對於企業或是個人來說，時間都是一種十分有限且珍貴的資源，並且每個人對於時間都有不同的傾向。由於部屬不知不覺在心中會對於其領導者在時間上有個原型的設立，若此時間原型與領導者實際行為不一致，有可能會導致領導和協調力降低。因此，本研究運用時間上的內隱領導理論，探討中小企業高階主管，與其領導者之時間傾向不一致性，是否會對時間領導或領導者－部屬間的協調性造成影響；與此相近地，若部屬與領導者間之時間傾向適配度低，亦會造成彼此間的嫌隙。因此，本研究亦探討高階主管與其領導者之時間傾向適配度，是否對時間領導或領導者－部屬間的協調性造成影響。
　　此外，若領導者對於其部屬從事時間上的領導行為，會將部屬們步調統一，並增加彼此間的協調性。因此本研究亦探討時間領導是否會對領導者－部屬協調性造成影響；最後，更進一步探討時間領導是否在時間傾向不一致與適配度，及協調性的關係中，扮演中介的角色。
　　本研究以問卷方式，蒐集210家中小企業之225位高階主管之資料，運用結構方程模型進行分析。研究結果發現，高階主管與其領導者間之時間急迫性適配度，會對時間領導產生正向影響；時間急迫性適配度，亦會對協調性產生正向影響；而高階主管與其領導者間之多元時間使用傾向適配度，則會對時間領導產生正向影響；以及時間領導會對領導者－部屬間協調性產生正向影響。但是，時間傾向上的不一致對時間領導或協調性之影響力是不顯著的。最後，本研究也根據上述結果，提出相關理論與實務管理意涵。

To a business or individual, time is a limited and precious resource. Besides, everyone has different disposition towards time. Since the follower has an original type of leader set in his or her mind unconsciously, if this original type of time is inconsistent with the actual behavior of the leader, the leadership and coordination may be lowered. As a results, this study uses temporal implicit leadership theory to discuss whether the inconsistency of time disposition between the high-level managers of small-and-medium businesses and their leaders will have influence on temporal leadership or the coordination among the leaders and followers. Similarly, if the fit of the time disposition between followers and leader is low, it may cause suspicion between both parties. Thus, the study also investigates whether the fit of time disposition between high-level managers and their followers will affect temporal leadership or the coordination between the leaders and the followers.
    In addition, if a leader has temporal leading behavior for the followers, he or she will unify the steps of the followers and increase the coordination between them. As a result, this study also examines whether temporal leadership will have an effect on the coordination between the leader and follower. Finally, we further investigate whether temporal leadership plays a role of intermediation in the relationships between time disposition inconsistency, fit and coordination.
    This study conducts a survey on 225 high-level managers of 210 small-and-medium businesses and uses the structural equation model for analysis. The results show that the  fit of time urgency between high-level managers and their followers will have positive effects on temporal leadership. The fit of time urgency will also have positive effects on coordination. In addition, the fit of polychronicity between high-level managers and their followers will have positive effects on temporal leadership. Temporal leadership will also have positive effects on the coordination between the leader and follower, but the effects of time disposition inconsistency on temporal leadership or coordination were not significant. Last, the study also suggests related theories and the implications for the management in practice.

目錄
目錄I
表目錄II
圖目錄III
第一章　緒論1
第一節　研究背景1
第二節　研究動機3
第三節　研究目的5
第四節　研究架構與流程5
第二章　文獻探討7
第一節　時間領導7
第二節　時間傾向11
第三節　內隱領導理論13
第四節　TILT不一致與適配度15
第五節　協調性17
第六節　時間領導的中介角色19
第三章　研究方法22
第一節　研究架構22
第二節　研究設計23
第三節　效度分析23
第五節　信度分析29
第四章　結果與討論31
第一節　敘述性統計31
第二節　差異分析34
第三節　相關分析41
第四節　結構方程式模型分析44
第五節　中介效果分析47
第五章　結論與建議49
第一節　研究結論49
第二節　管理意涵51
第三節　研究限制與建議53
參考文獻55

表目錄
表3-1 探索性因素分析表25
表3-2 理想領導者時間急迫性構面之驗證性因素分析26
表3-3 理想領導者多元時間使用傾向構面之驗證性因素分析27
表3-4 領導者時間急迫性構面之驗證性因素分析27
表3-5 領導者多元時間使用傾向構面之驗證性因素分析28
表3-6 時間領導構面之驗證性因素分析28
表3-7 協調性構面之驗證性因素分析29
表3-8 研究變數之信度表30
表4-1 高階主管樣本特性33
表4-2 高階主管性別與各變數間之差異分析34
表4-3 高階主管婚姻與各變數間之差異分析35
表4-4 高階主管年齡與各變數間之差異分析36
表4-5 高階主管年資與各變數間之差異分析37
表4-6 高階主管教育程度與各變數間之差異分析38
表4-7 高階主管員工人數與各變數間之差異分析40
表4-8 高階主管產業別與各變數間之差異分析41
表4-9 研究變項之平均值、標準差與相關分析43
表4-10 結構方程式之適配度指標44
表4-11 路徑關係檢定表47
表4-12 Sobel檢驗與中介效果檢定表48

圖目錄
圖1-1 研究架構5
圖1-2 研究流程圖6
圖3-1 研究架構22
圖4-1 結構方程模式之路徑係數圖46

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