本文以政治知識為研究主軸，並聚焦於教育與媒體兩大影響因素，探討政治知識的來源。筆者先以政治大學九筆資料庫、內政部總體資料、台灣地區社會變遷基本調查 等四筆資料進行台灣民眾政治知識、教育程度與媒體接觸的跨年分析，再以TEDS2003年資料庫探討實際影響政治知識的因素，嘗試解答下列研究問題：（1）台灣民眾的政治知識發展趨勢為何？（2）教育程度的發展呈現何種趨勢？與政治知識的相關性為何？是否有助於政治知識的提昇？（3）台灣民眾的媒體使用情形是否有所改變？媒體接觸的種類與頻率是否對政治知識的提昇有所影響？（4）政治知識尚受何種因素影響？經分析後，獲致以下結果。首先，台灣民眾自1992至2004年的政治知識呈現波動的現象，平均而言民眾具有中等偏高的政治知識；其中並以時事知識較豐富，而制度知識是較缺乏的。其次，民眾在教育程度與媒體接觸方面均有所增長；台灣民眾的教育程度於1992至2005年已大大提昇，而1993至2003年間民眾的閱報時間雖無增長，但看電視的時間卻愈來愈長，十年間增加半小時左右。第三，教育程度與媒體接觸為影響政治知識的兩大因素，教育程度愈高政治知識愈高，並對制度知識的影響較大。而接觸媒體的時間愈長者，同樣擁有愈高的政治知識，且相對於看報紙者，看電視的民眾的政治知識較為低落。第四，政治知識除受教育與媒體影響外，尚有重要的影響變數如性別、年齡、居住地等。至於政黨認同與社會資本兩項則對政治知識的影響較輕微。

The main theme of this research is “the study of political knowledge”, and it focuses on the influential factors such as education level and mass media. I referred to the data in the National Chengchi university’s nine database, the whole data in the Ministry of Interior, four database of the basic Survey of Social Changes in Taiwan province to do Taiwanese people’s political knowledge, educational level and mass media exposure across years analysis and used TEDS 2003’s data to discuss what factors exactly influence the political knowledge and try to answer these questions as follows: 1.What tendency did Taiwan’s political knowledge develop? 2.What tendency did the education level develop? What’s the relativity between education level and political knowledge? If education level helped raise political knowledge? 3.Was there any changes in mass media exposure during this period? If the kinds and frequency of mass media exposure helped raise political knowledge? 4.What factors also affected political knowledge?
   I got the results after I analyzed my data and they were as follows: 1.Taiwanese political knowledge level fluctuated up and down from 1992 to 2004. Generally speaking, if the people have above average political knowledge, they will have better time’s knowledge and less institution knowledge. 2.People’s education level and mass media exposure have been raised during this period. The education level of Taiwanese people has been raised a lot from 1992 to 2005. Although the time spent on mass media exposure wasn’t getting longer, the time spent on watching TV did become longer and add about half an hour during the last decade. 3.Education level and mass media exposure were the two most important factors that influenced political knowledge. The higher education level is and the more it will affect political institution. Besides, if people spend more time on mass media exposure, they will also have higher political knowledge. If we compared with the people who read the newspaper, those who watch TV have relatively lower political knowledge. 4.Political knowledge was also influenced by gender、age and residential area. As to party identification and social capital, these two factors had less influence.

目  錄

第一章	緒論……………………………………………………….. …1
第一節	研究動機與目的……………………………………………….1
第二節	文獻檢閱………………………………………………………3
第三節	研究問題與研究設計………………………………………….20

第二章	政治知識、教育程度與媒體使用的發展趨勢……………..27
第一節	政治知識的跨年分佈…………………………………………..27
第二節	政治知識的消長……………………………………………….33
第三節	教育程度、媒體使用之發展與變遷……………………………..37

第三章	政治知識的來源……………………………………………..43
第一節	教育程度、媒體使用與政治知識之交叉分析……………………43
第二節	影響台灣民眾政治知識的因素…………………………………49

第四章	結論…………………………………………………………..58
附錄一…………………………………………………………………..61
附錄二…………………………………………………………………..62
附錄三…………………………………………………………………..65
附錄四…………………………………………………………………..66
附錄五…………………………………………………………………..71
參考書目………………………………………………………………..74 


圖表目次

圖1-1　政治知識來源項目……………………………………………25
表2-1　台灣民眾政治知識的跨年發展趨勢（1992-2004）…………29
表2-2　近代美國總統就職年與任期（1988-2004）…………………30
表2-3　民進黨黨主席就職年度表（1990-2000）……………….32
表2-4　台灣民眾政治知識答對題數次數分配表（1992-2004）..35
表2-5　政治知識答對題數之低、中、高分配（1992-2004）……35
表2-6　制度知識與時事知識答對題數次數分配表（1992-2004）
      ……………………………………………………………..37
表2-7　台灣民眾教育程度分佈表（1992-2005）……………………39
表2-8　電視與報紙使用之變化（1993-2003）……………………….41
表3-1　教育程度與政治知識交叉分析表（2003）………………….45
表3-2　媒體接觸種類與政治知識交叉分析表（2003）…………….48
表3-3　影響政治知識因素之多元迴歸分析（2003）……………….52
表3-4　團體參與、政治討論次數分配表（2003）………………….57

Ⅰ.中文部份
王宏仁
　1999　「一九五○年代的台灣階級結構與流動初探」，台灣社會研究季刊，36期：69-115。
王嵩音
　2005　「網路使用與選舉參與之研究－以2004年立法委員選舉為例」，2005年台灣選舉與民主化調查研究學術論文研討會，2005年11月12-13日。
江明修
2004	充實社會資本之研究。台北：行政院經濟建設委員會。
吳重禮、李世宏
　2005　「政治賦權、族群團體與政治參與2001年縣市長選舉客家族群的政治信任與投票參與」，選舉研究，12卷1期：1-35。
吳重禮、許文賓
　2003　「誰是政黨認同者與獨立選民？以二○○一年台灣地區選民政黨認同的決定因素為例」，政治科學論叢，18期：101-140。
林瓊珠
　2005　「台灣民眾的政治知識：1992~2000年的變動」，選舉研究，12卷1期：147-171。
林忠正、林鶴玲
1993　「臺灣地區各族群的經濟差異」，張茂桂等著，族群關係與國家認同，台北：業強出版社：101-160。

周碧娥
　1996　「台灣婦女與政治」，婦女研究十年－婦女人權的回顧與展望學術研討會，1995年11月17-18日。
胡佛
　1998　「政治學的科學研究（三）：政治參與與選舉行為」，台北：三民出版社。
洪永泰、陳義彥、黃德福
　1995　「台北市民眾市政意向之研究」，台北市政府研考會委託研究，國立政治大學選舉研究中心執行之研究計畫。
翁秀琪、孫秀蕙
　1994　「選民的媒介使用行為及其政治知識、政黨偏好與投票行為之關係兼論台灣媒體的壟斷性對政治認知與行為之影響」，選舉研究，1卷2期：1-25。
孫秀蕙
　1996　「選民的傳播形態對政治行為的影響：以1996年總統大選為例」，選舉研究，3卷2期：71-106。
張卿卿
　2002　「競選媒體使用對選民競選議題知識與政治效能感的影響－以兩千年總統大選為例」，選舉研究，8卷1期：1-39。
莊天憐
　2001　「我國獨立選民的發展與變遷1989～1999」，選舉研究，8卷1期：71-115。
盛杏湲、陳義彥
　2003　「政治分歧與政黨競爭：二○○一年立法委員選舉的分析」，選舉研究，10卷1期：7-40。
陳義彥、陳陸輝
　2002　「政治功效意識、政治信任感以及台灣選民的民主價值」， 2001年台灣選舉與民主化調查研究學術研討會，2002年10月19-20日。
黃秀端
　1996　「政治知識之認知與性別差異」，東吳政治學報，5期：27-50。
傅恆德
　2001　「政治知識與政治評價：第四屆立委選舉研究」，東海社會科學學報，21期：103-120。
傅曉芬
　2002　「台灣地區國小學童政治社會化之研究」，國立中山大學政治學研究所碩士論文。
劉錦添、劉錦龍
　1988　「臺灣地區公共部門與民間部門工資率的比較」，經濟論文叢刊，第16卷3期：393-412。
劉介宇、洪永泰、莊義利、陳怡如、翁文舜、劉季鑫、梁賡義
　2006　「台灣地區鄉鎮市區發展類型應用於大型健康調查抽樣設計之研究」，健康管理期刊，第4卷1期：1-22。
蔡淑鈴、瞿海源
　1990　「臺灣教育階層化變遷之研究」，國科會專題研究報告。
鄭貞銘
　1990　「新聞採訪與編輯」，台北：三民出版社。
鍾敏玲、蔡奇霖
　2005　「台灣民眾民主滿意度之研究：2004年總統大選前後之比較」，2005年台灣選舉與民主化調查研究學術論文研討會，2005年5月21-22日。


蕭怡靖
　2005　「什麼人看什麼報：台灣閱報民眾的人口結構及政治態度之變遷－1992至2004年」，2005年台灣選舉與民主化調查研究學術論文研討會，2005年11月12-13日。
瞿文芳
　2001　「台灣的民主化與媒體的發展」，台北：國家政策研究基金會。
羅文輝
　1993　「新聞理論與實證」，台北：黎明出版社。


Ⅱ.英文部份
Abramson, Jeffrey, F., Christopher Arterton, and Gary Orren
　1988　The Electronic Commonwealth. New York: Basic.
Abramson, Paul R.
　1983　Political Attitudes in American: Formation and Change.  San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Company Press.
Barber, Benjamin
　1984　Strong Democracy. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Barber, Bernard
1983	The Logic and Limits of Trust. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
Barber, James David
　1969　Citizen Politics. Chicago: Markham.
Bennett,  Lance 
1996　News: The Politics of Illusion. 3rd edition. NY: Longman.
Bennett, Stephen E.
　1995　“Comparing Americans’ Political Information in 1988 and 1992.” Journal of Politics 57(2) :521-532.
1989　“Trends in Americans’ Political Information, 1967-1987.” American Politics Quarterly 17: 422-435.
Berelson, Bernard
　1949　“What ‘Missing the Newspaper’ Means.” In: PF Lazerfield and F. Stanton, eds. Communications Research 1948-1949. New York: Harper.
Berelson, Bernard, Paul Lazarsfeld, and William McPhee
　1954　Voting. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Berkowitz, Dan and David Pritchard
　1989　“Political knowledge and communication resources.” Journalism Quarterly 66(3): 697-701.
Brians, Craig L. and Martin P. Wattenberg
　1996　“Campaign Issue Knowledge and Salience: Comparing Reception from TV Commercials, TV News, and Newspapers.” American Journal of Political Science 40: 172-193.
Campbell, Angus, Philip E. Conversi, Warren Miller, and Donald E. Stokes
　1960　The American Voter. New York: Wiley.
Carmines, Edward G. and James A. Stimson
　1989　Issue Evolution: Race and the Transformation of American Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Chaffee, steven H. and Joan Schleuder
　1986　“Measurement and Effects of Attention to Media News.” Human Communication Research 13: 76-107.
Chaffee, Steven, Xinshu Zhao, and Glenn Leshner
　1994　“Political knowledge and the campaign media of 1992.” Communication Research 21(3): 305-324.

Clarke, Peter and Eric Fredin
　1978　“Newspapers, Television and Political Reasoning.” Public Opinion Quarterly 42: 143-160.
Coleman, James S. 
1990	Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Converse, Philip E.
　1962　“Information Flow and the Stability of Partisan Attitudes.” Public Opinion Quarterly 26: 578-599.
Conway, M. Margaret, David Ahern, and Mikel L. Wyckoff
　1981　“The Mass Media and Changes in Adolescents’ Political Knowledge during and Election Cycle.” Political Behavior 3(1): 69-80.
Craig, Stephen C.
　1979　“Efficacy, Trust, and Political Behavior: An Attempt to Resolve a Lingering Conceptual Dilemma.” American Political Quarterly 7(2): 225-239.
Delli Carpini, Michdel X., Scott Keeter
　1991　“Stability and Change in the U.S. Public’s Knowledge of Politics.” The Public Opinion Quarterly 55(4): 583-612.
　1996　What Americans know about politics and why it matters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Dimock, Michael A. and Samuel L. Popkin
　1997　“Political Knowledge in Comparative Perspective.” In Iyengar, Shanto and Reeves, Richard eds. Do The Media Govern? Politicans, Voters, and Reporters in America. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
Drew, Dan and David Weaver
　1991　“Voting learning in the 1988 presidential election: Did the debates and the media matter?” Journalism Quarterly 68(1/2): 27-37.
Erskine, Hazel Gaudet
　1963　“The Polls: Textbook Knowledge.” Public Opinion Quarterly 27: 133-141.
Fiske, Susam T., Donald R., Kinder, and Larter, W. Michael
　1983　“The novice and the expert: Knowledge-based transmission strategies in political cognition.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 19: 381-400.
Gerber, Alan and Green Donald P.
　1998　“Rational learning and partisan attitudes.” American Journal of Political Science 42(2): 794-818.
Glenn, Norval D.
　1972　“The Distribution of Political Knowledge in the United States.” In Dan Nimmo and Charles Bonjean eds. Political Attitudes and Public Opinion. New York: Mckay.
　1977　Cohort Analysis. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Graber, Doris A.
　1990　“Seeing is remembering: How visuals contribute to learning from television news.” Journal of Communication 40:134-155.
Ikeda, Ken’ich, Yasuo Yamada, and Masaru Kohno
2003	“Influence of Social Capital on Political Participation in Asian Cultural Context.” Democracy, Governance and Development Working Paper Series: No.10, Asian Barometer Project Office National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica Taipei.
Inglehart, Ronald
　1977　The Silent Revolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Iyengar, Shanto, Mark D. Peters, and Donald R. Kinder
　1982　“Experimental demonstrations of the not-so-minimal consequences of television news programs.” American Political Science Review 76: 848-858.
Iyengar, Shanto and Donald R. Kinder
　1987　New That Matters: Television and American Public Opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Janowitz, Morris
　1983　The Reconstruction of Patriotism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Jennings, M. Kent
　1996　“Political Knowledge Over Time and Across Generations.” The Public Opinion Quarterly 60(2): 228-252.
Knight, Kathleen
　1985　“Ideology in the 1980 election: Ideological sophistication does matter.” Journal of Politics 47: 823-853.
Krugman, Herbert E.
　1977　“Memory without recall, exposure without perception.” Journal of Advertising Research 17(4): 7-12.
Lanoue, David J.
　1992　“One that made a difference-Cognitive consistency, political knowledge, and the 1980 presidential debate.” Public Opinion Quarterly 56: 168-184.
Lambert, Ronald D, James E. Curtis, Barry J. Kay, and Steven D. Brown
　1988　“The Social Sources of Political Knowledge.” Canadian Journal of Political Science/ Revue canadienne de science politique 21(2): 359-374.
Lazarsfeld, Pual, Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet
　1944　The People’s Choice. New York: Columbia University Press.
Larkin, Jill McDermott, John Simon, Dorothea P., and Simon Herbert A.
　1980　“Expert and novice performance in solving physics problems.” Science 208: 1335-1342.
Lipset, Seymour M.
　1960　Political Man: The Social Basis of Politics. New York: Doubleday & Company.
Luskin, Robert C.
　1987　“Measuring Political Sophistication.” American Journal of Political Science 31: 856-899.
　1990　“Explaining Political Sophistication.” Political Behavior 12(4): 331-361.
Maghami, Farhat Ghaem
　1974　“Political Knowledge among Youth: Some Notes on Public Opinion Formation.” Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique 7(2): 334-340.
McLeod, Jack M. and Sun Yuel Choe
　1978　“An Analysis of Five Factors Affecting Newspaper Circulation.” ANPA Newspaper Research Reports 10: 61-74.
McLeod, Jack M. and Daniel G. McDonald
　1985　“Beyond simple exposure: Media orientations and their impact on political processes.” Communication Research 12: 3-34.
McQuail, Denis 
　1977　“The Influence and Effects of Mass Media.” In James Curran, Michael Gurevich, Janet Woollacott, assistant editors, John Marriott, Carrie Roberts eds. Mass Communication and Societ. London: Edward Arnold, in association with the Open University Press.
Miller, Arthur H. and Warren E. Miller
　1976　“Ideology in the 1972 election: Myth or reality-a rejoinder.” American Political Science Review 70: 832-849.
Milner, Henry
　2002　Civic Literacy: How Informed Citizens Make Democracy Work. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.
Muller, Edward N.
　1979　Aggressive Political Participation. Princeton: Princton University Press.
Neuman, W. Russell, Marion R. Just, and Ann N. Crigler
　1992　Common Knowledge: News and the Construction of Political Meaning. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Newton, Kenneth.
1999	“Social Capital and European Democracy in Modern Europe.” in Social Capital and European Democracy, edited by Jan W. van Deth, Marco Maraffi, Ken Newton, and Paul F Whiteley. London: Routledge.
Norris, Pippa 
2002　Democratic Phoenix：Reinventing Political Activism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oberschall, Anthony.
1993	Social Movements: Ideologies, Interests, and Identities. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction.
O’Keefe, Garret J. and Harold Mendelsohn
　1978　“The media’s role.” In Charles Winick and Beverly Hills eds. Deviance and Mass Media. CA: Sage Publications.
Patterson, Thomas E. and Robert D. McClure
　1976　The unseeing eye: The myth of television power in national elections. New York: Putnam’s.
Patterson, Thomas E.
　1980　The Mass Media Election. New York: Praeger.
　1993　Out of Order, New York: Random House Inc.
Pettey, Gary R.
　1988　“The interaction of the individual’s social environment, attention and interest, and public affairs media use on political knowledge holding.” Communication Research 15(3): 265-281.
Putnam, Robert D.
1993	Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Quarles, Rebecca
　1979　“Mass media use and voting behavior: The accuracy of political perceptions among first-time and experienced voters.” Communication Research 6: 407-436.
Rapport, Ronald B. 
1982　“Sex Difference in Attitude Expression: A Generational Explanation.” Public Opinion Quarterly 46: 86-96.
Ravitch, Diane
　1983　The Troubled Crusade. New York: Basic.
Roberts, Donald F.
　1973　“Communication and Children: A Developmental Approach.” In Ithiel de Sola Pool and Wilbur Schramm eds. Handbook of Communication. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Robinson, Michael J.
　1975　“American Political Legitimacy in the Era of Electronic Joumalism: Reflections on the Evening News.” In Douglas Cater and Richard Adler eds. Television as a Social Force: New Approaches of TV Criticism. New York: Praeger.
Robinson, John P. and Mark K. Levy
　1986　The Main Source: Learning from Television News. Beverly Hills. CA: Sage.
Robinson, John P. and Dennis K. Davis
　1990　“Television New and the Informed Public: An Information-Processing Approach.” Journal of Communication 40(3): 106-119.
Rosenstone, S. and John Mark Hansen. 
1993　Mobilization, Participation, and Democracy in America. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Robinson, Michael J. and Margaret Sheehan
1983　Over the Wire and on TV: CBS and UPI in Campaign’80. New York: Russell Sage.
Sabato, Larry
　1984　PAC Power. New York: Norton.
Shapiro, Robert Y. and Harpreet Mahajan
1986　“Gender Differences in Policy Preferences: A Summary of Trends from the 1960s to the 1980s.” Public Opinion Quarterly 50: 42-61.
Shingles, Richard D.
　1981　“Black Consciousness and Political Participation: The Missing Link.” American Political Science Review 75(1): 76-91.
Shoemaker, Pamela J., Caroline Schooler, and Wayne A. Danielson
　1989　“Involvement With the Media: Recall Versus Recognition of Election Information.” Communication Research 16: 78-103.
Sigelman, Lee, Philip W. Roeder, Malcolm E. Jewell, and Michael A. Baer
　1985　“Voting and Nonvoting: A Multi-Election Perspective.” American Journal of Political Science 29(4): 749-765.
Verba, Sideny and Norman H. Nie
　1972　Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality. New York: Harper and Row.
Van Dijk, Teun A.
　1988　News analysis: Case studies of international and national news in the press. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Verba, Sidney, Nancy Burns, and Kay Lehman Schlozman
　1997   “Knowing and Caring about Politics: Gender and Political Engagement.” The Journal of Politics 59(4): 1051-1072.
Wagner, Joseph
　1983　“Media do Make a Difference: The Differential Impact of Mass Media in the 1976 Presidential Race.” American Journal of Political Science 27: 407-430.
Welch, Susan and Lorn S. Foster
　1992　“The Impact of Economic Conditions on the Voting Behavior of Blacks.” Western Political Quarterly 45(1): 221-236.
Wyckoff, Mikel
　1980　“Belief system constraint and policy voting: A test of the unidimensional consistency model.” Political Behavior 2: 115-146.