全球化可解釋為是多樣化趨勢的結果與特殊歷史情況及政策相互影響所產生的特殊情況。

  經濟全球化突破地理位置的限制，使得產品製造、交易、消費模式不再受限於地域、距離和其它邊界定位。此外，經濟全球化意味著，在社會關係中政治與經濟是不可分割。
  
  經貿議題的雙邊會談可以減少貿易的障礙，達到公平互惠的貿易關係。經貿議題相關的周期性合作，可以幫助擴展雙邊經貿合作的範圍。積極與中美貿易組織合作，可以突破與增加在中美洲經貿平台之運籌空間。雙邊經貿關係可藉由與台灣有邦交關係的中美洲國家簽訂「自由貿易協定」，得到發展。

  由於拉丁美洲擁有五億四千一百多萬人口的市場，巴拿馬可以代表其它區域對台灣產品開放進口，讓台灣與巴拿馬的貿易合作關係相形重要。

  國內外壓力的交叉影響形成國家政策，貿易性與非貿易性的因素決定了國家參國際社群的程度。

Globalization can be understood as a consequence of multiplicity of tendencies interacting with particular historical conditions and policies to produce its distinctive form.

     Globalized economy is one in which patterns of production; exchange and consumption become increasingly delinked from geography of territorial distances and territorial borders.  The globalization of the world politics is deeply economic affair that involves borders. Among other things, a globalization of economics, deduces that politics and economics are inseparable within social relations.
  
     Bilateral discussions on economic and trade issues, reduced the obstacles to trade, and fair trade relationship based on the principle of reciprocity can be achieved.  The push for the establishment of periodic cooperative conferences on economic and trade issues would help to expand the scope of bilateral economic and trade cooperation. The active participation in the activities of the Central American trade organizations would be a breakthrough and expand the room to maneuver within the Central American economic and trade playfield. By signing “Free Trade Agreements” with those Central American countries which have official diplomatic relations with Taiwan, bilateral economic and trade relations can be expanded in the region.

     Also for Taiwan with Panama trade is very important in the way that Panama can represent them a good port or an open door for Taiwanese products for a market of 541 million people in Latin America. 

     Trade policy strategies emerge out of a matrix of domestic and international pressures that shape a nation’s strategic vision and determine the trade and non-trade elements of the nation’s participation in the international community. Free Trade Agreements are strategies shaped according to the particular foreign policy of each country, which can archive a variety of competitive social, economical and political goal.

1. INTRODUCTION	1
 1.1 Motivation of the Research 	4
1.2 Hypothesis 	4
1.3 Time and Space Location 	5
 1.4 Restriction 	5
 1.5 Theory 	6
 1.6 Methodology	10
 1.7 Source 	11
 1.8 Structure 	12

2. THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT 	15
2.1 Strategies in International Relations	15
2.1.1 Definitions and Decision Making Process	15
2.1.2 Types of Strategies 	16
2.1.3 Evolution of Strategies until the 21st Century 	17
2.2 Political Dimension of Globalization 	20
2.2.1 Definitions and Theoretical Overview 	20
2.2.2 Opportunities and Risks 	22
2.2.3 Challenges 	24
2.3 Interdependence Theory 	26
2.3.1 Definition and Characteristics 	26
2.3.2 Analysis and Applicability 	29
2.3.3 Limitations and Observations 	32
2.4 Partial Conclusions 	34

3. Foreign Relations of Panama and Taiwan	36
3.1 Panama 	36
3.1.1 General Data 	37
3.1.2 Economy Issues 	38
3.1.3 Social and Political Facts	40
3.1.4 Foreign Policy Orientation 	42
3.2 Taiwan 	43
3.2.1 General Data 	44
3.2.2 Economy Issues 	44
3.2.3 Social and Political Facts 	49
3.2.4 Foreign Policy Orientation 	51
  3.3. Panama-Taiwan Common Grounds 	55
    3.3.1 Cooperation 	56
    3.3.2 Possible Strategies 	60
  3.4 Partial Conclusions 	61

4. ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES AND FOREIGN TRADE 	63
  4.1 Economic Definitions and General Objectives 	63
    4.1.1 Economic Advantages 	64
    4.1.2 Trade without Limits 	65
    4.1.3 Some Objections 	68
  4.2 Trade Relations 	69
    4.2.1 What Panama Exports and Imports?	69
    4.2.2 What Taiwan Exports and Imports?	71
    4.2.3 Panama and Taiwan External Trade 	73
  4.3 Facts of the Free Trade Agreements between Panama and Taiwan	75
    4.3.1 Negotiations and Interpreting the Agreement 	76
    4.3.2 Main Concerns and Achievements 	77
    4.3.3 Other Important Issues 	89
  4.4 Partial Conclusions 	91
 
5. TECHNICAL, EDUCATION AND CULTURAL MISSIONS 	92
  5.1 Technical and Cooperation Missions 	92
    5.1.1 General Data 	93
    5.1.2 Social and Political Aspects 	96
    5.1.3 Cases 	99
  5.2 Educational Missions 	104
    5.2.1 General Data (Scholarships, Fellowships, Visiting)	104
    5.2.2 Social and Political Aspects 	104
    5.2.3 Cases 	105
  5.3 Cultural Missions 	108
    5.3.1 General Data 	108
    5.3.2 Social and Political Aspects 	108
    5.3.3 Cases 	109
  5.4 Partial Conclusions 	110

6. TAIWAN AND PANAMA FOREIGN RELATIONS: FUTURE PERSPECTIVES 	111
6.1 Foreign Relations Perspectives 	111
    6.1.1 Short-Term Perspectives 	112
    6.1.2 Long-Term Perspectives 	113
    6.1.3 Risks and Challenges 	115
  6.2 Trade Perspectives 	117
    6.2.1 Bilateral Trade Exchange 	117
    6.2.2 Challenges in the Economic Arena of Panama and Taiwan 	123
    6.2.3 Panama and Taiwan External Trade 	123
  6.3 Social Cultural Perspectives 	124
    6.3.1 Short-Term Perspectives 	124
    6.3.2 Long-Term Perspectives 	125
    6.3.3 Risks and Challenges 	126
  6.4 Partial Conclusions 	127

7.  CONCLUSIONS 	129

Bibliography 	136
Books 	136
Articles 	143
Electronic Sources 	144
Online Newspapers	147
Annexes	148
Abbreviations 	149
Graphics 	151
Photos 	157
Interviews 	160

Books

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•	Chow, Peter C. Y. Taiwan in the Global Economy. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger, 2002. 

•	Clinton Olson, William. The Theory and Practice of International Relations. 9th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, 1994.

•	Cooper, William H. Free Trade, Current Issues and Prospects. Edited by Arnold S. Miller. New York: Novinka Books, 2004.

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•	Jackson, Robert and Georg Sorensen. Introduction to International Relations, Theories and Approaches. 3 edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.

•	Jovanovic, Miroslav N. The Economics of International Integration, Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, Massachusettts, USA, 2006.

•	Jurg, Martin Gabriel. Worldviews and Theories of International Relations. United Kingdom: St. Martin’s Press, 1994.

•	Kaufman, Daniel J., Jay M. Parker, Patrick V. Howell, Grant R. Doty. Understanding International Relations, The Values of Alternative Lenses. 5th  ed. United States Military Academy: Mc. Grall Hill, 1994.

•	Kegley, Charles W. Jr. and Eugene R. Wittkopf. World Politics, Trend and Transformation. 6th ed. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997.

•	Keohane, Robert O. and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence, World Politics in Transition. 2nd ed. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1989.

•	Kiang, Clyde. The Hakka Odyssey & Their Taiwan Homeland. Elgin, Pensylvania. Allegheny Press, 1992.

•	Kofman, Eleonore and Gillian Youngs. Globalization: Theory and Practice. Great Britain: Continuum, 2003.

•	Lardy, Nicholas R. and Daniel H. Rosen. Prospects For a US-Taiwan Free Trade Agreement. Washington D.C.: Institute For International Economics, 2004.

•	Lake, David A. Power, Protection, and Free Trade, International Sources of U.S. Commercial Strategy, 1887-1939. New York: Cornell University Press, 1990.

•	Lechner, Frank J. and John Boli. The Globalization Reader. Massachusetts: Balackwell Publishers, 2000.Miller, Arnold S. Free Trade, Current Issues and Prospects. New York: Novinka Books, 2004. 
      
•	Lentner, Howard H. International Politics. Minneapolis: West Publishing Company, 1997.

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•	McCarthy, Denis M.P. International Economic Integration in Historical Perpective. Routledgle Taylor & Franbcis Group, New York, 2006

•	Matsushita, Mitsuo, Dukgeun Ahn and Tain-Jy Chen, The WTO Trade Remedy System:  East Asian Perspectives. London. United Kingdom University Press Cambrige. 2006.

•	Mayer, Frederick W. Interpreting NAFTA, The Science and Art of Political Analysis. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.

•	Menges, Constantine C. Partnership for Peace, Democracy and Prosperity. Washington D.C. The George Washignton University, 1996.

•	Milner, Helen V. Interest, Institutions, and Information: Domestic Politics and International Relations. New Jersey: Princeton University, 1997.

•	Mittelman, James H. Globalization, critical reflections. Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc., 1997.

•	Monzon Garcia, Samuel Alfredo. Introduction to the Research Process. Guatemala: Editorial Oscar de Leon Palacios, 2000.

•	Morgenthau, Hans J. Politics Among Nations, The Struggle for Power and Peace. United States of America: McGraw Hill, 1993.

•	Myers, Ramon H. Models of Development, the Economic Development of the Republic of China Taiwan, 1965-1981. San Francisco, California: ICS Press, 1990.

•	Nau, Henry R. Trade & Security, U. S. Policies at Cross-Purposes. Washington: American Enterprise Institute Press, 1995.

•	Nicholson, Michael. Formal Theories in International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

•	Nicholson, Michael. International Relations: A concise introduction,New York: New York University Press, 1998.

•	Nye, Joseph S. Soft Power, The Means To Success in the World Politics. United States of America: PublicAffairs, 2004.

•	Ocampo, Jose Antonio and Juan Martin. Globalization and Development, a Latin American and Caribbean Perspective. Chile: Standford University Press, 2003. 

•	Odgaard, Liselotte. The Balance of Power in Asia-Pacific Security: US-China policies on regional order. United States of America, 2004.

•	Ravenhill, John. Global Political Economy. Great Britain: Oxford University Press, 2005. 

•	Rawnsley, Gary D. Taiwan’s Informal Diplomacy and Propaganda. New York: Palgrave, 2000.

•	Reynolds, P.A. An Introduction to International Relations. 3rd ed. Malaysia: Longman, edition, 1994.

•	Russet, Bruce and Harvey Starr. World Politics, The menu for choice. 4th ed. New York: W. H. Freeman and Company, 1992.

•	Schott, Jeffrey J. Prospects for Free Trade in the Americas. Washington, DC.: Institute for International Economics, 2001.

•	Sullivan, Michael P. Theories of International Relations : Transition vs. persistence. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002.

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•	Winckler, Edwin A. Contending Approaches to the Political Economy of Taiwan. ed. Edwin A. Winckler and Susan Greenhalgh. New York: M. E. Sharpe, Inc., 1988.

•	Winters, L. Alan and Shahid Yusuf. Dancing with Giants, China, India, and the Global Economy. Washington D.C.: World Bank, 2007.

Articles

•	Dionysopoulos, Thomas. “Integration is the Key for Pure Alpha Investors”.  Professional Investor, The Official Journal of the UK Society of Investment, Vol. 16, Issue 9, (Nov. 2006): pp.10-12.

•	Quiros, Maricruz. “En la Cultura China, el éxito se alcanza por la educación y no por la riqueza”. FEM Magazine, Vol. 65, No. 6 (Agosto 2007): pp. 64-65.

•	Granados, Jaime and Rafael Cornejo. “Converge in the Americas: Some Lessons from the DR-CAFTA Process”. The World Economy. Vol 29, Issue 7, July 2006.Kroll, John A. “The Complexity of Interdependence”. International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 3 (1993): pp. 321-347.

•	Kearney, A.T. “The Globalization Index”. Foreign Policy Magazine, November-December 2006, pp. 74-81.

•	Masterson, Aracelis. “China in Panama”, Lottery Cultural Journal, Vol. 459, No. 1 (March- April 2005): pp. 73-86. 

•	Vittadini Andres, Susana N. “New Constitutional Challenges and Principles for a Globalization Period”, Tamkang University, Tamkang Journal of International Affairs, Vol. X, No. II (Oct. 2006): pp. 81-124.

•	Wade, Robert H. “Questions of Fairness, In Search of a Just International Economic Order”. Journal of Foreign Affairs, Vol. 88, No. 5 (Sept.-Oct. 2006): pp.136-143.

Electronic Sources

•	“A Basic Guide for Free Trade Agreements”. [database online]. [cited 15 November 2006]. Available from http://www.mfat.govt.nz/downloads/trade/FTAart.pdf

•	Browne, Stephen. “Fair Trade on ITC’s Radar Screen”. International Trade Forum. [database online]. [cited 20 November 2006]. Available from http://www.tradeforum.org/ 

•	“Chicago-Style Quick Guide”. [database online]. – [cited November 23 2006]. Available from http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html.

•	Dam, Kenneth W. “Cordell Hull, the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act, and the WTO”. Chicago: University of Chicago, 2004. [database online]. [cited 12 November 2006]. Available from http://www.law.uchicago.edu/Lawecon/WkngPprs226-50/228-kd-hull.pdf. 

•	“Developing countries in disadvantage with free trade agreements”. [database online]. [cited 03 November 2006]. Available from http://www.citizenstrade.org/freetradeandeconomictheoryexplained.php.

•	International Cooperation and Development Fund, “ICDF SME Development Work: Fast Track to Economic Growth” ICDF.[database online]. [cited 20 November 2006]. Available from http://www.icdf.org.tw/web_pub/20020516162921P22-28.pdf.

•	IR Theory, “IR Paradigms, Approaches and Theories”. [database online]. September 5-2006. – [cited 20 November 2006]. Available from http://www.irtheory.com/.

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•	Ministry of Economic Affairs, Republic of Panama, “Synthesis of the Free Trade Agreement Guatemala-Taiwan”. [database online]. available from http://www.mici.gob.pa/.        

•	Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of China (TAIWAN), Foreign Policy Guidelines. [database online]. [cited 20 October 2006]. Available from http://www.mofa.gov.tw/.

•	Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Panama, “Institutional Vision”. [database online]. Available from http://www.mici.gob.pa/.

•	New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs, “A Basic Guide to Free Trade Agreements”. July 2006. [database online]. [cited 06 November 2006]. http://www.mfat.govt.nz/  

•	The World Bank Group, “Globalization”. [database online]. [cited 06 November 2006]. Available from  http://www1.worldbank.org

•	Speech of Madame Annette Lu, Vice President of the Republic of China to Foreign Relations Council [database online]. [ Cited 30 april 2008] Available from http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/109205.html

•	Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. [database online]. [cited 22 November 2006]. Available from http://www.walter.gehr.net/wvkengl.html. 

•	World Trade Organization, “Understanding the WTO, abbreviations”. [database online]. [cited 01 November 2006]. Available from http://www.wto.org/english/

•	Yarger, H. Richard. “Towards a Theory of Strategy: Art Likke and the Army War College Strategy Model”. [database online]. [cited 20 November 2006]. Available from  http://dde.carlisle.army.mil/authors/stratpap.htm.     



On Line Newspapers
•	Berrocal, Rafael. “Concretan Ventas a Taiwán”. La Prensa,  October 01, 2007.  http://www.prensa.com

•	Castillo Duarte, Edith “Panamá Encabeza Inversión” La Prensa, October 28, 2007. http:www.prensa.com