共享內容物件參考模型(Sharable Content Object Reference Model, SCORM)定義了在遠距教學中所使用的教材內容規範，並且記錄學習者之學習活動歷程。近年來，SCORM被廣泛地應用於數位學習與遠距教學領域中不同類型系統的開發與建置，如課程編輯系統、線上學習管理系統以及教材內容管理系統中，以提供使用者及系統開發者更具標準化的參考依據。

就現有的數位學習環境而言，可供學習者進行學習活動的系統大部分皆基於多媒體或網路相關技術所建構而成，並以個人電腦或行動裝置等數位化學習載具，負責將相關課程呈現於學習者端。然因考量傳統的學習模式大多仍為基於紙本書籍之學習活動，因此，在本論文中，我們提出了一新型態之學習環境，讓學習者能於紙本書籍上結合多樣性之數位學習裝置進行符合SCORM標準之課程閱讀與學習行為，我們稱之為「Hard SCORM」學習環境。在我們提出的Hard SCORM學習環境中，使用了具備文字辨識功能的筆式裝置作為連結紙本書籍與數位資源之間的橋樑，稱之為「Hyper Pen」。因此，學習者可透過傳統紙本教科書進行學習活動，並獲取相關的數位學習資源。而關於學習內容製作部分，我們開發了一套課程編輯系統，提供教學者能快速的製作符合SCORM標準之課程，而這些教材內容不但可於一般數位化的學習平台呈現外，亦可以紙本書籍的方式予以呈現。

為了讓Hyper Pen及後端的學習管理系統能達到訊息溝通的目的，在本論文中，我們定義了不同性質的Hard SCORM標籤，用以呈現相關之數位學習資源及課程內容互動性於紙本書籍中。這些Hard SCORM標籤可透過前述之課程編輯系統印製於紙本書籍的字裡行間中，讓學習者透過Hyper Pen進行辨識，並結合多樣化之電子式學習載具呈現相關數位學習資源，進而達到將實體文件中的資訊與數位世界的資訊相互連結。而為有效管理學習者於紙本書籍中之學習行為，我們提出了一個基於有限狀態機概念之學習規範機制，稱為Hard SCORM Machine (HSM)以進行紙本書籍中之學習行為規範，其包含了學習行為規則的定義以及相對應的系統回應動作。因此，學習者可在不失去閱讀紙本上的舒適性與參考資料的豐富性上取得一個平衡點，而這些學習行為也將滿足SCORM所定義出的學習模式。

The Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) includes a representation of distance learning contents and a behavior definition of how users should interact with the contents. The reference model is widely used in the development of authoring tools, learning management systems, and content repositories for the e-Learning community. 

Up to now, most e-Learning systems have been based on multimedia and Web technologies on electronic learning platforms, such as personal computers and handheld devices. We take a further step to advance the field by implementing a pervasive learning environment which enables learners to read SCORM-compliant hard-copy textbooks using multimodal multimedia devices. The pervasive learning environment with SCORM-compliant hard-copy textbooks is called “Hard SCORM” learning environment, which employs a pen-like OCR device (called Hyper Pen) as an input mechanism to affiliate the physical world of printed pages and the virtual world of computers. With respect to the learning contents for supporting such learning environment, an efficient authoring tool was developed for serving the generation and consistency of learning contents while being applied to the multimodal learning devices with different layouts. 

Some specific tags were defined to specify the corresponding information or interactions that can not be performed in the hard-copy books. These tags can be printed in SCORM-compliant textbooks and recognized by Hyper Pen for the navigation control. A computer, a PDA, or a cellular phone can be used for supervising the user learning behavior using the Hard SCORM Machine (HSM). The HSM is based on the concept of Finite State Machine and contains a formal definition of the functionalities and system response actions. Therefore, learners can read hard-copy textbooks in a traditional manner while the process of reading conforms to the SCORM specification.

CONTENTS

CONTENTS	I
LIST OF FIGURES	III
LIST OF TABLES	IV

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION	1
CHAPTER 2 RELATED WORKS	9
2.1 Sharable Content Object Reference Model (SCORM) Specification	9
2.2 SCORM-based Authoring Tools	21
2.3 The Back-End Learning Management System for Supporting 
Hard SCORM learning environment	26
2.4 Related Researches under the Concept of Human-Computer 
Interaction (HCI)	30
CHAPTER 3 HARD SCORM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE	36
3.1 System Architecture of Hard SCORM Learning Environment	36
3.2 Hard SCORM Tags Definition	40
3.3 Hard SCORM Machine	45
	3.3.1 Definition of Hard SCORM Machine (HSM)	46
	3.3.2 Transaction in Hard SCORM Machine	50
	3.3.3 Transition Tables of Hard SCORM Machine	52
3.4 Persistence of Learning Records	55
CHAPTER 4 IMPLEMENTATION	58
4.1 Introduction of Hard SCORM Authoring Tool	59
	4.1.1 The Design of Graphic User Interface	59
	4.1.2 SCORM-compliant Courseware Authoring Process	62
4.2 Main Components in Hard SCORM Authoring Tool	64
	4.2.1 Operations on Content Aggregation	65
	4.2.2 Metadata Editor with Automatic Filling Mechanism	66
	4.2.3 Sequencing Editor and Sequencing Testing Mode	68
	4.2.4 Hard SCORM Course Editor	70
	4.2.5 Metadata Searching Engine	73
	4.2.6 Integrating With Other Advanced Tools	75
4.3 SCORM-Compliant Hard Copy Books Layout	78
CHAPTER 5 EXPERIMENTS AND DISCUSSIONS	81
5.1 Experimental Assumptions and Experiment Setup	81
5.2 Experimental Result and Analysis on Hard SCORM 
Learning Environment	84
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK	90
BIBLIOGRAPHY	93


LIST OF FIGURES 

Figure 1.1: Demonstration of Using the Hard SCORM Learning Environment	6
Figure 2.1: The Cross Domain SCORM-Compliant LMS	29
Figure 2.2: SCORM LMS on PDA and Smart Phone	30
Figure 2.3: The Augmented Reading Environment of Listen Reader System	32
Figure 2.4: The Appearance and Configuration of EHANCEDESK System	33
Figure 3.1: The Hard SCORM Machine (HSM)	47
Figure 3.2: The Quiz Submachine	49
Figure 4.1: The GUI of the Hard SCORM Authoring Tool	60
Figure 4.2: The Metadata Wizard in Hard SCORM Authoring Tool	67
Figure 4.3: An Xml-Based Sequencing Node Representation	69
Figure 4.4: The Sequencing Editor in Hard SCORM Authoring Tool	69
Figure 4.5: Sequencing Testing Mode in the Hard SCORM Authoring Tool	70
Figure 4.6: Hard SCORM Course Editor User Interface	71
Figure 4.7: The Printing Wizard for Creating the SCORM-compliant Books	73
Figure 4.8: Metadata Searching Engine in the Hard SCORM Authoring Tool.	74
Figure 4.9 (a): Allocation of Remote Server	75
Figure 4.9 (b): Web Services Selection Dialog Box	75
Figure 4.10: The Video Presentation Toolkits and the Video Presentation Course	76
Figure 4.11: The Video SCORM Authoring Tool	77
Figure 4.12: Example of a Hard SCORM Student ID and Control Panel	79
Figure 4.13: Example of a Hard SCORM-Compliant Textbook	80
Figure 5.1: Using Hard SCORM Learning Environment with Hyper Pen	84


LIST OF TABLES 

Table 2.1: The Evolution of SCORM	20
Table 2.2: Features of Some Well-Known SCORM-Compliant Authoring Tools	25
Table 2.3: Summary of the Aforementioned HCI Systems	35
Table 3.1: Transition Table of the Hard SCORM Machine	53
Table 3.2: Transition Table of the Quiz Submachine	54
Table 3.3: Summary of Audio Messages	55
Table 5.1: The Scoring of the Degree of Acceptance for Each Item	84
Table 5.2: Result of the Questionnaire	86
Table 5.3: The Evaluations on Hard SCORM Authoring Tool 
and the Learning Materials	89

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