隨著網路人口激增的同時，串流服務使用量也持續遽增，串流品質將是一項重要的研究議題。本論文主要探討網路換手問題以及封包遺失問題對串流播放流暢性的影響，並提出相對應的改善方法。
針對網路換手問題，為能夠在底層網路介面進行換手的同時，上層串流播放進行相對應處理，本論文提出「基於IEEE 802.21無縫播放機制」，藉由服務特有層中間層軟體，連接上層串流應用與底層無縫換手，利用直線式與曲線式串流播放控制演算法，延長串流播放時間，以實現無縫串流播放，並比較直線式與曲線式串流播放控制在延長播放時間與緩衝區畫面存量的效能差異。
此外，針對封包遺失問題，本論文提出「改良式串流封包遺失防備機制」，結合影像編碼特性，降低向前錯誤更正技術的冗餘封包數量，提升頻寬使用效益，並進一步結合交錯傳輸技術，能夠依據冗餘封包數量適應性調整交錯矩陣大小，以改善連續性封包遺失問題，確保串流封包完整性。

As the Mobile Internet growth increases rapidly, the streaming services users also continue to raise quickly. Streaming service quality will be an important research topic. This thesis discussed the smooth streaming factors, including heterogeneous network handover problem and packet loss effects and then proposed the corresponding improvement methods.
A dynamic playback control scheme for video streaming based on IEEE 802.21 was proposed to reduce the influence of handover between heterogeneous networks. The proposed scheme uses a middleware, so called Service Specific Layer (SSL), to connect IEEE 802.21 media independent handover function (MIHF) with the upper application layer and the lower seamless network handover layer. The SSL provides two playback control methods: linear frame rate mode and curve frame rate mode. Performance comparison results of these playback control methods show that different playback frame rate modes can achieve different video quality and can extend the playing time for handover video playback.
In addition, a novel streaming loss-anticipation scheme was proposed to improve the streaming packets integrity for network packet loss problem. The proposed scheme, named as Novel Adaptive Forward Error Correction (NAFEC), can dynamically decrease the number of FEC redundant packets and efficiently increase the network bandwidth usage. Moreover, the NAFEC scheme also can combine the dynamic FEC and interleaving transmission to handle consecutive packet loss. The simulation results show that our NAFEC scheme can outperform the previous methods in terms of packet loss and the number of FEC redundant packets.

目錄
第一章 緒論1
1.1 研究背景1
1.2 研究動機與目的3
1.3 論文章節架構6
第二章 文獻探討7
2.1 IEEE 802.21異質網路換手協定7
2.2 群播影像傳輸與緩衝區管理技術11
2.3 H.264/AVC與其適應性編碼技術14
2.4 改善封包遺失之技術17
第三章 基於IEEE 802.21無縫串流播放控制機制28
3.1 前言28
3.2 無縫串流中間層軟體之設計28
3.2.1 服務特有層(Service Specific Layer)整體架構28
3.2.2 服務特有層內部功能設計30
3.3 直線式串流播放控制34
3.3.1 漸進式調降模式34
3.3.2 直線式調降模式37
3.3.3 漸進式恢復模式38
3.3.4 實驗環境與設定42
3.3.5 實驗結果與分析43
3.4 曲線式串流播放控制48
3.4.1 曲線式調降模式49
3.4.2 曲線式恢復模式51
3.4.3 曲線式控制參數討論52
3.4.4 實驗環境與設定55
3.4.5 實驗結果與分析55
3.5 小結62
第四章 改良式串流封包遺失防備機制65
4.1 前言65
4.2 新的層級式FEC與交錯傳輸機制66
4.2.1 NAFEC整體架構66
4.2.2 NAFEC機制第一階段保護67
4.2.3 NAFEC機制第二階段保護73
4.3 實驗環境與結果分析77
4.3.1 實驗環境與設定77
4.3.2 實驗結果與分析82
4.4 小結93
第五章 結論與未來研究96
5.1 結論96
5.2 未來研究98
參考文獻100

 
圖目錄
圖2.1 網路換手過程7
圖2.2 MIH Funtion服務架構[9]9
圖2.3 換手的緩衝區狀態[9]12
圖2.4根據緩衝區限制調整傳輸速率[23]14
圖2.5 H.264 SVC適應性編碼層級架構圖[26]16
圖2.6 正向錯誤修正技術20
圖2.7 經由Wireless AP執行EAFEC運作架構圖[37]22
圖2.8 EAFEC機制之FEC冗餘封包數目計算流程[38]23
圖2.9 矩陣大小3*3交錯傳輸矩陣25
圖2.10 交錯式順序發生連續封包遺失的情況26
圖3.1 特有服務層(SSL)整體架構圖[40]30
圖3.2 換手時影像存量與緩衝區上下限的關係33
圖3.3 漸進式調降模式與FPS變化量37
圖3.4 直線式調降模式與FPS變化量38
圖3.5 漸進式恢復模式畫面更新率39
圖3.6 漸進式恢復模式畫面更新率的變化量41
圖3.7 直線式串流播放控制實驗架構圖42
圖3.8 當Tend = 45，比較直線式串流播放控制的延長播放時間43
圖3.9 當Tend = 45，比較直線式串流播放控制的畫面存量44
圖3.10 當FL = 10，漸進式與直線式調降模式延長播放比較45
圖3.11 不同FL情況下，比較漸進式調降模式延長播放時間46
圖3.12不同FL情況下，比較漸進式調降模式畫面存量46
圖3.13 不同FL情況下，比較漸進式恢復模式畫面存量47
圖3.14 曲線式調降模式51
圖3.15 曲線式恢復模式52
圖3.16 曲線式調降模式，參數C對FPS的影響53
圖3.17 曲線式調降模式，參數D對FPS的影響53
圖3.18 四種C、D參數調整比較圖54
圖3.19 曲線式調降模式與漸進式調降模式延長播放時間比較57
圖3.20 曲線式調降模式與漸進式調降模式畫面存量比較58
圖3.21 曲線式調降模式與漸進式調降模式效能比率59
圖3.22 曲線式恢復模式與漸進式恢復模式的畫面更新率比較61
圖3.23 曲線式恢復模式與漸進式恢復模式的畫面存量比較61
圖4.1 NAFEC整體架構圖67
圖4.2 大小為4×4交錯式順序矩陣75
圖4.3 NAFEC實驗環境架構圖78
圖4.4 第一階段保護，不同層級封包遺失率的比較結果83
圖4.5第一階段保護，與EAFEC比較封包遺失數量84
圖4.6第二階段保護，比較不同層級的封包遺失率85
圖4.7 第二階段保護，與EAFEC比較封包遺失數量86
圖4.8 第二階段保護，與EAFEC比較冗餘封包數量87
圖4.9 基本層加強保護，比較不同層級的封包遺失率89
圖4.10 比較基本層加強保護使用前、後的封包遺失率90
圖4.11 各種FEC機制的封包遺失比較91
圖4.12 各種FEC機制的冗餘封包數量比較92

 
表目錄
表2.1 無縫串流播放控制相關的MIES Link事件 [9]10
表3.1曲線式調降模式與漸進式調降模式比較結果56
表3.2 漸進式調降模式與曲線式調降模式延長播放時間能力比較64
表3.3 漸進式恢復模式與曲線式恢復模式畫面存量恢復能力比較64
表4.1 SVC影像串流資料重要性程度的分類68
表4.2 網路系統環境參數79
表4.3 H.264 SVC實驗影片參數80

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