本論文先將8根發射天線以及8根接收天線做環型陣列的擺設，再利用射線彈跳追蹤法計算出任意給定室內無線環境之脈衝響應，在發射端與接受端均使用波束合成的技術，使能量聚焦，減少通道之間的多路徑效應干擾。再藉由基因演算法(Genetic Algorithms, GA)和自我適應之動態差異演算法(Self-Adative Dynamic Differential Evolution,SADDE)來調整天線的激發振福及每一根陣列元素上的饋入線長度，並且降低傳輸的位元錯誤率。
在同一個室內模擬環境下，我們分成直接波與非直接波的兩種方式，分別用基因演算法與自我適應之動態差異兩種演算法執行出模擬場型圖，根據模擬結果顯示，自我適應之動態差異演算法在收斂速度及位元錯誤率方面，性能都比基因演算法來的更好。

In this thesis, beamforming techniques are employed to reduce the multi-path effect of the channel and bit error rate. We use eight transmitter antennas and eight receiver antennas as the circle antenna array. Shooting and bouncing ray/image(SBR/Image) technique combining with antenna pattern are used to calculate the impluse response in indoor wireless environment. 
We adjust the excitation amplitude and  feedlength of each array element by using the Genetic Algorithms(GA) and Self-Adative Dynamic Differential Evolution(SADDE) method .
Both Line-of-sight (LOS) and non-Line-of-sight(NLOS) cases are presented in the  indoor environment. We synthesize the patten of the antenna array by using Genetic Algorithms(GA) and Self-Adative Dynamic Differntial Evolution(SADDE).  Numerical results show that SADDE algorithm outperforms GA algorithm in terms of bit error rate and convergence speed.

第一章	概論P.1
1.1 研究背景P.1
1.2 研究使用方法P.8
1.3 各章內容簡述P.8
1.4 研究貢獻P.9
第二章	智慧型天線系統P.10
    2.1 基本定義與工作原理P.10
    2.2 智慧型天線優點P.12
第三章	超寬頻天線陣列系統P.16
	3.1 系統概述P.16
	3.2環形陣列P.18
	3.3 超寬頻環型天線陣列P.21
第四章	傳輸通道系統描述P.27
	4.1無線電波傳播通道分析.P.27
	4.2 通道模型計算分析P.28
		4.2.1射線彈跳追蹤法流程分析P.28
		4.2.2利用何米特法與快速反傅立葉轉換計算出時域響應P.32
	4.3訊號系統架構
        4.3.1發射訊號波型P.35
        4.3.2位元錯誤率之計算P.36
第五章	基因演算法與自我適應之動態差異演化法P.40
	5.1基因演算法P.40
	5.2基因演算法之三大運算P.44
		5.2.1 複製(reproduction)P.44
		5.2.2 交配(crossover)P.45
		5.2.3 突變(mutation)P.45
	5.3  基因演算法之主要特性P.47
	5.4 基因演算法於合成輻射場型之應用P.48
	5.5自我適應之動態差異型演化法P.49
第六章	數值模擬結果P.57
	6.1 模擬環境與參數設定P.57
	6.2 模擬結果分析及比較P.60
		6.2.1	基因演算法(LOS)P.62
		6.2.2	自我適應之動態差異演算法(LOS)P.66
		6.2.3	基因演算法(NLOS)P.70
		6.2.4	自我適應之動態差異演算法(NLOS)P.74
第七章	結論P.78
參考文獻    P.79
圖目錄
圖2.1 智慧型天線同時服務兩個同頻道之用戶端示意圖	P.10
圖2.2 空間分隔多工系統方塊圖	P.11
圖3.1 智慧型超寬頻天線陣列系統架構圖	P.16
圖3.2 含N個天線元件組成的環型陣列示意圖	P.19
圖3.3 超寬頻環型天線陣列示意圖	P.23
圖4.1 SBR/Image 程式流程圖	P.30
圖4.2 何米特程序的信號處理步驟與快速反傅立葉轉換過程	P.33
圖4.3 信號經過何米特程序與快速反傅立葉轉換處理後之結果P.34
圖4.4 二位元脈衝振幅調變位元錯誤率系統架構圖	P.35
圖4.5 傳送高斯二次微分脈波的波型示意圖	P.36
圖4.6 FCC對室內及室外超寬頻系統的頻段及輻射能量限制圖	P.37
圖5.1  基因演算法之流程圖	P.43
圖5.2  基因演算法之突變過程圖	P.46
圖5.3 自我適應之動態差異型演化法流程圖	P.51
圖5.4 自我適應之動態差異型進化法中突變方法一的示意圖	P.53
圖5.5 自我適應之動態差異型進化法中突變方法二的示意圖	P.54
圖5.6 自我適應之動態差異型進化法中的交配向量於一個二維目標函數 等位線圖描述的示意圖	P.55
圖6.1  模擬環境平面圖	P.57
圖6.2  Tx的X-Y平面輻射場型圖	P.62
圖6.3  Tx的 輻射場型圖	P.62
圖6.4  Rx的X-Y平面輻射場型圖	P.63
圖6.5  Rx的 輻射場型圖	P.63
圖6.6  位元錯誤率	P.64
圖6.7  適應值函數	P.64
圖6.8  Tx的X-Y平面輻射場型圖	P.66
圖6.9  Tx的 輻射場型圖	P.66
圖6.10  Rx的X-Y平面輻射場型圖	P.67
圖6.11  Rx的 輻射場型圖	P.67
圖6.12  位元錯誤率	P.68
圖6.13  適應值函數值	P.68
圖6.14  Tx的X-Y平面輻射場型圖	P.70
圖6.15  Tx的 輻射場型圖	P.70
圖6.16  Rx的X-Y平面輻射場型圖	P.71
圖6.17  Rx的 輻射場型圖	P.71
圖6.18  位元錯誤率	P.72
圖6.19  適應值函數值	P.72
圖6.20  Tx的X-Y平面輻射場型圖	P.74
圖6.21  Tx的 輻射場型圖	P.74
圖6.22  Rx的X-Y平面輻射場型圖	P.75
圖6.23  Rx的 輻射場型圖	P.75
圖6.24  位元錯誤率	P.76
圖6.25  適應值函數值	P.76
表目錄
表1.1無線通訊標準之傳輸速率比較	P.4
表5.1　基因演算法相關之名詞解釋與中英文對照表	P.40
表6.1  GA-LOS 激發電壓與饋入線長度	P.65
表6.2  SADDE-LOS 激發電壓與饋入線長度	P.69
表6.3  GA-NLOS 激發電壓與饋入線長度	P.73
表6.4  SADDE-NLOS 激發電壓與饋入線長度	P.77

[1] Federal Communications commission, ‘‘Revision of Part 15 of the Commission`s Rules Regarding Ultra-Wideband Transmission System, First Peport And Order,’’ ET Docket 98-153, FCC 02-48, 2002, February 14,pp. 1-118
[2] T. S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications, Prentice Hall PTR, 2002.
[3] I. Oppermann, M. Hamalainen and J. Iinatti, UWB Theory and Applications, John          Wiley & Sons, 2004.
[4] H. Jeffrey and Reed, An Introduction to Ultra Wideband Communication Systems, Prentice Hall PTR, 2005. 
[5] 吳匡時, “MB-UWB技術規範,” 新通訊元件雜誌, 76期, 6月, 2007年.
[6] G.D. Durgin, Space-Time Wireless Channels. New Jersy : Prentice Hall PTR,2003.
[7] D. Tse and P. Viswanath, “Fundamentals of Wireless Communication, United Kingdom,” Cambridge University Press,2005.
[8] B.S. Paul and R. Bhattacharjee,  “MIMO Channel Modeling : A Review, ” IETE Technical, vol. 25, issue 6,Nov-Dec. 2008.
[9] C.Oestages and B. Clerckx, “MIMO wireless Cimmunications, ” Elsevier Ltd., Mar.2007.
[10] W. M. Lovelace and J. K. Townsend, “The Effects of Timing Jitter and Tracking on the Performance of Impulse Radio,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, vol. 20, no. 9, pp. 1646-1651, December 2002.
[11] E. Saberini and A. H. Tewfik, “Receiver Structures for Multi-Carrier UWB Systems,” Proc. 7th International Symposiun on Signal Processing and 1ts Applicatons, vol. 1, pp. 313-316, July 2003.
[12] R. A. Scholtz and M. Z. Win, “Impulse Radio,” Invited Paper, IEEE PIMRC 1997, Helsinki, Finland.
[13] M. Z. Win and R., A. Scholtz, “Ultra-Wide Bandwidth Time-Hopping Spread-Spectrum Impulse Radior for Wireless Multiple Access Communications,” IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 679-691, April 2000.
[14] 黃存健, “智慧型天線系統自無線通訊系統之應用,” 中原大學電子系碩士論文, 1999.
[15] 吳志修, “智慧型天線系統於遠近迴想傳播通道模型之效能評估,” 國立東華大學電機系碩士論文, 2002.
[16] C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory analysis and design, John Wiley & Sons, 2005. 
[17] 賴智揚, “智慧型天線於寬頻分碼多重進接存取系統之應用,” 中原大學電子系碩士論文, 2002.
[18] E. Gueguen, F. Thudor and P. Chambelin, “A low cost UWB printed dipole antenna with high performance,” Ultra-Wideband, ICU 2005, IEEE International Conference, pp.89-92, Sept, 2005. 
[19] F. T. Talom, B. Uguen, L. Rudant, J. Keignart, J. F. Pintos and P. Chambelin, “Evaluation and Characterization of an UWB Antenna in Time and Frequency Domains,”  Ultra-Wideband, The 2006 IEEE International Conference, pp.669-673,  Sept. 2006.
[20]  I. Oppermann, M. Hamalainen and J. Iinatti, UWB Theory and Applications, John 		  Wiley & Sons, 2004.
[21] E. W. Kamen and B. S. Heck, Fundamentals of Signals and Systems Using the Web and Matlab, Prentice-Hall, 2000.
[22] E. Saberinia and A. H. Tewfik, “Single and multi-carrier UWB communications,” IEEE Seventh International Symposium on Signal Processing and Its Applications, 2003. Proceedings. Vol. 2, pp. 343 - 346 , July 2003.
[23] Z. Tian and G. B. Giannakis, “BER sensitivity to mistiming in ultra-wideband impulse Radios-part I: nonrandom channels,” IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, pp. 1550 - 1560, Apr 2005.
[24] K. Siwiak, P. Withington and S. Phelan, “Ultra-wide band radio: the emergence of an important new technology,” IEEE VTS 53rd .Vehicular Technology Conference, 2001. VTC 2001 Spring. Vol. 2, pp. 1169 – 1172, May 2001.
[25] K. Siwiak, “Ultra-wide band radio: introducing a new technology,” IEEE VTS 53rd .Vehicular Technology Conference, 2001. VTC 2001 Spring. Vol. 2, pp. 1088 - 1093, May 2001.
[26] Z. Tian and G. B. Giannakis, “BER sensitivity to mistiming in ultra-wideband impulse Radios-part II: fading channels,” IEEE Transactions on Speech, and Signal Processing.,Vol. 53, pp. 1897 - 1907, May 2005.
[27] C. C. Chiu and C. P. Wang, “Bit error rate performance of high-speed tunnel communication,” IEEE MTT-S International Microwave and Optoelectronics Conference, 1997., Vol. 1, pp. 186 - 191, Aug. 1997.
[28] D. E. Goldberg, Genetic Algorithm in Search Optimization and Machine Learning, Addison Wesley, 1989.
[29] J. M. Johnson and Y. R. Samii, “Genetic algorithms in engineering electromagnetics,” IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 39, No.4, pp.7-21, Aug. 1997.
[30] J. A. Vasconcelos, J. A. Ramírez, R. H. C. Takahashi and R. R. Saldanha, “Improvements in genetic algorithms,” IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Vol. 37, No. 5, pp. 3414-3417, Sept. 2001.
[31]	R. F. Harrmgton, Field Computation by Moment Method, New York: Macmillan, 1968.
[32]	C. H. Sun and C. C. Chiu “Inverse Scattering of Dielectric Cylindrical Target Using Dynamic Differential Evolution and Self-Adaptive Dynamic Differential Evolution,” International Journal of RF and Microwave Computer-Aided Engineering, Vol. 23, Issue 5, pp. 579–585,  Sept. 2013.
[33]	C. C. Chiu, C. H. Sun, C. L. Li and C. H. Huang, “Comparative Study of Some Population-based Optimization Algorithms on Inverse Scattering of a Two- Dimensional Perfectly Conducting Cylinder in Slab Medium,” IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 51, pp. 2302–2315, Apr. 2013.
[34] A. S. Jazi, S. M. Riad, A. Muqaibel and A. Bayram, “Through-the-Wall Propagation and Material Characterization,” DARPA NETEX Program Report, Nov. 2002.
[35] S. Imada and T. Ohtsuki, “Pre-RAKE diversity combining for UWB systems in IEEE 802.15 UWB multipath channel,” IEEE Joint with Conference on Ultrawideband Systems and Technologies. Joint UWBST & IWUWBS. 2004 International Workshop on Ultra Wideband Systems, pp. 236 - 240 , May 2004.
[36] D. J. Gargin, “A fast and reliable acquisition scheme for detecting ultra wide-band impulse radio signals in the presence of multi-path and multiple access interference,” 2004 International Workshop on Ultra Wideband Systems, pp. 106 - 110, May 2004.