本研究旨在探討逆洗的操作條件對沈浸式薄膜過濾效能的影響。以平均孔徑為5.6μm之薄膜過濾粒徑為5μm之聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)粒子為例，探討逆洗時間、逆洗頻率及逆洗通量等操作條件對濾速恢復與逆洗效率的影響。研究結果顯示：在過濾初期，過濾阻力之主要來源是薄膜的阻塞，等到過濾500秒後，則轉變成濾餅過濾模式，但薄膜孔洞阻塞之阻力仍佔總阻力之50%以上。操作在低逆洗通量時，長時間的逆洗比短時間的逆洗更能去除內部阻塞約達23%。比較第一次逆洗的濾速回升率，則在低逆洗通量下，可將濾速提升約39%，高逆洗通量則可將濾速提升約56%。而高逆洗通量對於附著在薄膜孔道內的粒子具有良好的沖刷效果，並可以有效的去除薄膜表面上的濾餅，故更能讓濾速提升；因此在長時間且高通量的逆洗條件之下，效率值平均可達40%，可以比低通量的逆洗高出2倍的效率值。

The effects of backwash conditions, such as filtration time, backwash duration, backwash flux, on the filtration rate recovery and membrane blocking in submerged membrane filtration are studied. A ceramic membrane with a mean surface pore size of 5.6 μm is used to filter 5 μm PMMA particles. The experimental results show that the filtration resistances due to cake formation and membrane blocking play the major roles on the overall filtration resistance, but the latter one is always dominant. The filtration rate can be increased by increasing backwash flux and backwash duration because of the reduction of membrane internal fouling. In the first backwash cycle, the filtration rate can be recovered reaching about 39% and 56% of the original under the low and high backwash fluxes, respectively. It is because the particles blocked in the membrane pores can be washed out causing by shear stress and the cake formed on the membrane surface can be scoured out. It can be concluded that to operate under the conditions of long backwash duration and high backwash flux is optimum. In such conditions, the overall filtration efficiency can be increased as high as 40%. A higher backwash flux may make a 2-fold efficiency than a lower one would be under the same backwash duration.

目 錄
頁次
中文摘要………………………………………………………………	I
英文摘要………………………………………………………………	II
目 錄…………………………………………………………………..	IV
圖目錄………………………………………………………………	VII
表目錄………………………………………………………………	XI
第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………..	1
	1-1前言..………………………..………………………..……..	1
	1-2薄膜分離……………………………………..……………..	2
	1-3薄膜生物技術的發展………………………………………	5
	1-4廢水處理上之應用…………………………………………	7
	1-5本研究之目標………………………………………………	9
第二章 文獻回顧……………………………………………………..	10
	2-1薄膜生物反應的特性………………………..……………..	10
	2-2薄膜生物反應器的種類……………………………………	14
	2-3 SMBR污水處理設備的原理………………………………	18
	2-4 SMBR與傳統活性污泥法的比較…………………………	19
	2-5薄膜積垢、結垢與濃度極化現象…………………………	22
	2-6薄膜過濾的特性……………………………………………	35
	2-6-1濾餅過濾(dead-end filtration) ………………………	36
	2-6-2掃流過濾(crossflow filtration) ……………………...	36
	2-7提高濾速的方法……………………………………………	38
第三章 理論.…….…….…….…….…….…….…….…….…….…	48
	3-1粒子在濾面上之附著機構……………………………..	48
	3-1-1粒子在濾面上之附著機構……..…………………..	48
	3-1-2粒子之黏著機構………………..…………………..	53
	3-2粒子之結垢模式……………………………………………	54
	3-3阻力串聯模式………………………………………………	56
	3-4逆洗效率之分析……………………………………………	58
	3-4-1可逆阻力與不可逆阻力之計算……..……………..	58
	3-4-2產率之計算…..……………………………………..	58
     3-4-3效率值之計算…..…………………………………..	59
第四章 實驗裝置與步驟……………………………………………..	60
	4-1實驗物料………………………………………………..	60
	4-2濾材…………..………………………………………..	60
	4-3實驗裝置 ………………………………………………….	61
	4-4分析儀器……………………………………………………	62
	4-5實驗步驟 …………………………………………………	63
第五章 結果與討論…………………………………………………..	67
     5-1不同逆洗時間的影響…………………………..…………..	68
     5-2不同逆洗週期的影響………………………………………	88
	5-3逆洗對阻力值的影響………………….……………..	97
	5-4逆洗對產率的影響……………………………………	102
	5-5效率值的探討………………………………………………	106
	5-6逆洗時間、週期、通量的選擇………………………………	109
第六章 結論…………………………………………………………..	110
符號說明……………………………………………………..………..	112
參考文獻…………………………………………………………..…..	115
附錄………………………………………..…………………………..	125
      附錄A實驗物料之種類及物性………………………………	125
      附錄B實驗數據計算公式……………………………………	131
















圖 表 目 錄
 頁次
圖目錄
第一章
Fig.1-1 Application of membrane separation………………………………………………3
Fig.1-2 Separation spectrum under different particle size………………..……………4
第二章
Fig.2-1 A comparison of equipment between conventional and novel process for water treatment.………………………………………………..……………………………13
Fig.2-2 Submerged membrane bioreactor……………………………………………...…15
Fig.2-3 External membrane bioreactor……………………………………………………16
Fig.2-4 Comparison of the smbr system and activated sludge system…………………18
Fig.2-5 Effect the main membrane fouling factor……………..…………………………28
Fig.2-6 A schematic of the concentration polarization of solute on the membrane surface…………………………………………………………………………………32
Fig.2-7 Four kinds of blocking phenomena in the membrane……………………..……34
Fig.2-8 A schematic diagram of membrane separation……………………….…………35
Fig.2-9 Schematics of filtration.(a)dead-end filtration and (b)cross-flow filtration...36
Fig.2-10 Typical methods to reduce concentration polarization and fouling in pressure driver membrane processes…………………………………………..…39


第三章
Fig.3-1 Forces exerted on a depositing particle in a submerged micro-filtration.….50
Fig.3-2 Interaction energy of Van der Waals force and electrical double layer repulsive force under different distance…………………………………………..52
Fig.3-3 Overview of various types of resistance in membrane…………………………57
第四章
Fig.4-1 A schematic diagram of Submerged filtration system………….……………....62
第五章
Fig.5-1 Time courses of filtration rates during submerged micro-filtration by changing backwash durations……………………………………………………..68
Fig.5-1-1 An enlarge plot in Fig 5-1…………………………………………………….....68
Fig.5-2 Resistance percentage of the 0.45μm membrane after 18000s operation……72
Fig.5-3 Membrane resistance percentage of the different backwash durations………73
Fig.5-4 Comparison of the fouling resistance in submerged micro-filtration under different backwash durations………………………………………………………74
Fig.5-5 Comparison of the cake resistance in submerged micro-filtration under different backwash durations…………..……………………………………..…...74
Fig.5-6(a) The view of 0.45μm membrane surface before backwash under 15 minutes filtration……………………………………………………………………………...77
Fig. 5-6(b) The view of 0.45μm membrane surface after 1minute backwash under 15   
      minutes filtration.	77
Fig. 5-7 Resistance percentage of 2 minutes backwash time under different backwash  
       cycle number.	80

Fig. 5-8 Resistance percentage of 4 minutes backwash time under different backwash 
       cycle number.	81
Fig. 5-9 Resistance percentage of 8 minutes backwash time under different backwash        
       cycle number.	82
Fig. 5-10 Time courses of filtration rates during submerged micro-filtration by 
       changing backwash fluxes.	84
Fig. 5-10-1 An enlarge plot in Fig 5-10.	85
Fig. 5-11 Membrane resistance percentage of the different backwash durations.	85
Fig. 5-12 Comparison of the fouling resistance in submerged micro-filtration under         
        different backwash durations.	86
Fig. 5-13 Comparison of the cake resistance in submerged micro-filtration under 
        different backwash durations.	86
Fig. 5-14 Time courses of filtration rates during submerged micro-filtration by 
        changing filtration times.	88
Fig. 5-15 Time courses of filtration rates during submerged micro-filtration by 
        changing filtration times.	91
Fig. 5-16 Resistance percentage of 15 minutes filtration time under different 
        backwash cycle number.	92
Fig. 5-17 Resistance percentage of 30 minutes filtration time under different 
        backwash cycle number.	93
Fig. 5-18 Resistance percentage of 60 minutes filtration time under different 
        backwash cycle number.	94
Fig. 5-19 The view of 0.45μm membrane surface after 1 hour filtration.	95
Fig. 5-20 The view of 0.45μm membrane surface after 2 hours filtration.	95
Fig. 5-21 The view of 0.45μm membrane surface after 3 hours filtration.	96
Fig. 5-22 The view of 0.45μm membrane surface after 4 hours filtration.	96
Fig. 5-23 Overview of various types of Irreversible and reversible resistance in 
        membrane filtration.	98
Fig. 5-24 Comparison of the reversible resistance in submerged micro-filtration under 
        different backwash durations.	99
Fig. 5-25 Comparison of the reversible resistance in submerged micro-filtration under 
        different filtration times.	100
Fig. 5-26 Comparison of the reversible resistance in submerged micro-filtration under 
        different filtration times.	101
Fig. 5-27 Comparison of the product in submerged micro-filtration under different 
        backwash durations.	103
Fig. 5-28 Comparison of the product in submerged micro-filtration under different 
        backwash durations.	104
Fig. 5-29 Comparison of the product in submerged micro-filtration under different 
        filtration times.	104
Fig. 5-30 Comparison of the product in submerged micro-filtration under different 
        filtration times.	105
Fig. 5-31 Comparison of the efficiency in submerged micro-filtration under different 
        backwash durations.	106
Fig. 5-32 Comparison of the efficiency in submerged micro-filtration under different 
        backwash durations.	107
Fig. 5-33 Comparison of the efficiency in submerged micro-filtration under different 
        filtration times.	108





附  錄
Fig. A.1-1 The SEM picture of PMMA power(×10KX)…………………..………….....125
Fig. A.1-2 Particle size distributions of PMMA power(MX-500)………………….....126
Fig. A.2-1 The SEM picture of clean membrane(inner pore size 0.45μm) (×40KX)..…………………………………………………………………….......127
Fig. A.2-2 The SEM picture of clean membrane (outer pore size 0.45μm)
         ( ×1KX )…...…………..………………………………………………………..128
Fig. A.2-3 Membrane of inner and outer pore size distribution………………………129
Fig. A.3-1 Turbid in different rotation rate………………………………………………130
表目錄
第三章
Table 3-1 The coefficients of blocking models……………………………….……………56
第四章
Table 4-1 The operating conditions used in this study………………………..…...….…64
第五章
Table 5-1 Resistance percentage of the cake in different backwash cycle no	76
Table 5-2 Comparison of the filtration rate enhancement under different backwash 
        cycle numbers…………….……………………………………………………….87

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