本研究所設計的迴路式虹吸熱管包含蒸發室（內徑25mm，高度25mm）、冷凝區、汽相流道（外徑6mm）與液相流道（外徑4mm）四個部分，以銅銀硬銲的方式接合。冷凝區的設計包含七個平滑的垂直管(外徑4 mm, 長80mm)，其外部尺寸為80mm x 12mm x 104mm。採用三種增強沸騰結構，分別為無燒結結構、厚度1mm與4mm的燒結結構，其長寬尺寸為17.3mm x 17.3mm，銅粉末平均粒徑與孔隙率分別為185.5μm與53.7%，使用甲醇與去離子水為工作流體。探討充填量與增強沸騰結構對於性能影響，經由實驗獲得以下的結論：
1.在各組實驗測試中，甲醇與去離子水的最佳充填率分別為10%與30%。甲醇比去離子水呈現較低的加熱面溫度。
2.工作流體為甲醇時，較佳的效能為燒結厚度1mm，充填量為最佳的10％，與無燒結結構比較，其有效降低加熱面溫度平均為9.21℃。
3.工作流體為去離子水時，較佳的效能為燒結厚度1mm，充填量為最佳的30％，但是厚度4mm的燒結結構與之無太大的差異，與無燒結結構比較，其有效降低加熱面溫度平均為3.50℃。
4.由實驗結果顯示冷卻水溫度越低，真空度越高其散熱性能越好。

Abstract:
The loop thermosyphon in this research paper is consisting of an evaporator (inner diameter 25mm, height 25mm), a condenser, riser (outer diameter 6mm) and downcomer (outer diameter 4mm) are investigated experimentally. All parts are made of copper, and welded together. And most importantly the condenser consists of 7 vertical smooth copper tubes (4 mm OD, 80mm length), and the outer dimensions (90mm x 19mm x 106mm). The experimented shows that there are three types of enhanced boiling structures. The first type evaporator is flat with smooth boiling surface. The others are 17.3mm square, 1mm and 4mm thickness of sintered copper. The average diameter of copper powder and the porosity is 185.5μm and 53.7% respectively while obviously using D.I. water and methanol as working fluid. The experiment was investigated to evaluate the optimum filling ratio of working fluid and the performance of the enhanced boiling sintered copper structure. The results of the successful performance are as follows:
1.The optimum filling ratio of methanol and D.I. water are 10% and 30% respectively in each experimental test. Methanol always shows a lower Die temperature than D.I. water.
2.The better performance for using methanol is 1mm thickness sinter with 10% filling ratio. Comparing with the smooth plate and the effect of 1mm sintered copper for temperature of Die, the average reduction was shown 9.21°C with methanol.
3.The better performance for using D.I. water is used 1mm thickness sinter with 30% filling ratio. Comparing with the smooth plate and the effect of 1mm sintered copper for temperature of Die, the average reduction was indicated 3.50°C with D.I. water. But the performance of 4mm thickness sinter is nearly to 1mm thickness sinter.
4.The lower the temperature of cooling water and the higher vacuum, which causes to lead the higher performance.

總 目 錄

中文摘要---------------------------------------------------------------------------- I
英文摘要---------------------------------------------------------------------------II
總目錄-----------------------------------------------------------------------------III
圖目錄----------------------------------------------------------------------------VI
表目錄--------------------------------------------------------------------------XIII
符號說明-----------------------------------------------------------------------XIV

第一章 緒論
1-1 研究動機----------------------------------------------------------------1
1-2 文獻回顧----------------------------------------------------------------4
1-3 研究目的--------------------------------------------------------------30

第二章 理論基礎
2-1 熱管介紹--------------------------------------------------------------31
2-2 虹吸熱管介紹--------------------------------------------------------34
2-3沸騰理論介紹---------------------------------------------------------38

第三章 設計與製程
3-1 迴路式虹吸熱管結構設計-----------------------------------------45
3-2 增強沸騰結構設計與製作-----------------------------------------54
3-3 粉末燒結--------------------------------------------------------------58
3-4 脫氣充填--------------------------------------------------------------65

第四章 性能測試
4-1 測試設備--------------------------------------------------------------68
4-2 熱電偶線位置及校正-----------------------------------------------71
4-3 測試項目--------------------------------------------------------------73
4-4 測試步驟--------------------------------------------------------------74
4-5 性能分析--------------------------------------------------------------75

第五章 實驗結果與討論
5-1 無燒結結構-充填量比較-------------------------------------------76
5-2 厚度1mm銅粉末燒結-充填量比較------------------------------79
5-3 厚度4mm銅粉末燒結-充填量比較------------------------------81
5-4 冷卻水溫的影響-----------------------------------------------------83
5-5 真空度的影響--------------------------------------------------------84
5-6 分析與探討-----------------------------------------------------------85

第六章 結論
6-1 總結--------------------------------------------------------------------93
6-2 未來建議--------------------------------------------------------------96
參考文獻------------------------------------------------------------------------97

APPENDIX A 實驗測試數據-----------------------------------------------102
APPENDIX B 去離子水性質表--------------------------------------------125
APPENDIX C 甲醇性質表--------------------------------------------------127
APPENDIX D 充填量誤差值-----------------------------------------------129
 
圖目錄

圖1-1 莫爾定律[1] --------------------------------------------------------------2
圖1-2 中央處理器(CPU)效能與發熱量關係圖[1] ------------------------3
圖1-3  C. Ramaswaniy 實驗架設圖[2] -------------------------------------4
圖1-4 柵形結構 上視圖與側視圖[3] ---------------------------------------5
圖1-5不同孔隙的性能比較[3] ------------------------------------------------5
圖1-6矽與銅性能比較[3] ------------------------------------------------------5
圖1-7 虹吸熱管之質量、動量與能量平衡流程圖[4] ----------------------6
圖1-8 氣泡成長過程[5] --------------------------------------------------------6
圖1-9柵形結構[6] ---------------------------------------------------------------7
圖1-10安裝於電腦作性能測試[6] -------------------------------------------7
圖1-11 設備示意圖[7] ---------------------------------------------------------7
圖1-12 冷凝區高度與熱阻關係[7] ------------------------------------------7
圖1-13 孔隙大小與熱通量關係[8] ------------------------------------------8
圖1-14 孔隙間距與熱通量關係[8] ------------------------------------------8
圖1-15 堆疊高度與熱通量關係[8] ------------------------------------------8
圖1-16 垂直孔之迴路虹吸式熱管[9] ---------------------------------------9
圖1-17 理論壓降與實驗比較[9] ---------------------------------------------9
圖1-18 平滑管與螺紋管之比較[10] -----------------------------------------9
圖1-19 平滑管與螺紋管之對流係數比較[10] -----------------------------9
圖1-20 理論與實驗之熱對流係數比較[10] ------------------------------10
圖1-21 脫氣程度與溫差關係[11] ------------------------------------------10
圖1-22  Cooper理論與實驗之熱對流係數比較[11] -------------------10
圖1-23  LW理論與實驗之熱對流係數比較[11] ------------------------11
圖1-24 強制對流與自然對流性能比較[12] ------------------------------11
圖1-25 不同管徑對於質量流率與散熱性能的模擬關係[13] ---------12
圖1-26 不同管徑對於蒸汽比例與散熱性能的模擬關係[13] ---------12
圖1-27 在不同管徑比較實驗與理論的壓力降[14] ---------------------12
圖1-28 實驗架設示意圖[15] ------------------------------------------------13
圖1-29 增強沸騰結構示意圖[15] ------------------------------------------13
圖1-30 充填量與熱阻關係[15] ---------------------------------------------13
圖1-31 風量與熱阻關係[15] ------------------------------------------------13
圖1-32 實驗架設示意圖[16] ------------------------------------------------14
圖1-33 增強沸騰結構示意圖[16] ------------------------------------------14
圖1-34 實驗架設示意圖[17] -------------------------------------------------14
圖1-35 冷凝區結構示意圖[17] ----------------------------------------------14
圖1-36 蒸發區結構示意圖[17] ----------------------------------------------15

圖1-37 充填量與溫差關係[17] ----------------------------------------------15
圖1-38 增強結構與溫差關係[17] -------------------------------------------15
圖1-39  U形管迴路虹吸熱管[18] ------------------------------------------16
圖1-40  U形管迴路式虹吸熱管 性能測試[18] -------------------------16
圖1-41 水平傳輸之迴路式虹吸熱管[18] ---------------------------------16
圖1-42 水平傳輸之迴路式虹吸熱管 性能測試（不同風速）[18] -----17
圖1-43  3M單管式虹吸熱管結構圖[19]----------------------------------17
圖1-44 熱阻與輸入功率關係[19]-------------------------------------------18
圖1-45 實驗架構示意圖[20] ------------------------------------------------19
圖1-46 發泡石墨SEM圖[20] -----------------------------------------------19
圖1-47 不同沸騰結構性能比較[20] ---------------------------------------19
圖1-48 有無溝槽沸騰結構性能比較[20] ---------------------------------20
圖1-49 充填量與性能比較[20] ---------------------------------------------20
圖1-50  FC87與FC-72性能比較[20] -------------------------------------20
圖1-51  Al2O3顆粒之臨界熱通量[21] -------------------------------------21
圖1-52 增強沸騰結構、液體溫度對於臨界熱通量的影響[22] --------22
圖1-53 鑽石顆粒之粒徑大小對於臨界熱通量的影響[23] -------------22
圖1-54 加熱面積對於臨界熱通量的影響[24] ----------------------------23
圖1-55 傾斜角度對於臨界熱通量的影響[25] ----------------------------23
圖1-56 柱的高度對於臨界熱通量的影響[25] ----------------------------24
圖1-57 壓力對於臨界熱通量的影響[25] ----------------------------------24
圖1-58 液體溫度對於臨界熱通量的影響[25] ----------------------------25
圖1-59 加熱面角度對於臨界熱通量的影響[25] -------------------------25
圖1-60 網格大小與堆疊層數對於臨界熱通量的影響[26] ------------26
圖1-61 晶片PF之SEM圖[27] ----------------------------------------------26
圖1-62 增強沸騰結構對於臨界熱通量的影響[27] ---------------------27
圖1-63 傾斜角度對於臨界熱通量的影響[28] ---------------------------27
圖1-64 銅燒結厚度1.14mm之臨界熱通量[29] -------------------------28
圖1-65 燒結厚度與平滑表面的沸騰曲線[29]----------------------------28
圖2-1 熱管作動示意圖--------------------------------------------------------33
圖2-2 熱管操作限制-----------------------------------------------------------33
圖2-3 虹吸熱管作動示意圖--------------------------------------------------34
圖2-4 單管虹吸熱管-----------------------------------------------------------35
圖2-5 迴路式平行虹吸熱管[36] --------------------------------------------36
圖2-6 迴路式虹吸熱管[36] --------------------------------------------------36
圖2-7 基本沸騰模式[37] -----------------------------------------------------39
圖2-8 過熱表面成核過程[39] -----------------------------------------------40
圖2-9 池沸騰區域加熱表面的蒸汽結構[38] -----------------------------41
圖2-10 各種不同增強沸騰表面[38] ---------------------------------------43
圖3-1 迴路式虹吸熱管示意圖----------------------------------------------44
圖3-2 原型一 尺寸圖---------------------------------------------------------46
圖3-3 原型一 完成圖---------------------------------------------------------46
圖3-4 原型二 尺寸圖---------------------------------------------------------48
圖3-5 原型二 完成圖---------------------------------------------------------48
圖3-6 原型三 尺寸圖---------------------------------------------------------50
圖3-7 原型三 完成圖---------------------------------------------------------50
圖3-8 原型四 爆炸圖---------------------------------------------------------52
圖3-9 原型四 尺寸圖---------------------------------------------------------52
圖3-10 原型四 完成圖-------------------------------------------------------53
圖3-11 可調整燒結厚度之石墨治具---------------------------------------55
圖3-12  1m銅粉末燒結完成圖---------------------------------------------56
圖3-13  4mm銅粉末燒結完成圖--------------------------------------------56
圖3-14 銅粉末燒結SEM圖(40倍)-------------------------------------------56
圖3-15 銅粉末燒結SEM圖(100倍)------------------------------------------57
圖3-16 銅粉末燒結SEM圖(100倍)------------------------------------------57
圖3-17 燒結模型---------------------------------------------------------------60
圖3-18 真空幫浦---------------------------------------------------------------67
圖3-19 真空計------------------------------------------------------------------67
圖3-20 充填管路---------------------------------------------------------------67
圖4-1 測試設備示意圖-----------------------------------------------------68
圖4-2 加熱平台示意圖-------------------------------------------------------70
圖4-3 輸入功率與實際輸入功率關係-------------------------------------70
圖4-4 熱電偶線位置----------------------------------------------------------71
圖4-5  Omega溫度擷取器---------------------------------------------------72
圖4-6  PT100與T型熱電偶線校正圖-------------------------------------73
圖5-1 無燒結結構-甲醇 充填量對於性能的影響-----------------------77
圖5-2 無燒結結構-去離子水 充填量對於性能的影響-----------------78
圖5-3 厚度1mm燒結結構-甲醇 充填量對於性能的影響-------------79
圖5-4 厚度1mm燒結結構-去離子水 充填量對於性能的影響-------80
圖5-5 厚度4mm燒結結構-甲醇 充填量對於性能的影響-------------81
圖5-6 厚度4mm燒結結構-去離子水 充填量對於性能的影響-------82
圖5-7 厚度1mm燒結結構-甲醇 冷卻水溫對於性能的影響----------83
圖5-8 厚度1mm燒結結構-甲醇 真空度對於性能的影響-------------84
圖5-9 無燒結結構 工作流體對於性能的影響---------------------------86
圖5-10 厚度1mm燒結結構 工作流體對於性能的影響---------------87
圖5-11 厚度4mm燒結結構 工作流體對於性能的影響----------------88
圖5-12 工作流體為甲醇 增強沸騰結構對於性能的影響-------------90
圖5-13 工作流體為去離子水 增強沸騰結構對於性能的影響-------91
圖5-14 燒結厚度與平滑表面的沸騰曲線[28]---------------------------92
圖5-15 銅網層數對於沸騰熱傳的影響[44]------------------------------92


 
表目錄

表1-1 測試條件[12]------------------------------------------------------------11
表1-2 測試條件[17]------------------------------------------------------------15
表1-3 測試條件及結果--------------------------------------------------------18
表1-4銅粉燒結之條件[29]----------------------------------------------------28
表1-5 增強沸騰結構文獻整理-----------------------------------------------29
表3-1 本研究燒結體性質-----------------------------------------------------64
表5-1 實驗操作參數-----------------------------------------------------------76
表5-2 各組最佳充填量加熱表面溫度-------------------------------------85
表5-3 去離子水與甲醇於70℃ 液體狀態 性質比較表----------------89
表5-4 去離子水與甲醇於70℃ 蒸汽狀態 性質比較表----------------89
表5-5 工作流體為甲醇 有效降低加熱表面溫度比較------------------90
表5-6 工作流體為去離子水 有效降低加熱表面溫度比較------------91

 
符號說明

Cp：水之比熱係數	         Tc：加熱表面溫度
f：阻力係數	         Ta：環境溫度
Fr充填率	                  TL：鋁棒下端溫度
keff：有效熱傳導係數	TU：鋁棒上端溫度
kl：工作流體熱傳導係數	Tout：冷卻水出口溫度
ks：燒結體材料的熱傳導係數 	Tin：冷卻水進口溫度
K：滲透率   	         Twall：壁溫
pr：脫氣程度	         Tsat：飽和溫度
Qinput：輸入功率	         ΔTsat：Twall - Tsat
Qw：冷卻水散熱量	         Vall：腔體內容積
Qactual：實際加熱功率	Vfluid：注入流體體積
rc：有效毛細半徑	         Vp：燒結試片的體積
rs：燒結顆粒的平均半徑	Wp：燒結試片重量
rh：水力半徑	         m：冷卻水質量流率
Re：雷諾數	         ρ：材料之本質密度
Ractual：冷卻器實際熱阻	ε：孔隙率
Rsystem：系統熱阻

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