本論文的研究目的在於建構台灣當代「自然導向影片」的類型，並從生態批評論述觀點探討影像傳遞環境意識的語言與方法。這些影片除了本身扮演的媒介功能，也創造另一層自然定義，一種文化再現的自然，不純粹的自然，另類的自然，本身既是荒野，也是科技。
   研究方法主要以田野調查、文獻探討與影像分析為主。田野調查部分，本人於2008年9月到2010年1月，於德國、法國、比利時、愛沙尼亞等國的自然影展蒐集影片資料，也實際參與德國影展策劃過程。文獻探討部分，本論文以當代歐美生態評論為研究方法，耙梳台灣當代記錄片探索的多元生態議題，使台灣「自然導向影片」、「環保影片」或「綠色影片」得以進入全球生態環境論述與展演空間進行交流與對話。此閱讀策略有雙向功能：一方面，以歐美生態論述閱讀台灣影片可提供另類閱讀方法與觀點；另一方面，自然影片探索的地方議題會回頭影響生態論述深度與詮釋廣度。影像分析部分，本文以2004-2009年台灣自然導向記錄片為文本，參與深入分析《草木戰役》、《返家八千里》、《野性蘭嶼》、《無米樂》、《生命》五部影片，探討影片中地方與地方感的建構、人地關係、荒野與野性、生物地區主義、生態疆界消弭、環境正義、毒害污染、危機論述與綠色全球主義等與當今人類生存息息相關的環境議題。
    透過自然影像，人們得以開始想像與建構嶄新的環境互動關係。一方面，地方或傳統文化可透過影像媒介再現，進入全球論述空間；另一方面，自然導向影片也肩負喚起環境意識覺醒的教育功能，因為每個曾經住過、走過、看過、聽過或從影片想像過某地的人，都實際參與環境意識建構的過程。這樣的地方與環境意識流動而不固著，能夠跨越疆界，能夠體會或探討他者、他地或他國的存在問題，卻不忽略每個實體異質的成長環境。這種層層延展的環境意識也存在於文字與影像，使地方能透過故事再現，而這地方也可以是心靈夢想之地。

With the bourgeoning of nature film festivals around the world within these ten years in scale, scope and impact, nature-oriented films are developing beyond their original scope of wildlife or wilderness, and spreading to related fields concerning diverse issues of toxic pollution, environmental justice, crisis of the environment and the relationship between human beings and non-human beings. This dissertation approaches nature-oriented films from the perspective of ecocriticism so as to examine how “nature” is visually represented in “nature-oriented films,” “environmental films,” and “green screens,” and how such visual representation has played the role of an alternative nature as both a prediscursive entity as well as a culture-constructed text. 
    The genres of nature-oriented films are more and more inclusive of diverse methods of representation, such as incorporating scientific knowledge and technological skills. Its motifs include wildlife ecology, the existence of the wilderness, environmental risks, the conflicts between traditional and modern ways of life, scientific education, environmental imagination, the concern for endangered species, and city problems. Two notions need to be emphasized in reading nature films. One is to treat nature per se as an autonomous actor, while all the animals, plants and organic beings are playing the main characters; in comparison, human beings play more the roles of beholders or spectators. Furthermore, the role of film is significant in the way it acts as mediator to connect nature as the main character on the one hand and human beings as the co-constructor of nature on the other hand. The audiences are participating in the process of representation, imagination, and creation of an alternative identity of nature through film watching.
    Certain films of the 3rd Green Screen Internationales Naturfilmfestival, the 5th Darser Naturfilmfestival, the 8th NaturVision Internationales Natur-und Tierfilmfestival, which were held in Germany in 2009, the 15th Festival Nature Namur in Belgium in 2009, the 7th Matsalu Nature Film Festival in Estonia in 2009, and the 27e Festival International Du Film D’Environnement in Paris, France in 2009, and the Green International Film Festival of Taiwan (G.I.F.T.) since its initiation in 2004 will be put into comparison in this dissertation to examine the play of “nature.” Some films that can be considered as new wave “nature-oriented films” of Taiwan, which are supposed to be distinguished from the conventional wildlife films are analyzed in depth: Plant Wars, Bird Without Borders, and Spirits of Orchid Island. Furthermore, I will use the term “traditional environmental films” to distinguish these from the “environmental films” I discuss in chapter three, in which two “environmental films” Let It Be and Gift of Life are examined.

Contents

Abstract (Chinese)    i
Abstract (English)	    ii
Thanks (Chinese)	   iii
Thanks (English)     vii
Preface(Chinese)     xi
Contents    xix
Introduction    1
Chapter I. Ecocriticism as a Methodology to 
          Read Nature-Oriented Films    5
1. An Introduction to Nature-Oriented Films    19
2. Genres of Nature-Oriented Films	    21
3. “Nature” of Nature-Oriented Films —
    i.)  A Prediscursive Entity and a Culture-Constructed Text    35
    ii.) Co-construction & Constrained Constructivism    37
4. Mythos Wald (Mystery Forest) —
     An Example of Nature-Oriented Film	   42
5. Camera-as-domination of Nature —
     Some Qualifications against Praise of Nature-Oriented Films    51
6. The Commercial Consideration of Most Nature-Oriented Films —
      Event Speed vs. Editing Speed    54
7. Natural Events vs. Naturalized Images    57
Chapter II. Nature-Oriented Films of Taiwan from 2004 to 2009 —   
                    An Introduction to Three Films of Taiwan    61
1. Plant Wars (2007) & Spirits of Orchid Island (2008) & 
      Bird Without Borders (2009)	   67
2. Place and Sense of Place    68
3. Deterritorialization and Reterritorialization    73
4. Border-Crossing 
     i.) Plant Wars    75
     ii.) Bird Without Borders	   84
5. Visualized Wilderness    94
6. Wildness in Nature-Oriented Films    105
7. A Continuation of the Wildness in Nature-Oriented Films —
     An Application in Spirits of Orchid Island    111
Chapter III. Environmental Films of Taiwan —
Let It Be (2004) & Gift of Life (2004)     121
1. Let It Be — Taiwanese Farmers’ Identities & Sense of Place	   125
2. Risk Society & Ulrich Beck    134
3. A Continuation of Ulrich Beck’s Risk Society —
     Gift of Life: Dwelling with Crisis    144
4. Caveat — The Excess of Image & Susan Sontag	   154
Chapter IV. Toward a Mature Eco-cinecriticism    163
1. Ecological Glocalization	   165
2. Reterritorialization and Deterritorialization    171
Conclusion      175
Bibliography    179

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Yang, Ming Tu (楊銘塗). “Symbiosis of Man and Nature: Eco-message in Miyazaki’s Animations” (人和自然之共生：宮崎駿動畫的生態訊息). Tamkang Studies of Foreign Languages and Literatures (淡江外語論叢) 5 (2005/05). 67-84.
Yang, Ming Tu (楊銘塗). “Unfolding on a Magnificent Scale and Being in the Ascendant: on Discourses of Deep Ecology” (波瀾壯闊，方興未艾－談深層生態論述). World Literature (世界文學) 009 (2003/12).
Yang, Ming Tu (楊銘塗). “The Myth of Man’s Determination to Conquer Nature”(征服自然／人定勝天的迷思／失：談當代影片的自然／環境想像). Ecohumanism 1 (生態人文主義). Taipei: English Department of Tamkang University, 2002.
Yang, Ming Tu (楊銘塗). “Environmental Crisis and Its Solution: On Miyasaki Hayao’s Animations” (環境危機及其解套：談宮崎駿的動畫). World Literature (世界文學) 006 (2002/12). 40-53.
Zhang, Zhao Wei (張釗維). “The Environment of Taiwanese Television Documentary as a kind of Cultural Industry: A Preliminary Participation and Reflection” (作為一種文化產業的臺灣電視紀錄片製作環境：一個初步的參與觀察與反省). 《電影欣賞》20:3, 2002. 28-34. http://twanmuff.blogspot.com/2008/12/blog-post_7493.html
Zhou, Gui Tian (周桂田). “Globalization and Glocalization – Modern Paradox” (全球化與全球在地化－現代的弔詭).《中央日報》http://www2.tku.edu.tw/~tddx/center/link/grobole_and_ginland.htm.

Nature-Oriented Films
53 Flower House (花宅五十三號). Dir. Lai Bing Huan (蔡秉寰). 2006. 30mins. 
A Fish with a Smile (微笑的魚). Dir. Shih C. Jay (石昌杰) and Tuan Alan (段亦倫) and Lin Poliang (林博良). 2005. 9mins 49secs. 
A Taste of Plum (梅子的滋味). Dir. Guo Xiao Yun. Fullshot Foundation (全景基金會), 2004. 140mins.
A War of Glory (A Chronicle of Fighting for the Taiwanese Countryside: Twenty-Year of Taiwan Environmental Protection Union;捍衛台灣鄉土紀事：台灣環保聯盟20年). Dir. Li Yong Quan (李泳泉) and Chen Li Gui (陳麗貴). Taiwan Environmental Protection Union, 2007. 60mins.
A City of Sadness (悲情城市). Dir. Hou Hsiao Hsien (侯孝賢). 1989. 152mins.
A Dust in the Wind (戀戀風塵). Dir. Hou Hsiao Hsien. 1986. 109mins.
Amorgos (阿瑪斯). Dir. Ke Chin Yuan. 2003. 57mins.
A Summer At Grandpas (冬冬的假期). Dir. Hou Hsiao Hsien. 1984. 94mins.
Banana Paradise (香蕉天堂). Dir. Wang Tung. Central Motion Pictures Company(中央電影公司), 1989. 145mins.
Beyond Heaven and Earth (天大地大). Dir. Ke Chin Yuan (柯金源). 2005. 58mins.
Bird Without Borders: Black-Faced Spoonbills (返家八千里). Dir. Dean Johnson. PTS Taiwan, 2009. 53mins.
Blade Runner (銀翼殺手). Dir. Ridley Scott. Michael Deeley-Ridley Scott, 1999. 118mins.
Blue Cha Cha (深海). Dir. Cheng Wen Tang (鄭文堂). 2005. 107mins.
Blue Vacation (藍色假期). Dir. Huang Min Chen (黃銘正). 2003. 86mins.
Cape No. 7 (海角七號). Dir. Wei De Sheng. Guo Zi Film (果子電影), 2008.133mins.
Corel Mission (珊瑚危機七十二小時). Dir. Fan De Hui (樊德惠). 2007. 25mins.
County Road 184 (縣道184之東). Dir. He Zhao-Ti (賀照緹). 2001. 56mins. 
Covering Sky (遮蔽的天空). Dir. Ji Wen Zhang (紀文章). 2009. 100mins. 
Deliverance (激流四勇士). Dir. John Boorman. Warner Bros, 1972. 110mins. 
Dreams (夢). Dir. Akira Kurosawa. Akira Kurosawa USA, 1990. 120mins.
Drowned Out (滅頂家園). Dir. Armstrong, Franny. Spanner Films Ltd, 2004. 75mins.
Erin Brockovich (永不妥協). Dir. Steven Soderbergh. Universal Pictures and Columbia Pictures, 2006. 133mins.
Farmers in the City (城市農民曆). Dir. Hung Chun Hsiu (洪淳修). 2004. 60mins.
Fighting for Our Land (我們為土地而戰). Dir. Pan Chao Cheng (潘朝成). 2003. 56mins.
Fisherman in the City (河口人). Dir. Hong Chun Xiu (洪淳修). 2006. 62mins. 
For More Sun (夢想無限). Dir. Li Zhong Want (李中旺). 2006. 97mins.
Forward Forest Dream (森林之夢). Dir. Li Ching Hui (李靖惠). 2002. 95mins. 
Gift of Life (生命). Dir. Wu Yi Feng (吳乙峰). Fullshot Foundation (全景基金會), 2004. 142mins.
Gorillas in the Mist: The Adventure of Dian Fossey (迷霧森林十八年). Dir. Michael Apted. Universal Pictures and Warner Bros, 1988. 129mins.
Green Hope (綠色希望). Dir. Pan Ren Jie & Seed of Green Animation Camp. 2007. 11mins.
Grizzly Man (灰熊人). Dir. Werner Herzog. Lions Gate Films and Discovery Docs, 2005. 104mins. 
Hermit Crabs of Plastic House (塑膠寄居蟹). Dir. Yu Li Ping (于立平). 2004. 21mins.
Hill of no Return (無言的山丘). Dir. Wang Tung. Central Motion Pictures Company(中央電影公司), 1992. 175mins.
In the Shadow of the Iron Curtain. Dir. Matthias Hoferichter. Hoferichter and Jacobs GmbH, 2009. 52 mins.
Island Etude (練習曲). Dir. Chen Huai En (陳懷恩). Ziegfeld Films, 2006. 100mins.
Jaws (大白鯊). Dir. Steven Spielberg. Universal Pictures, 1975. 124mins.
Jump! Boys (翻滾吧！男孩). Dir. Lin Yu Hsien (林育賢). 2004. 80mins.
Jurassic Park (侏羅紀公園). Dir. Steven Spielberg. Universal Pictures, 1993. 127mins.
Ko-Tong Rice Club (穀東俱樂部). Dir. Gu Guo Wei (古國威). 2007. 55mins. 
Lake-Cleaning People (淨湖人). Dir. Huang Mei Wen (黃美文). 2007. 46mins.
La Marche de l'empereur (The Emperor’s Journey;企鵝寶貝). Dir. Luc Jacquet. Yves Darondeau and Christophe Lioud and Emmanuel Priou, 2005. 82mins. 
Le Papillon (蝴蝶). Dir. Philippe Muyl. 2003. 85mins.
Le Peuple de I’herbe (Microcosmo;小宇宙). Dir. Jacques Perrin. Galatee Films, 1996. 165mins.
Le Peuple Migrateur (Winged Migration; 鵬程千萬里). Dir. Jacques Perrin. Galatee Films, 2001. 94mins.
Let It Be (無米樂). Dir. Zhuang Yi Tseng (莊益增) and Yen Lan Chuan (顏蘭權). PTS Taiwan, 2004. 110mins.
Love It More Than I Can Say (光榮戰役). Dir. A Kai (羅興階). 2009. 97mins. 
McLibel (卯上麥當勞). Dir. Armstrong, Franny. Spanner Films Ltd, 2005. 85mins.
Memory of 1935 Earthquake (1935大墩仔腳大地震). Dir. Li Li Shao (李立劭). 2001. 90mins. 
Biographies of Macaques (獼猴列傳). Dir. Ke Chin Yuan (柯金源). PTS Taiwan, 2004. 58mins.
My 747 (我的747). Dir. Hou Chi Jan (侯季然). 2004. 11mins.
My Ocean (海洋練習曲). Dir. Lin Zheng Cheng (林正盛). 2008. 56mins.
Mythos Wald – Teil 1 – Tierparadies Und Schattenreich (Mystery Forest – Part 1 – Animal Paradise and Shadow Realm). Dir. Jan Haft. NDR, 2008. 45 mins.
Mythos Wald – Teil 2 – Der Kampf Ums Licht (Mystery Forest – Part 2 – The Fight for Light). Dir. Jan Haft. NDR, 2008. 45 mins.
Natural Born Killer (閃靈殺手). Dir. Oliver Stone. Warner Bros, 1994. 115mins.
On the Trail of the Fox. Dir. Jerȏme Bouvier. Bonne Pioche Production, 2007. 52 mins.
Pick of the Litter – Stray Dogs in Taiwan (養生主). Dir. Chu Hsien Jer (朱賢哲). 2001. 63mins. 
Plant Wars (草木戰役). Dir. Liu Ji Xiong (劉吉雄). PTS Taiwan, 2007. 60mins.
Radio Mihu (部落之音). Dir. Li Zhong Wang. Fullshot Foundation (全景基金會), 2004. 136mins. 
Red Persimmon (紅柿子). Dir. Wang Tung (王童). Central Motion Pictures Company (中央電影公司), 1995. 167mins.
Remember Corel Reef (記憶珊瑚). Dir. Ke Chin Yuan (柯金源). 2004. 48mins.
Rescuing wild Animals (野生動物救援). Dir. Yu Li Ping (于立平). 2004. 56mins.
Road to Heaven (天堂路). Dir. Ke Chin Yuan (柯金源). 2007. 56mins. 
Run Away (策馬入林). Dir. Wang Tung. Central Motion Pictures Company (中央電影公司), 1984. 112mins.
Shell (殼). Dir. Chen Ming Ho (陳明和). 2003. 3mins 34secs.
Shonenko – The Untold Stories of Taiwanese Child Laborers in WWII (綠的海平線 – 台灣少年工的故事). Dir. Kuo Lang Yin (郭亮吟). 2004. 58mins.
Spirits of Orchid Island (野性蘭嶼). Dir. Nick Upton. PTS Taiwan, 2008. 53mins.
Strawman (稻草人). Dir. Wang Tung. Central Motion Pictures Company (中央電影公司), 1978. 94mins.
Summer’s Tail (夏天的尾巴). Dir. Zheng Wen Tang. 2007. 99mins.
Super Size Me (麥胖報告). Dir. Morgan Spurlock. Morgan Spurlock and The Con, 2004. 99mins.
Surviving Evil (油症，與毒共存). Dir. Cai Chong Long (蔡崇隆). 2008. 72mins.
The Boys From Fengkuei (風櫃來的人). Dir. Hou Hsiao Hsien. Wan Nian Qing Film(萬年青影業公司), 1983. 104mins.
The Corporation (企業人格診斷書). Dir. Mark Achbar and Jennifer Abbot and Joel Bakan. Big Media Corporation, 2004. 145 mins.
The Day After Tomorrow (明天過後). Dir. Roland Emmerich. Twentieth Century Fox, 2004. 123mins.
The Dull-Ice Flower (魯冰花). Dir. Yang Li Guo (楊立國). 1989. 93mins.
The Fog Genie. Dir. Liu Song and Hsieh Hsin Chih. Produced by PTS Taiwan, 2008. 15 mins.
The Green Line (綠的地平線). Dir. Sam MacDonald and Yu Cha Chen (余家珍) etc. 2006. 2mins.
The House Master (天下第一家). Dir. Wu Yi Feng. Fullshot Foundation (全景基金會), 2004. 84mins.
The Island (有一個島). Dir. Li He Shou (李鶴壽). 2005. 80mins.
The Long Way of Anti-Nuclear Power (貢寮，你好嗎？). Dir. Tsui Su Hsin (崔愫欣). Fullshot Foundation, 2004. 89mins.
The Man Who Plants Trees (種樹的男人). Dir. Lin Yu Xian (林育賢). 2008. 55mins. 
The Passage (經過). Dir. Cheng Wen Tang (鄭文堂). 2004. 105mins.
The Puppet Master (戲夢人生). Dir. Hou Hsiao Hsien.1993. 143mins.
The River and Me (蘭陽溪少年). Dir. Cheng Wen Tang (鄭文堂). 1998. 89mins.
The Song of Spirits (心靈之歌). Dir. Wu Hong Xiang (吳宏翔). 2006. 91mins.
The Squid Daddy’s Labor (產房). Dir. Ke Chin Yuan (柯金源). 2008. 56mins.
The Time to Live and the Time to Die (童年往事). Dir. Hou Hsiao Hsien. Central Motion Pictures Company (中央電影公司), 1985. 118mins.
Tropical Fish (熱帶魚). Dir. Chen Yu Xun (陳玉勳). Central Motion Pictures Company (中央電影公司), 1995. 108mins.
Une Hirondelle a fait le printemps (夢想起飛的季節). Dir. Christan Carion. 2001 103mins. 
Vertige d’une rencontre. Dir. Jean-Michel Bertrand. Jean-Michel Bertrand. 2009. 64mins.
Wild Birds’ Ecology in Yilan (蘭陽野鳥生態). Dir. Lai Hui-Long. 2007. 20mins.
Wildes Russland (2) – Der Ural (Wild Russia (2) – Ural). Dir. Oliver Goetzl. NDR, 2008. 44mins.
Wildes Russland (4) – Sibirien (Wild Russia (4) – Siberia). Dir. Tobias Mennle. NDR, 2008. 44 mins.

Miyazaki Hayao Animations
Hauru Ugoku Shiro (Howl’s Moving Castle; ハウルの動く城). Dir. Miyazaki Hayao. 2004. 119mins.
Heisei Tanuki Gassen Pompoko (Pom Poko;平成狸合戦ぽんぽこ;平成狸合戰). Dir. Miyazaki Hayao. 1994.
Hotaru no Haka (Grave of the Fireflies;火垂るの墓; 螢火蟲之墓). Dir. Miyazaki Hayao. 1988.
Kariosutoro no Shiro (Lupin III: Castle of Cagliostro; カリオストロの城). Dir. Miyazaki Hayao. 1979.
Kaze no Tani no Naushika (Nausicaa of the Valley of the Wind; 風の谷のナウシカ; 風之谷). Dir. Miyazaki Hayao. 1984. 
Kurenai no Buta (Porco Rosso; 紅の豚; 紅豬). Dir. Miyazaki Hayao. 1992.
Majo no Takkyuubin (Kiki’s Delivery Service; 魔女の宅急便; 魔女宅急便). Dir. Miyazaki Hayao. 1989.
Mimi wo Sumaseba (Whisper of the Heart; 耳をすませば). Dir. Miyazaki Hayao. 1995.
Mononoke Hime (Princess Mononoke;もののけ姫; 幽靈公主). Dir. Miyazaki Hayao. 1997.
Neko no Ongaeshi (The Cat Returns; 猫の恩返し; 貓之報恩). Dir. Miyazaki Hayao. 2002.
Panda Kopanda (Panda! Go Panda!; パンダ・コパンダ). Dir. Miyazaki Hayao. 1972.
Sen to Chihiro no Kamikakushi (Spirited Away; 千と千尋の神隠し;神隱少女). Dir. Miyazaki Hayao. 2001.
Tenku No Shiro Rapyta (The Castle in the Sky; 天空の城ラピュタ;天空之城) Dir. Miyazaki Hayao. 1986.
Tonari no Totoro (My Neighbor Totoro; となりのトトロ; 龍貓). Dir. Miyazaki Hayao. 1988.
Tonari no Yamada-kun (My Neighbors the Yamadas;となりの山田くん). Dir. Miyazaki Hayao. 1999.

Other Animations
A Bug’s Life (蟲蟲危機). Walt Disney, 1997. 95mins.
Animal Farm (動物農莊). Dir. John Halas and Joy Batchelor. De Rochemont Film Inc, 1982. 72mins. 
Bambi (小鹿斑比). Walt Disney, 1942. 76mins.
Brother Bear (熊的傳說). Walt Disney, 1999. 85mins.
Charlotte’s Web (夏綠蒂的網). Dir. Irwin Kostal. Paramount Pictures, 2004. 94mins.
Final Fantasy (夢境實錄). Dir. Hironobu Sakaguchi. Jan Aida, 2001. 100mins.
Finding Nemo (海底總動員). Walt Disney, 2001. 100mins.
Lion King (獅子王). Walt Disney, 1994. 90 mins.
Madagascar (馬達加斯加). Dir. Eric Darmell and Tom McGrath. Dreamworks Animation SKG, 2005. 86mins.
Pocahontas (風中奇緣). Walt Disney, 1995. 82mins.
Tarzan (泰山). Walt Disney, 1999. 88mins.
The Living Forest (復活森林). Dygra Film-Megatrix SAU, 2001. 83mins.
Titan A. E. (冰凍星球). Dir. Don Bulth and Gary Goldman. Twentieth Century Fox, 2000. 95mins.