本研究主要利用陶瓷薄膜以crossflow及Dead-End過濾的方式將含油廢水油水分離。含油廢水主要分為兩種來源，一為CASE系統產生之含油廢水，另一為傳統乳化之含油廢水。
在crossflow過濾型式，初始濾出流速會隨著TMP增加而增加；之後，隨著壓力繼續增加，濾出流速卻呈現穩定態；最後，TMP持續上升而濾出流速反而突升，並且濾出水樣之COD也隨之升高。因此，含油廢水以陶瓷薄膜掃流過濾，在低TMP下過濾方能達到最佳效果。
在Dead-End過濾型式，CASE系統產生之含油廢水以每10 min過濾加入2 min掃流來減少薄膜過濾造成的阻塞，並且，當濾速低於100 L m-2 H-1以下，TMP可達穩定態。相較來說，以傳統乳化之含油廢水來進行過濾，薄膜內因阻塞造成TMP隨時間變化而逐漸累積上升。
以薄膜Dead-End過濾CASE系統產生之含油廢水的探討中，將討論廢水特性造成薄膜過濾之影響。廢水濃度設為0.1至1％，不過，廢水濃度之大小對薄膜阻塞影響性較小。不過，不同的溶質溶劑比例將會影響薄膜過濾而造成阻塞。在廢水濃度設為0.4％，當溶質溶劑比例為1:1和5:1時，TMP會隨著過濾時間變化而升高，而當過濾溶質溶劑比例為1:10之過濾TMP卻為穩定態。最後，在含油廢水溶劑的回收方面，我們知道當溶劑經過薄膜過濾後可達到回收之最大量。

This research's goal is to separate oil from water using a ceramic membrane operated in crossflow and dead-end filtration modes, respectively. Two types of oily water generated by CASE and traditional emulsification methods, respectively, were treated.
Under crossflow mode, three distinct stages of flux vs. TMP (trans-membrane pressure) relationship could be observed. In the first stage, flux increases with increasing TMP which is followed by the stage of stable flux with increasing TMP. After a threshold TMP which is dependent of crossflow velocity, flux increases again with increasing TMP. At this stage, oil was pushed through membrane pores as indicated by increasing permeate COD.
In dead-end filtration mode, an intermittent crossflow (2 min after a 10-min of dead-end filtration) was incorporated to reduce membrane fouling. TMP was stable throughout the experiment for tests operated at flux of less than 100 lm-2h-1 when CASE generated water was treated. On the other hand, TMP increased gradually with time for treating traditionally emulsified oily water.
Effects of oily water compositions generated by CASE on dead-end filtration were also investigated. Oil contents ranging from 0.1 to 1% have not detrimental effect on membrane fouling. However, extractant/solvent ratios do have impact on membrane fouling. At fixed oil content of 0.4%, TMP for treating oily water made of extractant/solvent ratios of 1:1 and 5:1 increased with increasing filtration time. Finally, the recovery of oil from membrane retentate was compared with that of original water, showing enhancement of oil recovery after membrane filtration.

第一章 前言	1
1-1 研究背景	1
1-2 研究目的	2
第二章 文獻回顧	4
2-1 乳化	4
2-2 微米油膜氣泡萃取系統	5
2-3 油水分離之研究	6
2-4 薄膜分離	7
2-4-1 薄膜種類	7
2-4-2 薄膜分離機制及應用	9
2-4-3 薄膜阻塞	12
2-5實驗參數之探討	13
2-5-1 濃度極化	13
2-5-2 結垢現象	15
2-5-3 薄膜穿透壓力	18
2-5-4 掃流速度	19
2-5-6 臨界通量	20
第三章 實驗方法	23
3-1實驗材料	23
3-1-1 實驗藥材	23
3-1-2 含油原水	25
3-1-2 陶瓷薄膜	25
3-2 實驗設備	26
3-3 實驗方法	28
3-3-1 實驗步驟與流程	28
3-3-2 薄膜清洗	30
3-4 分析方法	31
3-4-1 化學需氧量分析	31
3-4-2 壓力監測	32
第四章 結果與討論	36
4-1 陶瓷薄膜以掃流過濾含油廢水之探討	36
4-2 陶瓷薄膜以Dead-End系統過濾含油廢水之探討	40
4-3  Dead-End過濾時間對含油廢水之探討	43
4-4  Dead-End過濾進流流量對含油廢水之探討	45
4-5 含油廢水之溶質溶劑比例對陶瓷薄膜過濾之探討	48
4-6 含油廢水不同濃度對陶瓷薄膜過濾之探討	51
4-7 不同壓力產生之含油廢水對陶瓷薄膜過濾之探討	53
4-8 含油廢水溶劑回收之探討	55
第五章 結論	61
第六章 參考文獻	63

圖1、各種薄膜孔徑大小[16]	8
圖2、傳統式Dead-End過濾示意圖[17]	10
圖3、掃流式（crossflow）過濾示意圖[17]	11
圖4、阻塞過濾的三種機構[17]	13
圖5、極化現象[26]	14
圖6、無凝膠形成的過濾[17]	15
圖7、有凝膠形成的過濾[17]	16
圖8、過濾濾速與薄膜穿透壓力之示意圖[17]	18
圖9、在每30 min薄膜過濾水樣的間距下，隨著薄膜穿透壓力增加直到濾出流量為非線性曲線，此可表是為薄膜臨界通量[35]	21
圖10、利用薄膜通流來決定臨界流量之界位點[34]	22
圖11、含油廢水之調配方式（傳統乳化及CASE程序）	25
圖12、掃流過濾系統實驗設備圖	27
圖13、Dead-End過濾系統實驗設備圖	28
圖14、掃流過濾系統實驗流程圖	29
圖15、Dead-End過濾系統實驗流程圖	30
圖16、掃流過濾系統下，去離子水以不同掃流流速於薄膜之滲流量對薄膜穿透壓力之關係	31
圖17、薄膜進口壓力-電流轉換計之（低）壓力與電流關係圖	33
圖18、薄膜進口壓力-電流轉換計之（高）壓力與電流關係圖	33
圖19、薄膜出口壓力-電流轉換計之（低）壓力與電流關係圖	34
圖20、薄膜出口壓力-電流轉換計之（高）壓力與電流關係圖	35
圖21、CASE系統之含油廢水，不同掃流流速下濾出通量對壓力之關係	37
圖22、傳統乳化之含油廢水，不同掃流流速下濾出通量對壓力之關係	38
圖23、CASE系統之含油廢水，不同掃流流速下COD對壓力之關係	39
圖24、傳統乳化之含油廢水，不同掃流流速下COD對壓力之關係	39
圖25、利用Dead-End系統過濾傳統乳化與CASE之薄膜穿透壓力與時間的變化	41
圖26、以Dead-End系統過濾傳統乳化與CASE之Specific Flux與出流量的變化	42
圖27、利用Dead-End系統過濾傳統乳化與CASE之COD與時間的變化	43
圖28、過濾傳統乳化與CASE系統之含油廢水，以不同掃流時間對薄膜TMP之關係	44
圖29、過濾傳統乳化與CASE系統之含油廢水，以不同掃流時間對濾出液COD之關係	45
圖30、Dead-End過濾以不同進流流量下，薄膜內TMP對時間的關係	46
圖31、Dead-End過濾以不同進流流量下，薄膜內Specific Flux對時間的關係	47
圖32、Dead-End過濾以不同進流流量下，濾出水之COD對時間的關係	48
圖33、不同比例溶質溶劑（D2EHPA:kerosene）之含油廢水過濾，探討TMP對時間之關係	49
圖34、水中萃取劑與COD之關係圖[6]	50
圖35、不同比例溶質溶劑（D2EHPA:kerosene）之含油廢水過濾，探討濾出之COD對時間之關係	51
圖36、不同濃度之CASE系統含油廢水，過濾之TMP對時間之關係	52
圖37、不同濃度之CASE系統含油廢水，濾出之COD對時間之關係	53
圖38、不同壓力下噴出的含油廢水，以薄膜過濾之TMP對時間的關係	54
圖39、不同壓力下噴出的含油廢水，以薄膜過濾之COD對時間的關係	55
圖40、不同壓力下噴出的含油廢水，靜置後上層液之COD對時間的關係	58
圖41、不同壓力下噴出的含油廢水，靜置後下層液之COD對時間的關係	59

表1、薄膜孔徑大小與過濾適用的壓力[16]	9
表2、藥材清單	24
表3、CASE系統下，Dead-End過濾不同溶劑比例的含油廢水之COD回收	56
表4、傳統乳化下，Dead-End過濾不同溶劑比例的含油廢水之COD回收	56
表5、D2EHPA:kerosene為1:10，靜置10 min後上層COD與原水之濃縮比	60

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