此論文將探討美國國家情報總監 論文將使用許多歐巴馬政府於首次執政時期利用國家情報總監所進行的情報改革文獻作為參考。首先，本論文將敘述因九一一恐怖攻擊後實施的國家情報體系改革，以及此改革促成國家情報總監之成立。同時本論文將特別探討美國情報體系，尤其國家情報總監於歐巴馬首次執政時期(2009-2012)，對情報體系整頓所造成的後果。深入討論美國情報體系組織的同時，本論文也會介紹情報過程¬¬¬－計畫與方向、蒐集、分析、製作及傳送。國家情報總監是否達成其目的以及情報體系改革是否有助於國家情報總監加強國防，將會是本論文主要探討的兩大議題。
本論文將從三大方向來深入探討這兩大議題。
一、歐巴馬政府對情報體系所進行之組織改革並未受到相關人士反彈。
二、於歐巴馬政府改革後，國家情報總監相較於中央情報局(CIA)，對隱蔽行動更  
   據影響力。
三、於歐巴馬政府改革下，國家情報總監的無人機計畫以及隱蔽行動成功，將歸於
   正在改變的「必需知道」(Need-to-know)以及「必需分享」(Need-to-
   share)情報文化。
本論文將一併討論與國家情報總監於情報體系改革創立過程中相關的議題。

This thesis represents an analytical study of the United States Office of Director of National Intelligence with specific reference to continual reforms on intelligence in the first term of the Obama Administration. It starts with examining how the 9/11 attacks triggered the Intelligence Community Reforms that led to creation of the ODNI. It further explores the Intelligence Community in the U.S., particularly the ramifications of reorganizations of the ODNI powers and functions, under the Obama Administration, (2008-2012). In-depth discussions concerning the structure of the U.S. Intelligence Community are presented as well as a focus on the defined steps of the intelligence process: planning and directions, collection, analysis, production, and dissemination. This study explored two questions: (i) does the Office of the Director of National Intelligence meet its objectives?; (ii) does bureaucratic reforms within the U.S. Intelligence Community empower the ODNI on national security policy matters? Three prepositions are employed in attempt to answer the two questions: (i) under the Obama Administration, the continual organizational transformation of the Intelligence Community has not met any significant resistance from stake holders; (ii) under the Obama Administration, the Director of National Intelligence has more leverage over covert operations than the director of CIA; (iii) under the Obama Administration, the ODNI's success in drone programs and covert operations is attributed to the changing culture of "need-to-know" and "need-to-share" of intelligence. Implications on issues relating to the restructuring of the U.S. intelligence community in light of the creation of the ODNI as also examined.

Acknowledgements	I
Abbreviations	IV
Chapter 1 Introduction	1
I.	Research Questions	2
II.	Research Prepositions	5
III.	Theoretical Framework	7
IV.	Literature Review	11
V.	Research Limitations	14
VI.	Organization	14
Chapter 2	16
The History of the U.S. Office of Director of National Intelligence	16
I.	From DCI to DNI	19
II.	The Legal Background of the ODNI	28
III.	Directors Tenures: 2005-2012	33
IV.	The Concept of Intelligence	37
Conclusion	46
Chapter 3	48
Leverage, Powers of ODNI and Oversight Control	48
I.	Leverage and Powers of ODNI	48
II.	The Powers of the ODNI	52
III.	Oversight	59
IV.	Legislative Branch	66
Conclusion	70
Chapter 4	74
Performance, Successes and Failures of the ODNI	74
I.	Performances (2009-2012)	74
a)	Successes of the ODNI under the First term of Obama Administration	76
b)	ODNI Operational Successes in Comparison to Missions	78
II.	ODNI Failures	83
a)	ODNI’s failures on Arresting Al-Qaida’s Number two	83
b)	ODNI Failures on Benghazi	84
c)	ODNI Failures on Detroit Aircraft Terrorists Attempt	86
d)	ODNI Failures on Leaks	86
e)	ODNI Failures on Arab Spring Estimates	87
III.	Scholarly Proposals on the ODNI to Enhance Successes and Mitigate Failures	89
a.	Increased Integration to Enhance ODNI Successes	91
b.	Recommendations on Roles of the ODNI in Maximizing Successes	98
c.	Recommendations on Global partnerships to Avert Failures	100
d.	Recommendations on Oversight Control Mechanisms Over the ODNI	103
Conclusion	106
Chapter 5	108
Conclusion	108
Major Research Findings.	110
Discussion of Findings on Research Questions	112
Discussion of Findings with Reference to Prepositions and Performances of the ODNI	114
Discussion of Findings with Reference to the Concept of Oversight	117
Reflections on Future Research	117
Bibliography	122
Appendix A	139
Intelligence Community Time Line	139
Appendix B	141
Post 9/11 structure of Intelligence Community	141

Table of Figures


Figure 1: A Typical Intelligence Cycle	41
Figure 2: The Intelligence Cycle Model and Patterns of Interactions mostly in the U.S. Context.	44


List of Tables
Table 1: Summary of major prir-9/11 Initiatives Leading to Creation of ONDI	25
Table 2: Intelligence Community reforms Highlights	32
Table 3: Table of major oversight reforms	69

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Newspapers 
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Web Materials 
Johnson, Paul M. “A Glossary of Political Economy Terms." Accesses January 10, 2013 http://www.auburn.edu/~johnspm/gloss/autocracy.
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Sanders, Ronald. “9/11 Management Lessons: #1 - Chain Of Command Can't Stand Alone.” Aol Government. August 30, 2011, accessed March 05, 2013. http://gov.aol.com/2011/08/30/9-11-management-lessons-1-chain-of-command-cant-stand-alone/.
Strickland, Frank B. “The Next Four Years: Intelligence Community Reform - Refining not Rebooting.” IBM Center for The Business of Government, October 18, 2012, accessed March 10, 2013. http://www.businessofgovernment.org/blog/business-government/next-four-years-intelligence-community-reform-refining-not-rebooting.
Usaf.Mil-Biographies: Lieutenant General James R. Clapper Jr." Accessed, March 10, 2013. http://www.af.mil/information/bios/bio.asp?bioID=5005.
Weitz, Richard, ed. “Project on National Security Reform: Case studies.” Accessed March 10, 2012. http://www.pnsr.org/data/files/pnsr%20case%20studies%20vol.%201.pdf.

Additional Visited Websites 
 
Bush, George W. “Fact Sheet: President Bush Remarks on the War on Terror.” 6 October 2005. http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2005/10/20051006-2.html.
CATO Institute. http://www.cato.org/defense-studies/intelligence.html. 
Center for the Study of Intelligence. http://www.odci.gov/csi/index.html. 
Central Intelligence Agency. http://www.cia.gov/. 
Defense Intelligence Agency. http://www.dia.mil/. 
Department of State - Bureau of Intelligence and Research. http://www.state.gov/s/inr/. 
http://www.intelligence.gov/.
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (formerly NIMA). http://www.nga.mil/portal/site /nga01/. 
National Intelligence Council (NIC). http://www.odci.gov/nic/NIC_home.html. 
National Reconnaissance Office. http://www.nro.gov/. 
National Security Agency (NSA). http://www.nsa.gov/. 
National Security Experts Blog. http://security.nationaljournal.com/.
Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive. http://www.ncix.gov/index.html. 
Presidential Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board. http://www.whitehouse.gov/pfiab/.
U.S. Army Intelligence and Security Command. http://www.inscom.army.mil/. 
www.pnsr.org/data/files/pnsr%20case%20studies%20vol.%201.pdf.