§ 瀏覽學位論文書目資料
  
系統識別號 U0002-1707200823594600
DOI 10.6846/TKU.2008.00502
論文名稱(中文) 土質參數折減係數應用於液化影響樁基礎之波動方程分析
論文名稱(英文) Wave Equation Analysis on Piles affected by Liquefaction Using Soil Parameter Reduction Coefficients
第三語言論文名稱
校院名稱 淡江大學
系所名稱(中文) 土木工程學系碩士班
系所名稱(英文) Department of Civil Engineering
外國學位學校名稱
外國學位學院名稱
外國學位研究所名稱
學年度 96
學期 2
出版年 97
研究生(中文) 李漢珽
研究生(英文) Han-Ting Lee
學號 695380880
學位類別 碩士
語言別 繁體中文
第二語言別
口試日期 2008-06-25
論文頁數 208頁
口試委員 指導教授 - 張德文
委員 - 陳正興
委員 - 李維峰
關鍵字(中) 液化潛能評估
土質參數折減係數
波動方程
樁基礎
關鍵字(英) liquefaction potential analysis
soil parameter reduction coefficient
wave equation
pile foundation
第三語言關鍵字
學科別分類
中文摘要
本研究之土質參數折減係數模式,係以一維波動方程模擬地盤液化狀態下之樁基礎動力反應,依據現場土層鑽探資料與鄰近測站之地震紀錄,由土壤液化潛能評估法配合日本相關規範求得液化土層之土質參數折減係數,以此係數對土壤強度模數進行折減,並使用集中質塊法求取自由場之地盤液化反應,再以此為前置解作用於樁基礎之波動方程求解,樁身剛度以簡化之Bouc-Wen模式模擬其非線性行為,以瞭解液化地盤內基樁之變形行為與破壞機制。本研究另與ABAQUS有限元素法軟體及日本地震時之基樁破壞案例驗證本模式之合理性。
    研究結果顯示:(1)液化土層中,土質參數折減係數值變化處易發生基樁變形之轉折點,而衍生較大之內力致使基樁發生破壞;(2)觀察發現,基樁之最大位移易發生於樁頂,其最大彎矩常發生於液化層下方交界處而造成破壞,且損害形式可能以不同型態方式發生;(3)由參數研究可知,SPT-N值液化潛能評估方法中,以日本道路協會簡易經驗法(1996)評估結果最為保守,NCEER修正之Seed簡易經驗法(1997)次之,Tokimatsu and Yoshimi簡易經驗法(1983)評估之地盤液化潛能最低。分析時,若各液化潛能評估法所得之液化層厚度相近,則土質參數折減係數對樁頂最大位移之影響較小,對內力影響較大;(4)影響基樁行為之因子中,以地盤種類影響最大,最大地表加速度次之,地下水位及細粒料含量影響最小;另外,基樁之樁身土壤彈簧及阻尼對樁基礎變形影響較小,對內力變化影響較大;(5)由實際案例研究發現,NCEER修正之Seed液化潛能評估法較能符合實際案例情形,故建議可以NCEER法作為主要之液化潛能評估方法;(6)本研究建立之土質參數折減係數模式,可涵蓋土層液化時之弱化現象,清楚掌握地盤液化反應與樁基礎之動力行為,有助於提供樁基礎耐震分析使用。
英文摘要
This study uses the soil parameter reduction coefficients to model the seismic pile responses affected by liquefied soils. One dimensional wave equation analyses were conducted for the solutions. Based on the bore-hole data and nearby seismic record, the soil parameter reduction coefficients of liquefied layers can be obtained through a pre-analysis for liquefaction potential of the site. The reduction coefficients were used to reduce the soil modulus for liquefied soils, and the lumped mass analysis is performed to obtain the free-field response of the site. The ground deformations are superimposed onto the pile elements for discrete wave equation analysis, and the non-linear pile responses can be simulated through the modified Bouc-Wen model. Thus the deformations and failure mechanism of the pile are able to investigate. This analysis is also validated by linear ABAQUS analysis and the case studies of pile failure due to earthquake in Japan.
  The results of this study are concluded as follows: (1) In the liquefied layers, the sharp changes of soil parameter reduction coefficients may cause greater internal forces to occur and the failure of pile. (2) Largest pile displacements would occur at the pile head. A very large bending moment of the pile that exceeds the ultimate moment of the pile would occur at the interface between the liquefied layer and the underneath non-liquefiable layer. Damage pattern might occur in many ways. (3) For liquefaction potential analyses based on SPT-N values, it is found that the NJRA (1996) method is the most conservative one, where the T&Y (1983) method is the optimistic one. The NCEER (1997) method ends up in the median; In the analyses, if the thickness of liquefied layers are about the same, the reduction coefficient will affect significantly the internal forces of the pile, and relatively insignificant to the pile displacements. (4) For the influence factors on the pile behavior, the ground stiffness has the most influence. PGA is the 2nd significant one. Ground water table and fine content of soil have smaller effects. Furthermore, soil spring and damping have minor influences on pile’s deformations, but they are sensitive to the internal pile forces. (5) The NCEER method is found to provide comparative results to the field observations of the case studies, therefore it is suggested to use NCEER in the corresponding analysis. (6) The reduction coefficient model is rather simple to simulate degradation of the soil modulus, it is conjunct with the liquefaction potential analysis of the site and coincident with common geotechnical engineering practice. This model would be very helpful to the seismic performance analysis of the pile foundations.
第三語言摘要
論文目次
中文摘要														   
英文摘要														   
本文目錄														    I
表目錄 III
圖目錄                                                             IV

第一章	緒論 1
1-1	研究動機與目的                                          1
1-2	研究方法與內容                                          2

第二章	研究背景                                                    4
2-1	前言                                                    4
2-2	土壤液化之發生機制與影響因素                            6
2-2-1	土壤液化之定義與發生機制                        7
2-2-2	影響土壤液化情形之因素                         12
2-2-3	結構物受液化損壞之類型                         17
2-3	液化潛能評估法與土質參數折減係數應用                   21
2-3-1	液化潛能評估法回顧                             21
2-3-2	NCEER修正之Seed簡易經驗法                   31
2-3-3	Tokimatsu and Yoshimi簡易經驗法                  37
2-3-4	日本道路協會簡易經驗法 42
2-3-5	土質參數折減係數規範 48
2-4	波動方程於樁基礎受地震反應之發展與應用                 50
	2-4-1	前期研究發展概述                               50
2-4-2	自由場反應分析                                 54
2-4-3	波動方程基本分析架構 66
2-4-4	樁基礎受地震作用時之波動方程分析               75
2-5	樁身破壞機制與非線性行為模擬方法 83
2-5-1	土壤液化對樁基礎之影響 83
2-5-2	樁身破壞機制 85
2-5-3	樁基礎非線性行為模擬方法 94
			
第三章	模式說明與驗證                                            101
3-1	前言                                                  101
3-2 	土質參數折減係數應用程式分析方法與程序                102
3-3	ABAQUS有限元素法軟體分析結果與比對				  114

第四章	液化影響之參數研究 119
4-1	前言                                                  119
4-2 	假設案例與參數說明                                    120
4-3	樁基礎受液化影響之行為研究                            126
4-4	液化潛能評估方法比較                                  149

第五章	實際案例分析                                              153
5-1	前言                                                  153
5-2	案例一 NHK Building                                   154
5-3	案例二 Tank TA72                                      172

第六章	結論與建議 194
6-1	結論                                                  194
6-2	展望與建議                                            197

參考文獻                                                          198


表  目  錄

表2-1		初步研判土層液化潛能之參數	23
表2-2		國內現行設計規範對土壤液化之相關規定
(摘自 翁作新等人,2004)	27
表2-3		各液化潛能評估簡易經驗法之比較(摘自 陳銘鴻等人,2002)	28
表2-4		SPT傳遞能量百分比(摘自 Seed et al., 1985)	34
表2-5		依地震規模之Cs建議值 (吳偉特,1997)	40
表2-6		日本道路協會新舊土壤液化評估方法之比較
(摘自 黃俊鴻和陳正興,1998)	43
表2-7		不同種類地盤之標準設計水平震度kh0(日本道路協會, 1996)	45
表2-8		日本建築學會規範(1988)之土質參數折減係數DE	49
表2-9		日本道路協會規範(1990)之土質參數折減係數DE	49
表2-10		日本道路協會規範(1996)之土質參數折減係數DE	49
表2-11		地盤反力係數(常數)經驗值(Johnson, 1968)	73
表2-12		最小旋轉半徑計算表(摘自Bhattacharya et al., 2004)	93
表3-1		Bowles(1988)估算土壤楊氏模數經驗式	106
表3-2		各樁徑與α、z參數關係表	111
表3-3		ABAQUS模擬之土壤材料參數	116
表3-4		ABAQUS模擬之基樁材料參數	116
表3-5		兩種數值解之分析時程比較及分析系統說明	117
表4-1		參數研究對照表	125
表4-2		參數研究結果統整	131
表4-3		各液化潛能評估法對地盤液化情形之分析結果	150
表5-1		NHK大樓土壤的基本性質(摘自 林三賢等人,2005)	157
表5-2		NHK大樓基樁的基本性質(摘自 林三賢等人,2005)	157
表5-3		各液化潛能評估法分析結果(NHK Building)	160
表5-4		土質參數折減係數模式輸入參數(NHK Building)	164
表5-5		人工回填島之土壤參數表(摘自 黃俊鴻等人,2006)	173
表5-6		Tank TA72基樁材料性質參數	173
表5-7		各液化潛能評估法分析結果(Tank TA72)	181
表5-8		土質參數折減係數模式輸入參數(Tank TA72)	185


圖 目 錄

圖1-1		研究流程圖	3
圖2-1		液化示意圖(重繪自Ishihara, 1985)	6
圖2-2		飽和沙土不排水試驗液化潛能狀態示意圖
(重繪自 Castro, 1969)	7
圖2-3		流動液化發生機制示意圖(重繪自 Kramer, 1996)	9
圖2-4		反覆流動性發生機制示意圖(重繪自 Kramer, 1996)	11
圖2-5(a)		結構體均勻下陷示意圖(摘自 巫秀星,2005)	19
圖2-5(b)		結構體傾斜破壞示意圖(摘自 巫秀星,2005)	19
圖2-5(c)		結構體上浮破壞示意圖(摘自 巫秀星,2005)	19
圖2-5(d)		斜坡破壞示意圖(摘自 巫秀星,2005)	19
圖2-5(e)		地層滑動破壞示意圖(摘自 巫秀星,2005)	19
圖2-5(f)		側向流導致之破壞示意圖(摘自 巫秀星,2005)	19
圖2-6(a)		結構物張力型破壞示意圖(重繪自 鄭文隆,1985)	20
圖2-6(b)		結構物簡支梁型破壞示意圖(重繪自 鄭文隆,1985)	20
圖2-6(c)		結構物懸臂梁型破壞示意圖(重繪自 鄭文隆,1985)	20
圖2-7		土壤液化評估方法之分類(摘自 巫秀星,2005)	22
圖2-8		NCEER修正之Seed簡易經驗法(1997)分析流程圖	35
圖2-9		NCEER修正之Seed簡易經驗法之臨界液化強度曲線
(摘自 Youd and Idriss, 2001)	36
圖2-10		各國學者建議之地震規模修正因子MSF之比較
(摘自 Youd and Idriss, 2001)	36
圖2-11		Tokimatsu與Yoshimi簡易經驗法(1983)分析流程圖	41
圖2-12		日本道路協會簡易經驗法(1996)分析流程圖	47
圖2-13		自由場集中質塊分解模擬示意圖	55
圖2-14		地盤轉換理論分析法模型示意圖	58
圖2-15		地盤轉換函數分析流程圖	59
圖2-16(a)		基線修正前之速度與位移歷時圖	62
圖2-16(b)		基線修正後之速度與位移歷時圖	62
圖2-17		Chi-Chi地震下自由場分析數值解之比較	64
圖2-18		El-centro地震下自由場分析數值解之比較	65
圖2-19		受地震加速度擾動之SDOF系統	69
圖2-20		間接分析法示意圖(摘自 鄭世豪,2004)	71
圖2-21		樁基礎結構系統受震模擬示意圖	75
圖2-22		側向單樁結構系統分解模擬與節塊元素力平衡示意圖	76
圖2-23(a)		樁頂之節點編號	78
圖2-23(b)		樁頂內緣一點之節點編號	78
圖2-24(a)		樁頂之邊界條件-鉸接	78
圖2-24(b)		樁頂之邊界條件-固接	78
圖2-25(a)		樁底之節點編號	81
圖2-25(b)		樁底內緣一點之節點編號	81
圖2-26		液化土層中樁-土-結構互制示意圖(摘自 林伯勳,2006)	85
圖2-27		箍筋圍束下混凝土應力與應變模式
(重繪自Kent and Park, 1971)	87
圖2-28		典型基樁之彎矩與曲率關係圖	89
圖2-29		鋼筋混凝土結構之損害分類圖(重繪自Luo et al., 2002)	89
圖2-30		樁體彎曲特性三線性模式	89
圖2-31		樁體彎曲特性雙線性模式	89
圖2-32		基樁破壞機制模式(摘自Bhattacharya et al., 2004)	90
圖2-33		工程設計中之樁長與樁徑關係圖(摘自Bond, 1989)	92
圖2-34		蒐集案例之有效細長比(摘自Bhattacharya et al., 2004)	92
圖2-35		有效樁長示意圖(摘自Bhattacharya et al., 2004)	93
圖2-36		Diado混凝土彎曲試驗法(重繪自Meyersohn, 1994)	95
圖2-37		試樁之彎矩與曲率關係圖(摘自Meyersohn, 1994)	95
圖2-38		矩形斷面混凝土與鋼筋之彎矩曲率分析示意圖	97
圖2-39		基樁之等值線性模式(摘自Cubrinvoski et al., 2004)	98
圖2-40		鋼筋混凝土之撓度變化
(摘自Arthur H. Nilson et al., 2003)	100
圖2-41		慣性矩Icr對彎矩-轉角關係的影響(摘自楊宗勳, 2000)	100
圖3-1		土質參數折減係數模式分析流程圖	102
圖3-2		Microsoft® Office Excel液化潛能評估示意圖	103
圖3-3		自由場分析流程圖	104
圖3-4		樁基礎分析流程圖	107
圖3-5		樁身剛度折減示意圖	111
圖3-6		彎矩回歸分析結果	112
圖3-7		曲率回歸分析結果	113
圖3-8		ABAQUS有限元素法軟體分析流程圖	114
圖3-9		土壤液化下單樁之有限元素幾何網格圖	115
圖3-10		El-centro地震時之地表位移歷時反應	118
圖3-11		El-centro地震時之樁頂位移歷時反應	118
圖4-1		標準案例之基樁與地盤剖面圖	122
圖4-2		921地震加速度歷時圖(TCU110)	123
圖4-3		331地震加速度歷時圖(TCU110)	123
圖4-4		修正後921地震加速度歷時圖	124
圖4-5		修正後331地震加速度歷時圖	124
圖4-6		標準案例未液化之基樁反應	132
圖4-7		參數研究分析結果(標準案例)	133
圖4-8		參數研究分析結果(Modified 331地震)	134
圖4-9		參數研究分析結果(PGA為0.1g)	135
圖4-10		參數研究分析結果(PGA為0.45g)	136
圖4-11		參數研究分析結果(PGA為0.75g)	137
圖4-12		參數研究分析結果(地下水位0m)	138
圖4-13		參數研究分析結果(地下水位4m)	139
圖4-14		參數研究分析結果(細粒料含量為20%)	140
圖4-15		參數研究分析結果(細粒料含量為40%)	141
圖4-16		參數研究分析結果(普通地盤,SPT-N值為18)	142
圖4-17		參數研究分析結果(堅實地盤,SPT-N值為40)	143
圖4-18		參數研究分析結果(樁長為13m)	144
圖4-19		參數研究分析結果(樁身勁度為80%)	145
圖4-20		參數研究分析結果(樁身阻尼為120%)	146
圖4-21		參數研究分析結果(樁身勁度與阻尼為80%與120%)	147
圖4-22		參數研究分析結果(上部載重為800kN)	148
圖5-1		液化後新潟地區永久位移量分佈圖(摘自Hamada, 1992)	155
圖5-2		現場調查斷樁破壞圖(摘自Hamada, 1992)	156
圖5-3		樁基礎破壞模式及簡化分析模式(NHK Building)	156
圖5-4		樁身位移與彎矩值分佈圖(摘自Meyersohn, 1994)	158
圖5-5		樁身位移與彎矩值分佈圖(摘自 林三賢等人, 2005)	158
圖5-6		新潟地震(1964)加速度歷時曲線圖	159
圖5-7		土質參數折減係數, DE(NHK Building)	161
圖5-8		基樁最大位移剖面圖(NHK Building)	165
圖5-9		樁身於不同時間下之位移剖面圖(NHK Building)	166
圖5-10		樁身於不同時間下之彎矩剖面圖(NHK Building)	167
圖5-11		樁身於不同時間下之剪力剖面圖(NHK Building)	168
圖5-12		樁身位移歷時反應圖(NHK Building)	169
圖5-13		樁身彎矩歷時反應圖(NHK Building)	170
圖5-14		樁身剪力歷時反應圖(NHK Building)	171
圖5-15		Mikagehama Island地理位置圖(摘自Ishihara, 2003)	174
圖5-16		人工島上儲油槽Tank TA72位置示意圖
(摘自 Ishihara and Cubrinovski, 2004)	174
圖5-17		地盤側向變形量(摘自Ishihara and Cubrinovski, 2004)	175
圖5-18		液化後堤岸移動示意圖
(摘自Ishihara and Cubrinovski, 2004)	175
圖5-19		儲油槽結構剖面與土層分佈概況
(摘自Ishihara and Cubrinovski, 2004)	176
圖5-20		群樁基礎與擠壓砂樁之配置示意圖
(摘自Ishihara and Cubrinovski, 2004)	177
圖5-21		高強度預鑄混凝土樁之彎矩-曲率圖
(摘自Ishihara and Cubrinovski, 2004)	177
圖5-22		No.2基樁之側向位移及樁身損害示意圖
(摘自Ishihara and Cubrinovski, 2004)	178
圖5-23		No.9基樁之側向位移及樁身損害示意圖
(摘自Ishihara and Cubrinovski, 2004)	179
圖5-24		神戶地震(1995)加速度歷時曲線圖	180
圖5-25		土質參數折減係數, DE(Tank TA72)	182
圖5-26		基樁最大位移比較剖面圖(Tank TA72)	186
圖5-27		樁身於不同時間下之位移剖面圖(Tank TA72)	187
圖5-28		樁身最大彎矩比較剖面圖(Tank TA72)	188
圖5-29		樁身於不同時間下之彎矩剖面圖(Tank TA72)	189
圖5-30		樁身於不同時間下之剪力剖面圖(Tank TA72)	190
圖5-31		樁身位移歷時反應圖(Tank TA72)	191
圖5-32		樁身彎矩歷時反應圖(Tank TA72)	192
圖5-33		樁身剪力歷時反應圖(Tank TA72)	193
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