本研究之焦點為以慈濟佛教基金會的救災系統為研究個案，依據複雜理論所提出的自我組織為基礎，探討慈濟志工救災時的互動關係，並分析慈濟救災的自我組織類型、遵守的行為規則，以及所浮現的模式對救災有何影響，而獲得以下四項主要發現：

第一，慈濟救災的自我組織依據災難環境條件的不同而調整，同時存在不同程度的耗散型與保守型自我組織特徵，屬於混合型。第二，慈濟救災的規則中，價值觀的適用性最高，其他則於範疇密度與廣度，以及在系統中留存時間有程度上的差異。第三、慈濟救災體系擁有立體連繫網絡，垂直的層級結構及水平的網絡同時運作，具有多層次傳銷的特性。第四，透過急難救助感動災民自發加入成為會員，以擴大組織規模，強化動員力。

基於上述研究發現，本研究對未來相關研究提出四項建議。一、以電腦進行自我組織規則與模式之關係的模擬；二、以不同類型的個案為例，研究不同組織與團體的自我組織情形，並據以分析異同；三、採取網絡理論研究慈濟組織中的連結與資訊傳遞；四、探究慈濟人流失對救災自我組織之影響。

This research is a case study that focuses on the dyamics of the disaster relief system of Tzu Chi Foundation.  Based on the concept of self-organization proposed by complexity theorists, this research investigated the interactions among the members of Tzu Chi Foundation when they participated in disaster relief works. By analyzing effects of the behavioral rules as well as the different patterns of self-organization on the performance of disaster relief system of Tzu Chi, the following four major findings are presented:

First, Tzu Chi has employed both conservative and dissipative self-organization in its disaster relief system so as to better adapt to the demands of different types of disasters.  Second, among all the behavioral rules, the value of Tzu Chi is the most common one that affects the behaviors of all people in the disaster relief system. The other rules, on the other hand, tend to have different effects in terms of their domain size, domain density, and longevity.  Third, the disaster relief system of Tzu Chi has a structure that combines hierarchy and networks and displays certain features of multi-level marketings. Fourth, the disaster relief system of Tzu Chi keeps on expanding its membership by touching the heart of the victims and attracting them to join Tzu Chi’s volunteer groups.

Based the research findings stated above, the following suggestions for future research are proposed. First, to investigate the relationships between the rules and patterns of self-organization with computer simulation. Second, to include other cases and study the similarities and differences of self-organization occurred in other groups and organizations. Third, to investigate the links and their effects on information delivery in the disaster relief system according to network theory. Fourth, to investigate the influence of membership outflow on the self-organization of the disaster relief system.

第一章　緒論1
第一節　研究背景與動機2
第二節　研究目的與問題6
第三節　研究範圍與方法8
第二章　文獻探討11
第一節　自我組織的類型11
第二節　行為規則16
第三節　模式浮現26
第三章　慈濟救災的自我組織模式35
第一節　慈濟救災的平時準備機制35
第二節　慈濟救災的急難救助機制45
第三節　慈濟救災自我組織模式之分析55
第四章　慈濟救災的自我組織規則61
第一節　慈濟救災的整體規則61
第二節　慈濟救災的局部規則72
第三節　救災規則與自我組織類型之關係76
第五章　慈濟救災自我組織規則與模式對救災之影響85
第一節　正向反饋，災難中湧現人間菩薩85
第二節　彈性調整模式，提高救災效率92
第六章  　結論99
第一節  　主要研究發現99
第二節  　研究限制與未來研究建議102
參考文獻105

表次
表1-1  　深度訪談受訪者資料10
表2-1　不同類型自我組織特性比較15
表2-2　自我組織類型與規則特性26
表3-1　慈濟救災的自我組織類型59
表4-1　慈濟在不同類型自我組織的整體規則適用程度79
表4-2　慈濟在不同類型自我組織的局部規則適用程度80
表4-3  　慈濟救災規則經自我組織所浮現之模式83

圖次
圖1-1　權變因素與對應解決方案3
圖2-1　自我組織類型分布15
圖2-2　弱連結區域—規則遷移18
圖2-3　強連結區域—合作型規則擴散18
圖2-4　強連結區域—競爭型規則擴散19
圖2-5　椋鳥群飛行影像21
圖2-6　一致型規則整合24
圖2-7  　L型細胞初始排列的自我組織演變與模式浮現28
圖2-8　白蟻與木屑隨機分布29
圖2-9　木屑堆開始浮現29
圖2-10　木屑堆成形30
圖2-11　木屑堆出現消長30
圖2-12　木屑堆縮減為三個30
圖2-13　兩個巨大的木屑堆出現30
圖2-14  　ticks=0，虛擬鳥隨機分布31
圖2-15  　ticks=204，分成小群飛行至不同方向31
圖2-16　ticks=506，鳥群往右上方飛行的模式浮現32
圖2-17　ticks=1002  整體行為模式形成32
圖2-18　研究架構33
圖3-1　慈濟平時模式下的常態組織架構39
圖5-1　處理社區型規模災難的立體聯繫網絡93
圖5-2　處理國家級災難的立體聯繫網絡96

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