本研究旨在探討於成本固定下，順流式Frazier型平板熱擴散塔裝置中三項設計條件(傾斜角、板間距及長寬比)對分離效率之影響。結果發現三項設計條件無法同時存在，甚至沒有同時存在兩個最佳之設計條件。至於每一單獨項的最佳設計條件計算公式，以及其對應的最大分離度的計算公式，可順利推導而出，而以其他兩項設計條件為參數。文中並列舉兩個範例，利用其結果來比較三項最佳設計條件下的分離效率。結果發現：對分離苯-正庚烷混合物以及分離水同位素混合物而言，組立一順流式Frazier型平板熱擴散塔得最佳方法為，採取最佳的板間隙，並令傾斜角、長寬比以及塔數在不違反常態之下盡量加大。

The effect of three design conditions ( angle of inclination, plate spacing and plate aspect ratio) on thermal diffusion performances in the cocurrent-flow Frazier scheme at fixed expense have been investigated. The equations for predicting each optimal design condition for the corresponding maximum separation have been derived with other two design conditions as parameters. However, there are no two optimal design conditions existing simultaneously for the best performance. The limitations of practical applications were also delineated. Two numerical examples were presented for illustration, and the performances obtained at each optimal design condition were compared. It was found that the best way to construct a cocurrent-flow Frazier scheme is designed at the optimal plate spacing with larger inclination, larger plate aspect ratio and smaller number of columns.

目錄

致謝I
中文摘要II                                                 
英文摘要III                                                 
目錄IV
圖目錄VII                                                   
表目錄VIII                                                  
第一章 緒論 1
1-1 熱擴散沿革 1
1-2 熱擴散之發展與沿革 5
1-3 熱擴散的應用 10
1-4 重水及其用途 11
1-5 研究動機與目的 24

第二章 理論分析 26
2-1 熱擴散塔之現象 26
2-2 等塔高Frazier裝置中的分離度公式	28
 2-2-1 一般二成份系統 31
 2-2-2 水同位素分離重水系統	33
2-3 傾斜式Frazier裝置的最佳設計之公式 35
 2-3-1 Frazier型熱擴散塔之最佳傾斜角及其最大分離度 37
 2-3-2 Frazier型熱擴散塔之最佳板間隙及其最大分離度 38
 2-3-3 Frazier型熱擴散塔之最佳長寬比及其最大分離度 39

第三章 裝置之最佳設計 41
3-1 計算範例 42
 3-1-1 一般二成份(苯-正庚烷)系統 42
 3-1-2 水同位素系統	 43
3-2 基於最佳傾斜角下之適當設計 44
 3-2-1一般二成份(苯-正庚烷)系統 44
 3-2-2水同位素系統	50
3-3 基於最佳板間隙下之適當設計 56
 3-3-1一般二成份(苯-正庚烷)系統 56
 3-3-2水同位素系統	63
3-4 基於最佳長寬比下之適當設計 70
 3-4-1一般二成份(苯-正庚烷)系統 70
 3-4-2水同位素系統	75
第四章 結果與討論	81
第五章 結論 85
符號說明	87
參考文獻	92

圖目錄

圖1-1 Ludwing之實驗裝置示意圖 2
圖1-2 Dufour效應，因濃度梯度產生瞬時溫度梯度示意圖 3
圖1-3 Soret效應，因溫度梯度產生濃度梯度示意圖 4
圖1-4 水平平板式熱擴散塔裝置示意圖 7
圖1-5 熱重力式熱擴散塔裝置示意圖 8
圖1-6 續流效應(Cascading Effect)示意圖 9
圖1-7 核分裂與核融合反應 17
圖2-1 直立熱重力熱擴散塔示意圖 27
圖2-2 Frazier裝置圖 28
圖2-3 傾斜式平板熱擴散塔 36
圖4-1 苯-正庚烷系統在三種最佳設計條件下的分離度提高率 82
圖4-2 水-重水系統在三種最佳設計條件下的分離度提高率 83

表目錄

表1-1 普通水與重水的比較:13
表1-2 氘、氚及氦之同位素所形成的核融合反應:20
表2-1 塔數與相對應的W值:38
表2-2 塔數與相對應的U值:39
表2-3 塔數與相對應的V值:40
表3-1 分離苯與正庚烷在最佳傾斜角度下的極限流速值:45
表3-2 分離苯與正庚烷之最佳傾斜角:46
表3-3 分離苯與正庚烷之最佳傾斜角下的最大分離度:47
表3-4 分離苯與正庚烷在最佳傾斜角度下的塔寬:48
表3-5 分離苯與正庚烷在最佳傾斜角度下的塔高:49
表3-6 分離水與重水在最佳傾斜角度下的極限流速值:51
表3-7 分離水與重水之最佳傾斜角度:52
表3-8 分離水與重水在最佳傾斜角度的最大分離度:53
表3-9 分離水與重水在最佳傾斜角度下的塔寬:54
表3-10 分離水與重水在最佳傾斜角度下的塔高:55
表3-11 苯-正庚烷熔點及沸點:56
表3-12 分離苯與正庚烷之最佳板間隙:57
表3-13 分離苯與正庚烷之最佳板間隙下的溫度差:58
表3-14 分離苯與正庚烷之最佳板間隙下的最大分離度:59
表3-15 分離苯與正庚烷之最佳板間隙下的最大分離度:60
表3-16 分離苯與正庚烷在最佳板間隙下的塔寬:61
表3-17 分離苯與正庚烷在最佳板間隙下的塔高:62
表3-18 水-重水熔點及沸點:63
表3-19 分離水與重水之最佳板間隙:64
表3-20 分離水與重水之最佳板間隙下的溫度差:65
表3-21 分離水與重水之最佳板間隙下的最大分離度:66
表3-22 分離水與重水之最佳板間隙下的最大分離度:67
表3-23 分離水與重水在最佳板間隙下的塔寬:68
表3-24 分離水與重水在最佳板間隙下的塔高:69
表3-25 分離苯與正庚烷之最佳長寬比:71
表3-26 分離苯與正庚烷在最佳長寬比下的塔寬:72
表3-27 分離苯與正庚烷在最佳長寬比下的塔高:73
表3-28 分離苯與正庚烷之最佳長寬比下的最大分離度:74
表3-29 分離水與重水之最佳長寬比:76
表3-30 分離水與重水之最佳長寬比:77
表3-31 分離水與重水在最佳長寬比下的塔寬:78
表3-32 分離水與重水在最佳長寬比下的塔高:79
表3-33 分離水與重水之最佳長寬比下的最大分離度:80

[1] Luwdwing C., “Diffusion zwischen ungleich erwärmten Orten gleich zusammengesetzter Lösungen”, Sitz. Ber. Arad. Wiss. Wien Math.-naturw. Kl, 20, 539(1856).

[2] Dufour L.,“The Diffusion Thermoeffect”, Arch. Sci. (Geneva), 45, 9(1872).

[3] Enskog D., “A Generalization of Maxwell’s Second Kinetic Gas Theory”, Physik. Z., 12, 56(1911).

[4] Chapman S. and Dootson F.W., “Thermal Diffusion”, Phil. Mag., 33, 248(1917).

[5] Chapman S., “Thermal Diffusion of Rare Constituents in Gas Mixtures And Isotopes”, Phil. Mag., 7, 1(1929).

[6] Clusius K. and Dickel G., “New Process for Separation 0f Gas Mixtures and Isotopes”, Naturwiss., 26, 546(1938).

[7] Clusius K. and Dickel G., “The Separating-Tube Process for Liquids”, Naturwiss., 27, 148(1939).

[8] Powers J.E. and Wilke C. R., “Separation in Liquids by Thermal Diffusion”, AIChE J., 3, 213(1957).

[9] Chueh P.L. and Yeh H.M., “Thermal Diffusion in a Flat-Plate Column Inclined for Improved Performance”, AIChE J. 13, 37 (1967).

[10] Yeh H.M., “The Effect of Plate Spacing on the Degree of Separation in Inclined Thermal Diffusion Column With Fixed Operating Expense”, Sep. Sci. Technol., 18, 585(1983).

[11] Yeh H.M. and Yang S.C., “The Enrichment of Heavy Water in A Continuous-Type Inclined Thermal Diffusion Column”, Sep. Sci. Technol., 20, 101(1985).

[12] Yeh H.M., “Separation Theory of An Inclined Thermal Diffusion Column with Fixed Operating Expense”, J. Chin. Inst. Chem. Engrs., 20(5), 263(1989).

[13] Yeh H.M., “The Best Performance of Inclined Flat-Plate Thermal Diffusion Columns”, Sep. Tech., 5(2), 115(1995).

[14] Yeh H.M., “The Combine Effect of Inclined Angle and Plate Spacing on The Performances of Flat-Plate Thermal-Diffusion Columns”, Chem. Eng. Comm., 179, 179(2000).

[15] Yeh H.M., “Enrichment of Heavy Water in an Inclined Flat-Plate Thermal-Diffusion Column with Transverse Sampling Streams”, J. Chin. Inst. Chem. Engrs., 32, 63(2001).

[16] Yeh H.M., “Enrichment of Heavy Water in Flat-Plate Thermal Diffusion Columns Inclined for Improved Performance”, Sep. and Puri. Tech., 26, 227(2002).

[17] Yeh H.M., “Recovery of Deuterium from Water-Isotopes Mixture in Inclined Flat-Plate Thermal Diffusion Columns with Transverse Sampling Streams”, J. Chin. Inst. Chem. Engrs., 34, 575(2003).

[18] Washall T.A. and Melpolder F.W., “Improving the Separation Efficiency of Liquid Thermal Diffusion Column”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Proc. Des. Dev., 1, 26(1962).

[19] Yeh H.M. and Ward H.C., “The Improvement in Separation of Concentric Tube Thermal Diffusion Columns”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 26, 937(1970).

[20] Rabinovich G.D., Ivakhnik V.P., Zimina K.I. and Sorokina N.G., “Use of Spiral Inserts In Thermal-Diffusion Column”, Inzh. Fiz. Zh., 35, 278(1978).

[21] Yeh H.M., “The Best Performance in Wired Thermal Diffusion Columns”, Chem. Eng. Comm., 189, 528(2002).

[22] Yeh H.M., “Enrichment of Heavy Water in Spiral Wired Thermal Diffusion Columns of The Frazier Scheme”, J. Chin. Inst. Chem. Engrs., 33, 203(2002).

[23] Yeh H.M., “Recovery of Deuterium from Water-Isotopes Mixture in Concentric-Tube Thermal Diffusion Columns Inserted with Wire Spiral for Improved Performance”, Int. J. of Hydrogen Energy, 29, 521(2004).

[24] Yeh H.M., “Recovery of Deuterium from Water-Isotopes Mixture in Wired Thermal Diffusion Columns With Transverse Sampling Streams”, J. Chin. Inst. Chem. Engrs., 35, 697(2004).

[25] Yeh H.M. and Ho F.K., “A study of the Separation Efficiency of Wired Thermal Diffusion Columns with Tube Rotating in Opposite Directions”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 30, 1381(1975).

[26] Yeh H.M. and Tsai S.W., “Improvement of Separation of Concentric-Tube Thermal Diffusion Columns with Viscous Heat Generation under Consideration of the Curvature Effect”, Sep. Sci. Technol., 16, 63(1981).

[27] Yeh H.M. and Hsieh S.J., “A Study on the Separation Efficiencies of Rotating-Tube Wired Thermal-Diffusion Columns under Higher Flow-Rate operations”, Sep. Sci. Technol., 18, 1065(1983).

[28] Yeh H.M., “Enrichment of Heavy Water in Rotated Wired Concentric-Tube Thermal Diffusion Column”, Sep. and Puri. Tech., 40, 321(2004).

[29] Sullivan L.J., Ruppel T.C. and Willingham C.B., “Rotary and Packed Thermal Diffusion Fractionating Columns for Liquids”, Ind. Eng. Chem., 47, 208(1955).

[30] Emery A.E. and Lorenz M., “Thermal Diffusion in Packed Column”, AIChE. J., 9, 660(1963).

[31] Lorenz M. and Emery A.E., “The Packed Thermal Diffusion Column”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 11, 16(1959).

[32] Yeh H.M. and Chu T.Y., “A Study of the Separation Efficiency of Continuous-Type Packed Thermal Diffusion Columns”, Sep. Sci. Technol., 29, 1421(1974).

[33] Yeh H.M., Tsai S.W. and Lin C.S., “A Study of Separation Efficiency in Thermal Diffusion Column with A Permeable Vertical Barrier”, AIChE J., 32(6), 971(1986)

[34] Yeh H.M. and Tsai S.W., “A Study of The　Separation Efficiency of The Batch-Type Thermal Diffusion Column with An Impermeable Barrier Inserted between The Plates”, I&EC Fundamentals, 25, 367(1986)

[35] Yeh H.M. and Tsai S.W., “Improvement in Separation of The Batch-Type Thermal Diffusion Column with Impermeable Barriers Inserted between The Plates”, Canadian. J. of Chem. Eeg., 67, 589(1989)

[36] Frazier D., “Analysis of Transverse-Flow Thermal Diffusion”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Prov. Dev., 1, 237(1962).

[37] Grasselli R. and Frazier D., “A Comparative Study of Continuous Liquid Thermal Diffusion Systems”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Proc. Des. Dev., 1, 241(1962).

[38] Yeh H.M. and Yang S.C., “Thermal Diffusion of The Frazier Scheme with Columns Inclined for Improved Performance”, J. Chin. Inst. Chem. Engrs., 18(4), 249(1987)

[39] Yeh H.M., “Thermal Diffusion in Inclined Flat-Plate Columns of The Frazier Scheme”, The Canaidan J. of Chem. Eng., 72, 815(1994)

[40] Yeh H.M., “Enrichment of Heavy Water in Flat-Plate Thermal Diffusion Columns of the Frazier Scheme Inclined for Improved Performance”, Sep. Sci. and Tech., 30(6), 1025(1995)

[41] Yeh H.M., “Thermal Diffusion in a Countercurrent-Flow Frazier Scheme Inclined for Improved Performance”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 56, 2889(2001)

[42] Yeh H.M., “Optimum Plate Spacing for the Best Performance of the Enrichment of Heavy Water in Thermal Diffusion Columns of a Countercurrent-Flow Frazier Scheme”, Sep. Sci. Tech., 38, 1883(2003)

[43] 黃慰國,“熱擴散塔中提煉重水之最佳進料位置”, 淡江大學碩士論文(1998).

[44] 潘家寅譯“核燃料”, 徐氏基金會出版, p.95(1967).

[45] Taleyarkhan, R.P. et al,“Evidence for Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavitation”, Science，295, 1868(2002).

[46] Fox M.C.,“Thermal Diffusion as Adjunct of Electromagnetic Process”, Chem. Met. Eng., 52, 102(1945).

[47] Furry, W.H., Jones, R.H., and Onsager, L., “On the Theory of Isotope Separation by Thermal Diffusion”, Physical Review, 55, 1083(1939).

[48] Jones, R., clark, and Furry, W.H., “The Separation of Isotopes by Thermal Diffusion”, Reviews of Modern Physics, 18, 151(1946)

[49] Yeh H. M. and Yang S. C., “The Enrichment of Heavy Water in a Batch-Type Thermal Diffusion Column”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 39, 1277(1984).

[50] Recovery of deuterium from water-isotopes mixture in flat-plate thermal-diffusion columns of the Frazier scheme with optimal plate aspect ratio for improved performance, Sep Sci and Technol, 42, 2629(2007).

[51] Chueh P.L. and Yeh H.M., “Thermal Diffusion in a Flat-Plate Column Inclined for Improved Performance”, AIChE J., 13, 37(1967).

[52] Yeh H.M., “The Optimum Plate-Spacing for The Best Performance in Flat-Plate Thermal Diffusion Columns of The Frazier Scheme”, Chem. Eng. Comm. 165, 227(1998).

[53] Yeh H.M. and Yang S.C., “The enrichment of Heavy Water in A Batch-Type Thermal Diffusion Column”, Chem. Eng. Sci., 39, 1277(1984).

[54] Yeh H. M., “Enrichment of heavy water in flat-plate thermal diffusion columns inclined for improved performance”, Sep. and Pur. Technol. 26, 227(2002).

[55] Yeh H.M. and Yang S.C. “Experimental Studies on The Separation of Deuterium Oxide in Continuous Thermal Diffusion Column for Low Concentration Range”, Sep. Sci. and Tech., 20, 687(1985).

[56] Yeh H. M., “Separation of water-isotopes mixture in continuous-flow thermal diffusion columns for recovery of deuterium”, Sep. and Pur. Technol. 26, 259(2002).

[57] Ho-Ming Yeh, “Enrichment of heavy water in flat-plate thermal-diffusion columns with optimal plate aspect ratio”, Progress in Nuclear Energy, 52, 327(2010).

[58] Ho-Ming Yeh , “Thermal Diffusion in a Countercurrent-Flow Frazier Scheme with Optimum Plate Spacing for Improved Performance” , J. Chin. Inst. Chem. Engrs., 40, 98(2009).