轉爐石(BOF)為鋼鐵製程之工業副產物且為廉價的吸附劑，粒狀氫氧化鐵(GFH)為商品化吸附劑。本研究以磷酸鹽配製含磷人工水樣，轉爐石取自中國鋼鐵公司，採批次式實驗比較轉爐石與粒狀氫氧化鐵去除水中磷，實驗操作參數包含水洗、pH、BOF與GFH添加量、磷初始濃度及接觸時間等。此外，以能量散佈分析儀(EDS)與熱游離式掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)分別測定BOF與GFH之化學成份組成及表面顯微特性。EDS研究結果顯示BOF化學成份組成Ca之重量百分比為12.6%，於水中會溶出鈣且pH大於11，且與水中磷形成Ca-磷酸鹽沉澱物；隨BOF添加量增加而鈣溶出量增加，亦致使磷去除率增加，BOF去除磷主要機制為沉澱。相對地，GFH化學成份組成不含鈣，主要為鐵氧化物佔重量百分比為63%，GFH去除磷主要機制為吸附於表面形成Fe-磷酸鹽化合物；SEM顯微照相亦顯示GFH吸附磷。由於BOF於水中接觸時間30分鐘時鈣溶出達90%，故BOF去除磷於接觸時間30分鐘後無顯著增加，但GFH去除磷則隨接觸時間增加而增加。BOF磷去除量約為GFH之3-4倍，BOF與GFH去除磷之最適pH分別為11與4，隨磷初始濃度增加BOF與GFH磷去除量隨之增加。此外，GFH售價為BOF之120倍。綜合結果，BOF與GFH去除磷機制分別為沉澱與吸附，BOF之磷去除量與經濟性皆優於GFH。

Basic oxygen furnace steel slag (BOF) is an industry by-product from steel manufacture and is a low-cost adsorbent. Granular ferric hydroxide (GFH) is a commercial available adsorbent. This study compares the adsorption removal of phosphate between BOF and GFH. BOF from The China steel company and phosphate-containing synthetic water were used in this study. The operational parameters included water washed, pH, type and dosage of adsorbent (BOF and GFH), initial concentration of phosphate (P), and contact time.   All experiments were conducted by the batch. Furthermore, the chemical composition and surface morphology of adsorbents were examined by energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively.
    The results of chemical composition from EDS tests show that BOF contained 12.6% of Ca (wt%), which released Ca ions from the slag into solution to induce high pH levels to above 11. The released Ca ions could react with P to form the precipitation of Ca-phosphate compounds. The released Ca ions concentration increased with the increasing dosage of BOF and leaded to increase removal of P. In contrast, the chemical composition of GFH did not contain Ca but contained 68% (wt %) of Fe. The removal mechanism of P by GFH was predominant by the formation of Fe- phosphate compounds onto GFH surface. The SEM micrographs show that Fe-phosphate compounds formed on the GFH surface.  The optimum pH for the removal of P by BOF and GFH was at 11 and 4, respectively. The phosphate removal capacity (PRC) of BOF was about 3-4times of that of GFH. The removal of P increased with the increasing both dosage of BOF and GFH. Original BOF could remove more than 90% of P, whereas it was about 20% for water washed BOF. The removal of P by BOF did not increase significant as contact time extended more than 30 min because more than 90% of dissolution of Ca ions occurred during the contact time less than 30 min.  However, the removal of P by GFH increased with the increasing contact time. Moreover, commercial price of GFH was higher as about 120 times of BOF. Overall, the removal mechanism of P by BOF and GFH was precipitation and adsorption, respectively. Based on the PRC and economic feasibility, BOF is a cost-effective adsorbent than GFH for the removal of P.

目錄........	I
表目錄.......	IV
圖目錄.......	V
第一章	前言	1
1-1研究背景	1
1-2研究目的	2
第二章	文獻回顧	3
2-1環境中磷之來源及型態	3
2-1-1磷的來源	3
2-1-2磷的水化學	3
2-1-3磷對環境之危害	5
2-1-4 水中磷之限值	5
2-1-5磷之去除方式	5
2-2磷的吸附	6
2-2-1轉爐石	6
2-2-1-1轉爐石之特性	8
2-2-2粒狀氫氧化鐵(GFH)	9
2-3磷之化學去除技術	10
2-3-1轉爐石去除磷	10
2-3-2其他材料去除磷之方法	11
第三章 實驗材料與方法	13
3-1實驗材料及設備	13
3-1-1含磷人工廢水	13
3-1-2吸附劑	13
3-1-3實驗藥品	13
3-1-4實驗設備	14
3-2轉爐石鈣溶出實驗	15
3-2-1轉爐石於水中鈣溶出	15
3-3 SEM及EDS分析	15
3-4磷去除實驗	16
3-4-1等溫去除實驗	16
3-4-2接觸時間去除實驗	16
3-5水質分析	16
第四章 結果與討論	19
4-1 轉爐石於水中鈣溶出、導電度與pH	19
4-1-1轉爐石添加量對水中鈣溶出、導電度與pH之影響	19
4-1-2轉爐石接觸時間對水中鈣溶出、導電度與pH之影響	21
4-2 磷與鈣化學沉澱	24
4-2-1 磷之基本性質	24
4-2-2磷與磷酸鈣化合物水化學	25
4-2-3鈣添加量對磷去除之影響	26
4-2-4接觸時間對鈣去除磷之影響	27
4-3 轉爐石去除磷	30
4-3-1水洗對轉爐石添加量對磷去除之影響	30
4-3-2轉爐石添加量對磷去除之影響	32
4-3-3接觸時間對轉爐石磷去除之影響	34
4-3-4 pH對轉爐石去除之影響	36
4-4粒狀氫氧化鐵去除磷	38
4-4-1 pH對粒狀氫氧化鐵去除磷之影響	38
4-4-2 粒狀氫氧化鐵添加量對磷去除之影響	41
4-4-3 接觸時間對粒狀氫氧化鐵磷去除之影響	43
4-5轉爐石與粒狀氫氧化鐵磷去除之比較	45
4-5-1 轉爐石與粒狀氫氧化鐵化學組成	45
4-5-2轉爐石與粒狀氫氧化鐵添加量對磷去除之比較	48
4-5-3接觸時間對轉爐石及粒狀氫氧化鐵磷去除比較	50
4-5-4 pH對轉爐石及粒狀氫氧化鐵磷去除比較	51
4-5-5 綜合比較	53
第五章 結論	54
參考文獻	55
表 2-1 常見的無機磷酸鹽化合物     4
表2-2 轉爐石實驗數據整合         10
表2-3 其他除磷之吸附劑          12
表4-1 磷酸鹽與鈣濃度試算表       25
表4-2 轉爐石之元素組成.         46
表4-3 氫氧化鐵吸附前後之元素組成    47
表4-4 轉爐石及氫氧化鐵之綜合比較    53
圖2-1 轉爐石生產流程	7
圖3-1 吸光值與磷濃度之檢量線	17
圖4-1 轉爐石添加量對水中鈣溶出、導電度與pH之影響	20
圖4-2 轉爐石接觸時間對水中鈣溶出之影響	21
圖4-3 轉爐石接觸時間對導電度之影響	22
圖4-4兩小時鈣溶出及導電度之相關性	23
圖4-5 磷酸鹽在不同pH下之形式分佈	24
圖4-6 磷酸鹽與鈣濃度之關係圖	25
圖4-7 鈣添加量對磷殘留率之影響	26
圖4-8 接觸時間對鈣殘留磷之影響 (P = 5 mg/L、pH=10.9-11.1)	28
圖4-9 接觸時間對鈣殘留磷之影響 (P = 10 mg/L、pH=11.3-11.4)	28
圖4-10接觸時間對鈣殘留磷之影響 (P = 20 mg/L、pH=11.1-11.4)	29
圖4-11水洗對轉爐石與GFH添加量對磷去除之影響(P=20 mg/L、30 min)	31
圖4-12 轉爐石添加量對磷殘留率之影響	33
圖4-13 轉爐石添加量對磷去除量之影響	33
圖4-14 轉爐石接觸時間對磷殘留率之影響 (BOF = 200 mg/L、pH=11.2-11.9)	35
圖4-15 轉爐石接觸時間對磷去除量之影響 (BOF = 200 mg/L、pH=11.2-11.9)	35
圖4-16 pH對轉爐石磷去除量之影響 (BOF = 1,000 mg/L、30 min)	37
圖4-17 pH對轉爐石磷去除量之影響 (BOF = 1,000 mg/L、2hr)	37
圖4-18 pH對GFH磷去除量之影響 (GFH = 1,000 mg/L、30min)	39
圖4-19 pH對GFH磷去除量之影響 (GFH = 1,000 mg/L、2hr)	39
圖4-20粒狀氫氧化鐵添加量對磷殘留率之影響	42
圖4-21粒狀氫氧化鐵添加量對去除量之影響	42
圖4-22接觸時間對粒狀氫氧化鐵磷殘留率之影響(GFH=1,000 mg/L、pH=4.1-4.8)	44
圖4-23接觸時間對粒狀氫氧化鐵磷去除量之影響(GFH=1,000 mg/L、pH=4.1-4.8)	44
圖4-24轉爐石之SEM	45
圖4-25粒狀氫氧化鐵吸附前後之SEM	47
圖4-26轉爐石與粒狀氫氧化鐵添加量對磷去除量之比較(P=10 mg/L、2hr)	49
圖4-27轉爐石與粒狀氫氧化鐵最大去除量之比較(P=5、10、20、40 mg/L)	49
圖4-28轉爐石與粒狀氫氧化鐵接觸時間對磷去除量之比較(BOF之pH =11-11.8、GFH之pH =4.5-4.8、2小時、P =10 mg/L)	50
圖4-29 pH對GFH及轉爐石殘留磷之比較 (BOF、GFH = 1,000 mg/L、P =10 mg/L、2hr)	52
圖4-30 pH對轉爐石與粒狀氫氧化鐵磷去除量之比較(BOF及GFH=1,000 mg/L、P= 10 mg/L、2hr)	52

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