我們設計並實現出運用變色油墨於光纖的感測器，非常適合架構於光纖網路中，用於浸水與溫度超載感測。
　　常見的光纖浸水感測器是基於光纖彎曲損耗機制，並由光時域反射儀監測。然而，此感測器浸水後具有相當大的彎曲損耗，因此無法在光時域反射儀上同時觀察到多個處所的進水狀況。一般來說，溫度型光纖感測器是稍微複雜且昂貴。
　　在本論文中，我們提出兩種基於光時域反射儀的光纖感測器，非常適合同時多點感測。將它們設置於準分佈分支網路中，進而形成網狀感測網路，延伸監測範圍且不因單一偵測點的故障或破壞而影響到其他的偵測點或是主幹光纖偵測線路的運作。一旦分支偵測點受損或浸水/溫度超載，它們相對應的狀態可立即由OTDR觀察，並且感測點可以輕易地定位及修復，有助於施工及維護。
　　所提出的感測器具有成本低、結構輕巧和易於自行製作等特色，主要是由8度斜角APC端面或平坦PC端面與厚度3mm的變色油墨材料組合而成，例如：濕敏變色油墨、溫敏變色油墨。因為變色油墨內部結構的關係，它通常呈現漫射反射狀態，容易讓反射光脈衝進入光纖，因此光時域反射儀可得到較高的脈衝高度。然而，當感測器處於溫度超載或浸水狀態，油墨變色且呈現透光狀態，導致漫射反射率減少，而感測器產生較大的返回損耗，光時域反射儀所量到的脈衝高度也就下降了。

We design and carry out the optical fiber sensors employing discoloration ink, which are particularly suitable for deploying in the optical fiber networks for water-immersion and temperature -overload sensing.
  A conventional water immersion fiber sensor is based on the fiber bending mechanism, and it is monitored by an optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR). However, such sensor immersed in water has a remarkably high bending loss. Thus, many events of water immersion occurring could not simultaneously be monitored by an OTDR. In general, temperature fiber sensors are somewhat complicated and expensive.
In this thesis, we propose two types of OTDR-based optical fiber sensors, which are especially suitable for simultaneous multipoint sensing. To install them in the quasi-distributed branch networks can form mesh sensing networks, reaching their sensing ranges and avoiding the failure of sensing points introducing an interruption to the rear sensing networks. Once the branched sensing points are damaged or immersed in water/overloaded in temperature, their respective states can quickly be observed from an OTDR, and then those sensing points can easily be located and repaired to facilitate the creation and maintenance.
The proposed sensors, which possess low-cost, compact and easily do-it-yourself (DIY) features, consist of a fiber connector with either 8-degree angled physical contact (APC) facet or physical contact (PC) facet and a 3-mm thickness of discoloration ink, for example, soaking discoloration ink and temperature discoloration ink. Because of the inner structure of discoloration ink, it naturally presents a state of diffuse reflection, easily leading the reflected light into the fiber; therefore, the OTDR can obtain a relatively high pulse-height. However, when the sensors were in a temperature-overload or water-immersion state, the ink changed its color and presented a transparent state, which leads to the reduction of diffuse reflection and produces a higher return loss for sensors to make the pulse-height measured by an OTDR decrease.

目錄
第一章 緒	 論	1
1.1	 前言	1
1.2	 研究動機	1
1.3 論文架構	4
第二章 光纖感測器之介紹	5
2.1概述	5
2.2光纖感測器種類	6
2.3光纖感測器之技術與應用	11
2.3.1光纖溫度感測器	13
2.3.2光纖壓力感測器	15
2.3.3光纖流量流速感測器	15
2.3.4結構健康監測技術	16
2.3.5液位光纖感測器	17
2.3.6 神經型生物光子感測器	22
第三章 光時域反射儀之介紹	23
3.1光時域反射儀簡介	23
3.2一般光時域反射儀	24
3.2.1原理與參數	26
3.2.2脈衝寬度與波長	27
3.2.3測量距離	29
3.2.4死區	30
3.2.5鬼影	31
3.2.6軌跡圖的資訊	33
3.2.7動態範圍	37
3.3布里淵光時域反射儀	38
3.3.1布里淵光時域分析技術	40
3.4拉曼光時域反射儀	42
第四章 變色油墨之介紹	43
4.1 前言	43
4.2 光學變色油墨	43
4.3 溫敏變色油墨	44
4.4	 濕敏變色油墨	44
第五章 光纖浸水感測器與光纖溫度感測器之設計與製作	46
5.1前言	46
5.2	 APC與PC光纖端面之介紹	47
5.3 感測介面之選擇	49
5.3.1 光纖浸水感測器介面	49
5.3.2 光纖溫度感測器介面	50
5.4 光纖浸水感測器之設計	50
5.5 光纖浸水感測器之製作	52
5.6 光纖溫度感測器之設計	53
5.7 光纖溫度感測器之製作	55
第六章 理論分析與實驗結果	57
6.1實驗設置	57
6.2理論分析	58
6.2.1光纖浸水感測器之理論分析	60
6.2.2 光纖浸水感測器實驗結果	63
6.2.3光纖溫度感測器之理論分析	67
6.2.4 光纖溫度感測器實驗結果	70
第七章 結論與未來研究方向	76
7.1 成果與討論	76
7.2 未來研究方向	77
參考文獻  78

圖目錄
圖 2. 1 光纖感測器基本形式(a)功能型，(b)傳光型。 ................................ 7
圖2. 2 光纖光子晶體溫度感測器結構圖。 ................................................ 14
圖2. 3 光纖液位探測器(a)Y 型光纖；(b)U 型光纖；(C)稜鏡耦合。 ..... 19
圖2. 4 探測兩種液體的分界面。 ................................................................ 20
圖2. 5 返回光強與折射率的關係。 ............................................................ 21
圖2. 6 神經型生物光子探測頭示意圖。 .................................................... 22
圖3. 1 玻璃光纖衰減特性之波長相關。…...…………………………….25
圖3. 2 OTDR 內部系統架構方塊圖。 ......................................................... 27
圖3. 3 不同的光脈衝寬度下空間解析度與SNR 的差異。 ....................... 29
圖3. 4 光脈衝遇到事件之圖解說明。 ......................................................... 30
圖3. 5 事件死區的示意圖。 ........................................................................ 30
圖3. 6 鬼影示意圖。 ..................................................................................... 32
圖3. 7 含有反射峰值的鬼影軌跡圖。 ........................................................ 32
圖3. 8 軌跡圖範例。 .................................................................................... 34
圖3. 9 動態範圍與量測範圍。 ..................................................................... 35
圖3. 10 光纖斷點處，在OTDR 上所呈現的軌跡圖。 ............................. 36
圖3. 11 光纖彎曲造成：(a)損耗，(b)光纖裂痕。 ..................................... 37
圖3. 12 光纖中間斷裂造成後段光纖超出OTDR 可偵測範圍。 ............. 38
圖3. 13 B-OTDA 感測原理。 ....................................................................... 42
圖5. 1 PC 與APC 端面圖。 ………………………………………………48
圖5. 2 紅光經過未浸水之光纖浸水感測器的實體圖。 ............................ 51
圖5. 3 紅光經過已浸水之光纖浸水感測器的實體圖。 ............................ 52
圖5. 4 光纖浸水感測器之設計架構圖。 ..................................................... 52
圖5. 5 光纖浸水感測器之實體圖。 ............................................................ 53
圖5. 6 紅光經過常溫下之光纖溫度感測器的實體圖。 ............................ 54
圖5. 7 紅光經過已超載之光纖溫度感測器的實體圖。 ............................ 55
圖5. 8 光纖溫度感測器之設計架構圖。 .................................................... 56
圖5. 9 光纖溫度感測器之實體圖。 ............................................................ 56
圖6. 1 實驗架構圖。………………………………………………………58
圖6. 2 量測感測器浸水前後及溫度超載前後之返回損耗。.................... 59
圖6. 3 脈衝寬度10ns 時之感測器浸水、未浸水及鑑別度對照圖。 ...... 61
圖6. 4 脈衝寬度100ns 時之感測器浸水、未浸水及鑑別度對照圖。 .... 62
圖6. 5 SRB = 10%之各脈衝寬度實驗與理論值對照圖。 ........................... 63
圖6. 6 脈衝寬度100ns 之各分光比實驗與理論值對照圖。 ..................... 64
圖6. 7 光纖浸水感測器之各公里未浸水圖。 ............................................ 65
圖6. 8 光纖浸水感測器之各公里浸水圖。 ................................................ 66
圖6. 9 感測器重複十五次乾/溼之測試結果。........................................... 67
圖6. 10 脈衝寬度10ns 時之感測器常溫下、溫度超載及鑑別度對照圖。
......................................................................................................................... 68
圖6. 11 脈衝寬度100ns 時之感測器常溫下、溫度超載及鑑別度對照圖。
......................................................................................................................... 69
圖6. 12 SRB = 10%之各脈衝寬度實驗與理論值對照圖。 ......................... 70
圖6. 13 脈衝寬度100ns 之各分光比實驗與理論值對照圖。 ................... 71
圖6. 14 光纖溫度感測器常溫下之各公里圖。 .......................................... 72
圖6. 15 光纖溫度感測器溫度超載之各公里圖。 ...................................... 73
圖6. 16 感測器重複十五次溫度超載/未超載之測試結果。 .................... 74
表目錄
表 2. 1 光纖感測器所用的主要物理效應與檢測量 ...................................... 8
表2. 2 光纖特性及測量時所適用的範圍 .................................................... 10
表2. 3 光纖特性及測量時所適用的範圍 .................................................... 11
表2. 4 光纖感測器的應用及目前技術水準 ................................................ 12
表2. 5 一些主要工業應用領域及所用感測器 ............................................ 13

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