效能的最佳化設計方法,本論文中將設計參數代入無因次等效熱源面積關係式,並將之運用於多熱源熱傳遞的分析,藉由比較熱阻方程式、電腦模擬分析結果與實驗數據之差異,提出建立熱源發熱功率、熱源面積、平板熱管厚度及熱源相對位置之間熱傳導與熱對流熱阻的參數最佳設計區間,並參考Bi數作為瞭解小面積熱源的熱傳遞模式,以為應用平板熱管散熱模組最佳化設計之基礎。 對於本研究所探討之多熱源平板熱管散熱模組最佳設計,配合多熱源散熱模組之實驗量測,熱源的最高溫度值誤差為3.3%,利用等效熱源關係式以電腦數值模擬的方法可以準確的預測多熱源在平板熱管散熱模組的熱傳機制。 |
英文摘要 |
The objective of this thesis is to compute the spreading thermal resistance of multiple heat sources on a vapor chamber module, as well as the surface temperatures and the heat flux distributions at the heating surface. The analytical correlations are expressed in a dimensionless with the governing parameters of the relative distance dimensions between heat sources and dimensionless heat sources size on heat spreader, including a vapor chamber and metal materials evaluation, subject to the influence of multiple heat sources. This study also presents vapor chamber temperature distribution on heat spreader contact surface, and it correlates to heat sources number and distance. Hence, spreading thermal resistance decreases with the increasing lateral length of vapor chamber. There is large difference between spreading and conductive thermal resistance as lateral length is disproportion to heat source heating area. Therefore, spreading thermal resistance is an important factor when design the thermal solution of a high density chipset power, and it caused high temperature in heat sources which embedded a thinner heatsink base, especially. Spreading thermal resistance is disproportion to heat spreader size, material conductivity, then conductive thermal resistance is not the only parameter for vapor chamber module design, it needs to consider the spreading resistance effect of a vapor chamber and multiple heat sources array, Bi number can be fairly understood by imagining the heat flow from small and hot heat sources suddenly immersed in a pool, to the surrounding fluid. Numerical simulation results of the integrated vapor chamber module are carried out with the mathematical model. The computed results are in good agreement with the experiments, and deliver a difference of 3.3% for the maximum heat source temperature rises, and it presents predictable thermal phenomena of a vapor chamber applying on multiple heat sources. |
第三語言摘要 | |
論文目次 |
Table of Content Title Page II Signature page III Acknowledgements IV Abstract (Chinese) V Abstract (English) VII Table of Content IX List of Figure XII List of Table XVIII Nomenclature XX Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation for research 3 1.2 Literature review 5 Chapter 2 Multiple heat sources in electronics cooling 13 2.1 Heat generating in electronics and present applications 13 2.2 Current cooling technologies 15 2.3 Roadmap for cooling in high power electronics 17 2.4 Manufacture processes of vapor chamber 19 2.4.1 Heat transport limitations 21 2.4.2 Vapor chamber dynamics 22 2.4.3 The working fluid 24 2.4.4 The wick structure 26 Chapter 3 Formula and solution 29 3.1 Spreading thermal resistance 30 3.2 Base thickness design of a vapor chamber 33 3.3 Fins 35 3.3.1 Fin design parameters 36 3.3.2 Suggestions of fin design 40 3.4 Biot number 40 3.5 Temperature equation 41 3.6 General equation of multiple heat sources 45 3.6.1 Multiple heat sources in circular array 48 3.6.2 Multiple heat sources in matrix array 51 Chapter 4 Experiment 56 4.1 Experimental setup and calibration 56 4.2 Experiment results of dual resources (natural convection) 59 4.3 Thermal resistance measurement for VC performance validation (liquid cooling) 64 4.3.1 Test conditions 64 4.3.2 Test equipment of liquid cooling 64 4.3.3 Thermocouple locations 65 4.3.4 Definition of thermal resistance 66 4.3.5 Test data 66 4.3.4 Definition of thermal resistance 66 4.4 Thermal resistance measurement (wind tunnel) 67 4.5 Experiment setup of quad heat sources (LED natural cooling) 71 Chapter 5 Numerical ayalysis 77 5.1 Overview of thermal modeling in electronics cooling 77 5.2 Simulation setup 79 5.3 Modeling 80 5.4 Fin optimization by simulation 82 5.5 Numerical analysis referred to experimental data 84 5.6 Vapor chamber application on multiple heat sources cooling 91 5.7 Contour plot of response surface optimization 95 5.8 Error correction 99 5.9 Uncertainty analysis 100 Chapter 6 Conclusion and future work 103 6.1 Conclusion 103 6.1.1 Design an optimal geometry heat spreader for multiple heat sources cooling 104 6.1.2 Analysis thermal phenomena of multiple heat sources heat spreading on a vapor chamber 104 6.2 Future work 106 References 107 Appendix I Introduction of linear regrssion method 115 Appendix II Thermocouple calibration 120 Appendix III Thermal conductivity of material property 121 Appendix IV Vapor chamber orientation test data 122 Appendix V Reliabilitytest of a vapor chamber 125 Publication list 132 List of Figures Fig.1.1 Experiment result of thermal resistance and air volume flow 3 Fig.1.2 Heat dissipation path of a chipset package 4 Fig.1.3 The design range by using a vapor chamber to a metal heatsink. 5 Fig.1.4 Illustration of heat flux spreading in base 6 Fig.1.5 Dimensionless geometry variation to heat source temperature 6 Fig.1.6 Temperature map of source plane for heatsink 7 Fig.1.7 Thermal resistance difference by spreader sizes 8 Fig.1.8 Surface temperature distribution at copper base plate thickness of 5mm 9 Fig.1.9 Maximum temperature location at aluminum heatsink base 10 Fig.1.10 Correlation factor to heat source location 10 Fig.1.11 Quad heat sources dimension definition 11 Fig.1.12 Equivalent heat source and thermal resistance with heat source size 12 Fig.1.13 Equivalent heat source and thermal resistance with heat source location 12 Fig.2.1 Chipset array on a print circuit board 14 Fig.2.2 LED array for lighting applications 14 Fig.2.3 Different shapes of vapor chambers 15 Fig.2.4 System on chip power consumption trends 17 Fig.2.5 Vapor chamber configuration 20 Fig.2.6 Vapor chamber manufacture processes 20 Fig.2.7 General working behavior of a vapor chamber 21 Fig.2.8 An operating cycle diagram of a vapor chamber 23 Fig.2.9 Flow chart of a vapor chamber operating phenomena 24 Fig.2.10 Microscope picture of sintered particles 27 Fig.2.11 Sintered wick structure of a vapor chamber 28 Fig.3.1 Schematic diagram of the square base spreader 29 Fig.3.2 Heat source with temperature distribution on a heatsink 31 Fig.3.3 Temperature profiles at the surface of aluminum extrusion 32 Fig.3.4 Temperature profiles at the surface of extrusion with vapor chamber 32 Fig.3.5 Thermal resistance network 33 Fig.3.6 Block resistance with base thickness of the fin attached spreader 34 Fig.3.7 Heat spreader thermal resistance with base thickness 35 Fig.3.8 Fin types by various manufacture processes 36 Fig.3.9 Sketch of fin parameters 37 Fig.3.10 Heat spreader with dual heat sources 42 Fig.3.11 Heat sources locations on heat spreader 42 Fig.3.12 Thermal resistance network of dual heat sources 43 Fig.3.13 Top surface temperature distribution of dual heat sources by Muzychka et al.'s solution 44 Fig.3.14 Top surface temperature distribution of dual heat sources by Yun Ho Kim a, et al.’s solution 44 Fig.3.15 Thermal spreading resistances vs. heat flux 45 Fig.3.16 Flow chart of multiple heat sources design target 46 Fig.3.17 Calculate multiple heat sources from equivalent heat source 47 Fig.3.18 Methodology of multiple heat sources to an equivalent heat source 48 Fig.3.19 Description of multiple heat sources in circular array 49 Fig.3.20 Dimensionless size of a single equivalent heat source 51 Fig.3.21 Multiple heat sources in matrix array 52 Fig.3.22 Zoom in the multiple heat sources in matrix array 52 Fig.3.23 Temperature distribution of matrix array heat sources on heat spreader 54 Fig.3.24 Correlation of equivalent heat source with dimensionless heat source size of heat spreaders 55 Fig.4.1 Thermocouple measured locations 56 Fig.4.2 Experiment equipment description 58 Fig.4.3 Sketch of test piece measured points 58 Fig.4.4 Vapor chamber structure embedded on a heatsink base 59 Fig.4.5 Application of vapor chamber (Lower spreading resistance) 61 Fig.4.6 Aluminum heatsink (Higher spreading resistance) 61 Fig.4.7 Temperature difference comparison of various ambient 62 Fig.4.8 Temperature description of different fin efficiency 63 Fig.4.9 Thermal resistance comparison of various ambient 63 Fig.4.10 Test platform of liquid cooling 64 Fig.4.11 Test piece description 65 Fig.4.12 Thermocouple location on vapor chamber 65 Fig.4.13 Cooling surface area of vapor chamber 65 Fig.4.14 IR Picture for surface temperature difference comparison 67 Fig.4.15 Air flow direction of test piece 68 Fig.4.16 Wind tunnel for providing system flow and impedance 68 Fig.4.17 Thermal test platform with wind tunnel 69 Fig.4.18 Comparison thermal resistance with vapor chamber and blocked by input power 69 Fig.4.19 Test procedures from heat sources distance 20mm to 50mm 71 Fig.4.20 Test methodology and equipment (natural convection with fin) 72 Fig.4.21 Natural convection chamber 72 Fig.4.22 Reliability of a cool white LED luminous flux efficiency 73 Fig.4.23 Correlation concept of multiple heat sources and equivalent heat source 74 Fig.4.24 Temperature measured point of equivalent heat source 75 Fig.4.25 Test configuration of an equivalent heat source 76 Fig.5.1 Finite difference method for system modeling 78 Fig.5.2 Simulation processes flow chart 80 Fig.5.3 Finite element location design range by minimizing Tjuncton temperature of dual heat sources 82 Fig.5.4 Configuration of a vapor chamber embedded on plat fin heatsink 82 Fig.5.5 Sggested fan-less thermal solution for 4W 83 Fig.5.6 Suggested fan-less thermal solution for 7W 83 Fig.5.7 Design range of fin number 50~60 84 Fig.5.8 Conductivity comparison with vapor chamber and copper plate by increasing input power 86 Fig.5.8 Contour plot of temperature distribution with heat source on a spreader corner 86 Fig.5.9 Material conductivity to thermal resistance by multiple heat sources 87 Fig.5.10 Heat sources temperature by varying power input of multiple heat sources number 87 Fig.5.11 Percentage of spreading thermal resistance on the total thermal resistance by different heat spreader materials 88 Fig.5.12 Dimensionless spreading thermal resistance varies with the distance (h=100) 89 Fig.5.13 Spreading thermal resistance of heat spreaders by multiple heat sources and dimensionless heat source pitch 90 Fig.5.14 Experiment data comparison with numerical result 91 Fig.5.15 Thermal resistance of various dimensionless heat source size and distance (h=100 W/m2C) 92 Fig.5.16 Total thermal resistance vs. convection coefficient (m/l= 0.167) 92 Fig.5.17 Heat conduction inside the body is much faster than the heat conduction away from its surface (m/l= 0.167) 93 Fig.5.18 Thermal resistance compare with Bi number by dimensionless distance (m/l= 0.167) 94 Fig.5.19 Optimal design domain calculated by spreading resistance and dimensionless heat source area 95 Fig.5.20 Optimal response surface temperature of a vapor chamber (d/l=0.25) 96 Fig.5.21 Optimal response surface temperature of a vapor chamber (d/l=0.4) 97 Fig.5.22 Surface temperature distribution along lateral length of a vapor chamber (Thickness = 3.5mm, h>500 W/m2K) 98 Fig.5.23 Optimal design domain with base thickness and convection coefficient of a vapor chamber 98 Fig.6.1 Concept of advanced vapor chamber heatsink design 106 List of Tables Table 2.1 Maximum power dissipation of 0.98W/mm2 for a single chip by 2013 18 Table 2.2 Thermal spec of system performance requirement 19 Table 2.3 Properties of considered liquids 25 Table 3.1 Base thickness design range by different materials 35 Table 3.2 Correlation factor of equivalent heat source in circular array. 50 Table 3.3 Correlation factor of equivalent heat source in matrix array 53 Table 4.1 T-type thermocouple calibration data 57 Table 4.2 Temperature differences on various fin orientation and contact wall materials 60 Table 4.3 Experiment data of vapor chamber by liquid cooling 64 Table 4.4 Test data of thermal resistance by liquid cooling 66 Table 4.5 Experiment data of vapor chamber heatsink (wind tunnel) 67 Table 4.6 Thermal resistance measured data of vapor chamber 70 Table 4.7 Vapor chamber application on LED cooling (natural convection) 71 Table 4.8 Cree cool white LED thermal spec and reliability 73 Table 4.9 DOE Energy Star strategy for solid-state lighting general illumination products establishes a transitional approach 73 Table 4.10 Experimental scenarios of quad heat sources thermal test data 74 Table 4.11 Test data of equivalent heat source 76 Table 5.1 Material properties of simulation models setup 85 Table 5.2 Simulation data of vapor chamber 91 Table 5.3 Experimental error and calculated uncertainty data 102 |
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