歐洲聯盟（以下簡稱歐盟）於2010年6月14日慶祝申根協定簽訂25周年。申根合作自1985年以來，藉著廢除內部邊境管制，建立共同外圍邊境，為歐盟帶來實質的人員自由流通。然而，人員自由流通的同時，犯罪與威脅亦於區內流竄。為了維持外圍邊境的威脅過濾功能，以補充廢除內部邊境管制所引起的安全赤字，申根會員國建立了「申根資訊系統」，負責儲存具有威脅或待尋人員與物件資訊，此資料庫為會員國邊境管制與司法機構所用，亦是歐盟警察合作中最重要的執法工具之一。

本論文首先闡釋自由與安全間的關係，並解析兩者於歐盟內部安全中的重要性。接著進入主題「申根資訊系統對歐盟內部安全的影響」。本論文探討「申根資訊系統」的內容、運作與問題：在內容方面，「申根資訊系統」是一個大型資料庫，儲存大量個人與物件資料，有效將具有威脅與不受歡迎的人員與物件資訊儲存其中；在運作方面，「申根資訊系統」利用放射狀的資訊傳輸方式，使得各會員國相關機構可快速取得最新資訊，將威脅阻擋於區域之外；在問題方面，由於「申根資訊系統」是一個大型資料庫，儲存之資訊的可取得性，以及警報的分發運用顯得格外敏感，甚至牽涉到人權與資料保護的議題。一個大型資料庫的最大貢獻在於能提供正確與合法之資訊，以利執法人員勤務所需。而「申根資訊系統」由於連線的會員國眾多，因此不易控管資訊來源，遂造成資訊相關人權益上的受損，此外，對於受損權利之後續補償程序亦不夠透明且因國而異。準此以觀，「申根資訊系統」為維護歐盟內部安全的重要輔助機制，然而，「申根資訊系統」實應進一步嚴密資料保護法規，以保護個人權利；並加強與歐盟其他資料庫的相容與合作，以避免資源與人力的重疊與浪費。唯有如此，才能夠提高「申根資訊系統」維護歐盟內部安全的功能。

On 14th June 2010, the European Union celebrated the twenty-fifth anniversary of the signature of Schengen Agreement. Since 1985, the European Countries have started Schengen cooperation. The Schengen area represents a territory where the free movement of persons is guaranteed. The internal bordors of the signatory states to the Schengen Agreement are abolished, then they build a common external border. At the heart of the Schengen coopertion, a so-called “Schengen Information System” (SIS) was set up. The national authorities for border control and judicial coopertion are allowed to obtain information on persons or objects.

In the beginning of this thesis, it clarifies the relationship between freedom and security, and explains the importance of these two concepts in internal security of the EU. Then it comes to analyse the impact of the SIS on the EU’s internal security. This thesis involves the content, operation and problems of the SIS. Basically, the SIS is a large database, which contains numerous personal and objective data. It operates 24 hours a day, and provides relevant information to the related authorities of the EU Member States. The access of the information and the transmission of the alerts are crucial, and it araises the issues of human rights and data protection. We conclude that the national authorities have the access to the SIS, in this circumstance, the right of the related person is indirectly infringed. Moreover, the legal systems within the EU Member States are quite differrent. To sum up, the SIS is the key mechanism for safeguarding the internal security of the EU. However, the EU has to coordinate the data protection laws with the purpose to protect personal rights; besides, the EU also has to enhance the cooperation and interoperability between SIS and other European databases. Only through this way, the SIS can really contribute to strenghten the internal security of the EU.

目錄

第一章 緒論	1
第一節 研究動機與目的	1
第二節 問題意識與研究理論	5
一、	問題意識	5
二、	研究理論	7
第三節 研究範圍與研究限制	8
第四節 文獻探討與研究架構	10
一、	文獻探討	10
二、	研究架構	13
第二章 歐盟自由與安全概念的發展	14
第一節 政治學上的自由與安全	15
第二節 歐盟自由與安全概念的發展	22
一、	1958-1985年	24
二、	1985-1999年	29
三、	1999年-迄今	31
(一)	歐盟自由與安全領域中的挑戰	31
(二)	歐盟在歐洲內部安全的角色限制	36
第三章 申根合作的發展	41
第一節 從申根協定到申根協定執行公約	42
一、	申根協定	43
(一)	申根協定的內容	45
二、	申根協定執行公約的內容	46
(一)	邊境、簽證與警察合作	47
(二)	刑事司法互助	54
(三)	申根資訊系統與資料保護	55
(四)	申根合作的機構化	58
第二節 申根區域的擴大	63
一、	第1-4次申根擴大	64
二、	第5次申根擴大	64
三、	第6次申根擴大	65
四、	第7~8次申根擴大	68
五、	部分參與申根合作的國家	70
六、	申根合作與非歐盟會員國	72
(一)	冰島與挪威	73
(二)	瑞士	76
第三節 申根法規與歐盟法的結合	79
一、	申根既存法規	80
(一)	申根合作併入歐盟的過程	80
(二)	阿姆斯特丹條約之後的申根合作	86
(三)	申根合作的預算	89
(四)	申根決策程序的改變	90
二、	申根對會員國的影響	99
三、	申根區域對歐盟公民與第三國公民的影響	102
第四章 申根資訊系統的內容與功能	105
第一節 從申根資訊系統到第二代申根資訊系統的發展	105
一、	申根資訊系統的目的	105
二、	申根資訊系統的新功能	107
(一)	歐洲警政署與歐洲司法合作署	111
(二)	公共檢察署	112
(三)	簽證與戶政機構	112
(四)	國家資訊補充窗口	113
(五)	歐洲逮捕令架構決定	113
(六)	會員國與國際刑警組織的資訊交換	114
(七)	車輛登記局	115
(八)	申根綜合系統	116
三、	第二代申根資訊系統	117
(一)	第二代申根資訊系統的法律基礎	118
(二)	第二代申根資訊系統的功能	122
(三)	第二代申根資訊系統的延遲	126
第二節 申根資訊系統的架構與運作	131
一、	申根資訊系統的架構	131
(一)	國家資訊補充窗口	132
(二)	第二代申根資訊系統的架構	137
(三)	系統管理	139
二、	申根資訊系統的運作	141
第三節 申根資訊系統的資料類型	143
一、	申根資訊系統中的資訊分類	143
二、	申根資訊系統警報數據分析	147
三、	申根聯合監督機構的報告	153
第五章 申根資訊系統的執行與問題	160
第一節 申根資訊系統在邊境安全管理上的應用	160
一、	新邊境管理文化的出現	161
(一)	歐盟體制內邊境管理的談判	161
(二)	不定點抽查行動	165
二、	歐盟邊境管理	168
(一)	申根邊境法規	169
(二)	歐盟外圍邊境合作管制署	171
(三)	申根資訊系統在歐盟邊境管理的運用	174
第二節 申根資訊系統與泛歐大型資料庫的互動	177
一、	泛歐大型資料庫	178
(一)	歐洲警政署資訊系統	179
(二)	歐洲指紋系統	180
(三)	簽證資訊系統	182
二、	資訊相容性	189
三、	普呂姆公約(Prüm Convention)	195
(一)	普呂姆公約的發展	196
(二)	普呂姆公約的內容與問題	198
第三節申根資訊系統與資料保護法	203
一、	歐洲資料保護法的發展	204
(一)	1981年歐洲理事會個人資料保護公約	205
(二)	1995年個人資料保護指令	207
(三)	歐盟第三支柱下的資料保護法	210
(四)	資料保護原則	212
二、	申根合作在德國的實踐	214
(一)	SIS國家資料庫與資料保護	215
(二)	資料保護機構的監督	219
(三)	不合法的警報輸入理由	221
三、	申根合作在法國的實踐	224
(一)	警報相關人知的權利	227
四、	其他案例	228
(一)	Commission v. Spain	228
第六章 結論	230
參考文獻	232

圖表目次

＜圖1-1＞ 研究架構圖	14
＜圖2-1＞ 2006-2009年恐怖攻擊次數與逮捕人數	32

＜圖3- 1＞　申根機構架構圖	56
＜圖3- 2＞　阿姆斯特丹條約與尼斯條約下司法與內政事務決策程序圖	86
＜圖3- 3＞　里斯本條約下司法與內政事務決策程序圖	92

＜圖4- 1＞　SIRENE資訊傳遞圖	127
＜圖4- 2＞　第二代申根資訊系統架構圖	129
＜圖4- 3＞　申根資訊系統警報傳遞圖	133

＜表2- 1＞ 自由與安全三階段的發展特色	22
＜表2- 2＞ 自由與安全三階段的發展內容	23

＜表3- 1＞ 申根協定與申根協定執行公約比較表	57
＜表3- 2＞ 申根區域的擴大進程	64
＜表3- 3＞ 部份參與申根合作的國家	69
＜表3- 4＞ 申根既存規範的內容	84

＜表4- 1＞　申根資訊系統的發展與特色一覽表	121
＜表4- 2＞　中央資訊系統資料庫每年收納資料件數統計*	138
＜表4- 3＞　被通緝(Wanted)人員之分析	140
＜表4- 4＞　2005-2008年警報吻合數據	141
＜表4- 5＞　警報吻合比例	143
＜表4- 6＞　2006年1月19日第99條警報各會員國分配數	146

＜表5- 1＞　歐盟大型資料庫比較表	175

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Proposal for a Council Framework Decision on the protection of personal data processed in the framework of police and judicial co-operation in criminal matters {SEC (2005) 1241} (presented by the Commission), Brussels, COM (2005) 475 final, 4.10.2005.
Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and the Council on the establishment, operation and use of the second generation Schengen information system (SIS II), COM (2005) 236 final/2, 23.08.2005, pp. 1-49.
Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council regarding access to the Second Generation Schengen Information System (SIS II) by the services in the Member States responsible for issuing vehicle registration certificates, COM (2005) 237 final, 31.05.2005, pp. 1-10.
Recommendation No. R (87) of the Committee of Ministers to Member States Regulating the Use of Personal Data in the Police Sector (Adopted by the Committee of Minster on 17 September 1987 at the 410th meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies)
Regulation (EC) No 1160/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 2005 amending the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985 on the gradual abolition of checks at common borders, as regards access to the Schengen Information System by the services in the Member States responsible for issuing registration certificates for vehicles, OJ L 191, 22.07.2005, pp. 18-21.
Regulation (EC) No 1986/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 regarding access to the Second Generation Schengen Information System (SIS II) by the services in the Member States responsible for issuing vehicle registration certificates, OJ L 381, 28.12.2006, pp. 1-3.
Regulation (EC) No 1987/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on the establishment, operation and use of the second-generation Schengen Information System (SIS II), OJ L 381, 28.12.2006, pp. 4-23.
Regulation (EC) No 45/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2000 on the Protection of Individuals with regard to the processing of personal data by the Community Institutions and bodies and on the free movement of such data, OJ, L 8, 12.01.2001, pp. 1-22.
Regulation (EC) No 810/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 establishing a Community Code on Visas, OJ L 243, 15.09.2009, pp. 1-58.
Regulation (EEC) No 1612/68 of the Council of 15 October 1968 on freedom of movement for workers within the Community, OJ L 257, 19.10.1968, pp. 2-12.
Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code), EC/562/2006, 15.03.2006, OJ L 105, 13.04.2006, pp. 1-32.
Report by Mr Leo Tindemans, Prime Minister of Belgium to the European Council, Bulletin of the European Communities, Supplement 1/76.
Report from the Ad Hoc Working Group on International Organised Crime to the Council, Annex II: Systematic collection and analysis of information about international organised crime.
Resolution (73) 22 on the protection of the privacy of individuals vis-àvis electronic data banks in the private sector (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 26 September 1973 at the 224th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies).
 Resolution (74) 29 on the protection of the privacy of individuals vis-à-vis electronic data banks in the public sector (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 20 September 1974 at the 236th meeting of the Ministers' Deputies)
Schengen Information System (SIS II) Master Project Plan.
Supplementary Resolution to the Resolution adopted on 23 June 1981 concerning the adoption of a passport of uniform pattern, of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States of the European Communities, meeting within the Council on 30 June 1982, OJ C179, 1982, pp. 1-2.
The Commission on Global Governance: Our Global Neighborhood, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
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The Schengen acquis as referred to in Article 1(2) of Council Decision 1999/435/EC of 20 May 1999, OJ L239, 22.09.2000, pp. 1-479.

二、	專書與期刊論文
周慧蓮：資訊隱私保護争議之國際化，月旦法學雜誌，民國93.1，第104期，第112-132頁。
張福昌：歐盟司法與內政合作：反恐議題解析，台北：台灣商務印書館，2011年1月。
張福昌：歐盟東擴與外圍邊境安全：Frontex的角色與功能，發表於歐盟東擴研究學術研討會，中央研究院歐美研究所，2008年10月24-25日。
張福昌：邁向「歐盟」之路，台北：三民書局，2002年年1月。
許國賢：德性、干預與個人自由，政治科學論叢，第20期，2004年6月，頁1-28。
陳　美　娟：個人生物特徵資料保護初探 －以電子護照暨自動查驗快速通關發展為例，請參閱： http://163.25.6.227/foreign/seminar/paper/95student/doc/933159%E9%99%B3%E7%BE%8E%E5%A8%9F%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%B9%E5%BE%B5%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E4%BF%9D%E8%AD%B7%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A2.doc. (Accessed 12.09.2010)
劉為軍：論申根協定體系與歐盟警務合作，刊載於：法學雜誌，第27卷，第6期，2006年。
盧情儀：發展中的「人類安全」概念及其在歐盟非法移民問題上之應用，問題與研究，2007年，第46卷，第4期，頁27-51。
Andersen, Svein S.: Norway: Insider AND Outsider, available from: http://www.arena.uio.no/publications/working-papers2000/papers/wp00_4.htm. (Accessed 09.10.2010)
Arteaga, Félix: The EU’s Internal Security Strategy, in: Real Instituto Elcano (ARI), no. 75, 22.06.2010.
Balzacq, Thierry et al.: Security and the Two-Level Game: The Treaty of Prüm, the EU and the Management of Threats, in: CEPS Working Document, No. 234, 01.2006.
BALZACQ, THIERRY: The Policy Tools of Securitization: Information Exchange, EU Foreign and Interior Policies, JCMS, vol. 46, no. 1, 2008, pp. 75-100.
Banks, Christopher P.: Protecting (or Destroying) Freedom through Law: The USA PATRIOT Act’s Constitutional Implications, in: David B. Cohen and John W. Wells(eds.): American National Security and Civil Liberties in an Era of Terrorism, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
Barnard, Catherine: The substantive law of the EU: the four freedoms, New York : Oxford University Press, 2007.
Becher, Matthias: Eine permanente digitale Schleierfahndung, available from: http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/31/31297/1.html. (Accessed 14.10.2010)
Berlin, Isaiah: Four Essays on Liberty, London: Oxford University Press, 1969.
Bertozzi, Stefano: Schengen: Achievements and Challenges in Managing an Area Encompassing 3.6 million km², CEPS Working Document, No. 284, 02.2008.
Bigo, Didier and Jeandesboz, Julien: Border Security, Technology and the Stockholm Programme, in: INEX policy brief, no. 3, 11.2009.
Bigo, Didier: Liberty, whose Liberty? The Hague Programme and the Conception of Freedom, in: Thierry Balzacq and Sergio Carrera (eds.): Security Versus Freedom? A Challenge for Europe’s Future, Hampshire: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2006.
Bigo, Didier: The Changing Landscape of European Liberty and Security, in: Challenge Research Paper No. 4, 02.2007.
Brady, Hugo: The EU and the fight against organised crime, London: Centre for European Reform, April 2007 (CER Working Paper)
Brenkert, George G.: Political Freedom, London: Routledge, 1991.
Broeders, Dennis: The New Digital Borders of Europe: EU Databases and the Surveillance of Irregular Migrants, in: International Sociology, vol. 22, no.1, 2007.
Brouwer, Evelien: Data Surveillance and Border Control in the EU: Balancing Efficiency and Legal Protection, in T. Balzacq and S. Carrera (eds.): Security Versus Freedom?: A Challenge for Europe’s Future, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2006, pp. 137-154.
Brouwer, Evelien: Digital Borders and Real Rights-Effective Remedies for Third-Country Nationals in the Schengen Information System, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008.
Brouwer, Evelien: The Other Side of Moon – The Schengen Information System and Human Rights: A Task for National Courts, in: CEPS Working Document No. 288, 04.2008.
Bunyan, Tony: Statewatch analysis EU data protection in police and judicial cooperation matters: Rights of suspects and defendants under attack by law enforcement demands, 10.2006, available from: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2006/oct/eu-dp.pdf. (Accessed 01.11.2010)
Bunyan, Tony: The EU state gears up for action: Internal Security Strategy & the Standing Committee on Internal Security (COSI), 12.02.2010, available from: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2010/feb/02iss-cosi.htm. (Accessed 29.10.2010)
Caldeira, Igor: Security or Freedom, is it really the question? in: Freedom vs. Security-Can’t we have both? in: New Liberta, no. 6, 2008, available from: http://newlibertas.eu/06.pdf. (Accessed 07.09.2010)
Carrera, Sergio and Geyer, Florian: The Reform Treaty & Justice and Home Affairs-Implications for the common Area of Freedom, in: Elspeth Guild and Florian Geyer: Security versus Justice? Police and Judicial Cooperation in the European Union, Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company, 2008.
Carrera, Sergio: The EU Border Management Strategy FRONTEX and the Challenges of Irregular Immigration in the Canary Islands, in: CEPS Working Document, no. 261, 03.2007.
Convey, Andrew and Kupiszewski, Marek: Keeping up with Schengen: Migration and Policy in the European Union, in: International Migration Review, Vol. 29, No. 4, 1995, pp. 939-963.
Cullen, Peter: The Schengen Agreement with Iceland and Norway: Its Main Features, in: ERA Forum, no. 4, 2001.
De Hert, Paul and Gutwirth, Serge: Interoperability of Police Databases within the EU: An Accountable Political Choice? in: International Review of Law Computers, Vol. 20, No. 1&2, 03-07.2006, pp. 21-35.
Den Boer, M.: The implementation of Schengen: First the widening, now the deepening, Maastricht: European Institute of Public Administration, 2000.
Den Boer, Monica and Corrado, Laura: For the Record or off the Record: Comments About the Incorporation of Schengen into the EU, in: European Journal of Migration and Law, no. 1, 1999, pp. 397-418.
Dinh, Viet D.: Freedom and Security after September 11, in: M. Katherine B. Darmer et all. (eds.): Civil Liberties vs. National Security In A Post-9/11 World, New York: Prometheus Books, 10.2004.
Drulakova, Radka: Post-democracy with the EU: Internal security vs. human rights – unavoidable conflict? paper prepared for the CEEISA 4TH Convention, Tartu, 25-27.06.2006.
Dumortier, Jos: The Protection of Personal Data in the Schengen Convention, in: International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, Mar97, Vol. 11, Issue 1, pp. 93-106.
Euskirchen, Markus: From Borderline to Borderland, in: Monthly Review: An Independent Socialist Magazine, 11.2007, Vol. 59 Issue 6.
Fandel, Marie-Helène: Projecting EU Regimes Abroad: The EU Data Protection Directive as Global Standard, paper presented at American Political Science Association, 2002 Annual Meeting, Boston, pp. 1-34.
Faure Atger, Anaïs: The Abolition of Internal Border Checks in an Enlarged Schengen Area: Freedom of movement or a web of scattered security checks? in: Challenge Research Paper, no. 8, 03.2008.
FICHE on possible implications of the Treaty of Lisbon provisions for the JHA working structures, 08.09.2009, available from: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2009/sep/eu-jha-working-structures.pdf. (Assessed 31.10.2010)
Genson, Roland: The Schengen Agreements – Police Cooperation and Security Aspects, in: Humen Papers on Public Policy, Vol. 6, Issue 1-2, 1998, pp. 133-141.
Grössner, Rolf: Erste Rechts-Hilfe - Rechts- und Verhaltenstips im Umgang mit Polizei, Justiz und Geheimdiensten, Göttingen: Die Werkstatt, 1999.
Guild, Elspeth and Geyer, Florian: Getting local: Schengen, Prüm and the dancing procession of Echternach - Three paces forward and two back for EU police and judicial cooperation in criminal mattersm. Available from: http://www.ceps.eu/files/book/1411.pdf. (Accessed 14.07.2010)
Guild, Elspeth: Moving the Borders of Europe, 30.05.2001, available from: http://cmr.jur.ru.nl/cmr/docs/oratie.eg.pdf. (Accessed 07.11.2010)
Hayes, Ben: From the Schengen Information System to SIS II and the Visa Information System (VIS): the proposals explained, Statewatch, 02.2004, available from: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2005/may/analysis-sisII.pdf. (Accessed 14.11.2010)
Hayes, Ben: SIS II: fait accompli? Construction of EU’s Big Brother database underway, Statewatch Analysis, 05.2005.
Hayes, Ben: Statewatch analysis EU-SIS Schengen Information System Article 99 report: 33,541 people registered in SIS for surveillance and checks, p. 3, available from: http://www.statewatch.org/analyses/no-67-sis-art99.pdf. (Accessed 01.11.2010)
Herold, H.: Informationsverbund zwischen Polizei und Justiz, in: Kriminalistik, vol. 1, 1977, cited from: Paul De Hert and Serge Gutwirth: Interoperability of Police Databases within the EU: An Accountable Political Choice? in: International Review of Law Computers, Vol. 20, No. 1&2, 03-07.2006, pp. 21-35.
Hobbing, Peter: Integrated Border Management at the EU Level, in: CEPS Working Document, no. 227, 08.2005.
Hondius, Frits W.: The Last Frontier: Free Movement Of Persons In Greater Europe: The Role Of The Council Of Europe, in: Henry G. Schermers, C. Flinterman, et al (Eds.): Free Movement of Persons in Europe: Legal Problems and Experiences. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1993.
Jandl, Michael: Estimates on the Numbers of Illegal and Smuggled Immigrants in Europe, presentation at workshop 1.6 at 8th International Metropolis Conference, 17.09.2003. Available from: http://mighealth.net/eu/images/5/5b/Icmpd.pdf. (Accessed 09.08.2010)
Kabera Karanja, Stephen: The Schengen Co-operation: Consequences for the Rights of EU Citzens, 2000, available from: http://www.personvern.uio.no/pvpn/artikler/M&R2Article.htm. (Accessed 10.10.2010)
Kabera Karanja, Stephen: The Schengen Information System in Austria: An Essential Tool in Day to Day Police and Border Control Work? in: Journal of Information, Law and Technology, issue 1, 2002.
Kabera Karanja, Stephen: Transparency and Proportionality in the Schengen Information System and Border Control Co-operation, Leiden: Nijhoff Publishers, 2008.
Kant, Martina: Verdachtsunabhängige Kontrollen – Migrant Innen im Netz der Schleierfahnfung, available from: http://www.safercity.de/2000/schleierfahndung_cilip.html. (Accessed 14.10.10)
Keohane, Robert O. / Martin, Lisa L.: The Promise of Institutionalist Theory, in: International Security, Vol. 20, No. 1, Summer 1995, pp. 39-51. 
Keohane, Robert O. and Nye, Joseph S.: Power and Interdependence—World Politics in Transition, Boston/Toronto 1977. 
Keohane, Robert O.: After Hegemony—Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy, Princeton, 1984. 
Keohane, Robert O.: International Institutions and State Power—Essays in International Relations Theory, Boulder/San Francisco/London, 1989. 
Keohane, Robert O.: The demand for international regimes, in: International Organization, Vol. 36, No. 2, Spring 1982, pp. 325-355. 
Kingsbury, Benedict: THE CONCEPT OF ‘LAW’ IN GLOBAL ADMINISTRATIVE LAW, in: IILJ Working Paper (Global Administrative Law Series), vol. 1, 02.27.2009, pp. 23-57.
Koslowski, Rey: Information Technology and Integrated Border Management, available from: http://kms2.isn.ethz.ch/serviceengine/Files/RESSpecNet/106367/ichaptersection_singledocument/4A76D2D6-753E-433F-A8FB-DFF5791477F8/en/ch4_Koslowski.pdf (Accessed 08.07.2010)
Krasner, Stephen D. (ed.): International Regimes, Ithaca/London 1983. 
Lange, Hans-Jürgen: Innere Sicherheit im Politischen System der Bundersrepublik Deutschland, Opladen: Leske und Budrich, 1999.
Lavenex, Sandra: Switzerland: Between Intergovernmental Co-operation and Schengen Association, in: Marina Caparini, Otwin Marenin (eds.): Borders and security governance: managing borders in a globalised world, London: Transaction Publishers, 2006.
Lodge, Juliet: Internal Security and Judicial Co-operation Beyond Masstricht, in: Terrorism & Political Violence, vol. 4, Issue 3, 1992.
Lord Wallace of Saltaire: National and European Parliamentary Control of Schengen: Gains and Outstanding Deficits, in: Monica den Boer (eds.): Schengen Still Going Strong – Evaluation and Update, Maasticht: European Institute of Public Administration, 2000, pp. 121-129.
Luif, Paul: The Treaty of Prüm: A Replay of Schengen? paper presented at the Tenth Biennial International Conference, 17-19.05.2007, Montreal, Canada, in the Panel “Subgroups of member states in the EU’s external and internal security: Does flexibility work?, European Union Studies Association.
MAHMOOD, SHIRAZ: The Schengen Information System: An Inequitable Data Protection Regime, in: International Journal of Refugee Law, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 179-200.
Maas, Willem: Freedom of movement inside “fortress Europe, available from: http://aei.pitt.edu/6894/01/Maas-Schengen.pdf. (Accessed 20.12.2010)
Mathiesen, Thomas: On globalization of control: Towards and integrated surveillance system in Europe, London: A Statewatch Publication, 1999.
Melis, Barbara: Negotiating Europe’s Immigration Frontiers, The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 2001.
Michael, K. and Michael, M. G.: "Schengen Information System II: The balance between civil liberties, security and justice" in: Katina Michael and M.G. Michael (eds.): Australia and the New Technologies: Evidence Based Policy in Public Administration, Wollongong: University of Wollongong, 2008, pp. 173-182.
Monar, Jörg: Schengen, Closer Cooperation and the Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion, in: Clotilde Marinho (eds.): Asylum, Immigration and Schengen Post-Amsterdam -  A First Assessment, Maastricht: European Institute of Public Administration, 2001.
Monar, Jörg: The EU and Internal Security: Origins, Progress, Limits and Prospects of a Growing Role, in: Analysis of Real Instituto Elcano (ARI), No. 112, 15.07.2009.
Monar, Jörg: The European Union’s ‘Intergrated Management’ of External borders, in: Joan DeBardeleben (eds.): Soft or Hard Borders? Managing the Divide in an Enlarged Europe, Burlington: Ashgate Publishing, 2005.
Monar, Jörg: The Impact of Schengen on Justice and Home Affairs in the European Union : An Assessment on the Threshold to its Incorporation, in: Monica den Boer (eds.): Schengen Still Going Strong – Evaluation and Update, Maastricht: European Institute of Public Administration, 2000, pp. 21-35.
NEAL, ANDREW W.: Securitization and Risk at the EU Border: The Origins of FRONTEX, JCMS, vol. 47, no. 2, 2009, pp. 333-346.
Nogala, Detlef: Policing Across a Dimorphous Border: Challenge and Innovation at the French-German Border, European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, vol. 9, no. 2, 2001, pp. 130-143.
Occhipinti, John D.: The Politics of EU Police Cooperation-TOWARD A EUROPEAN FBI? London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003.
Papagianni, Georgia: Institutional and policy dynamics of EU migration Law, Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006.
Peers, Steve: EU JUSTICE AND HOME AFFAIRS LAW, Edinburgh Gate: Pearson Education Limited, 2000.
Peers, Steve: Human Rights and the Third Pillar, in: Philip Alston: The EU and Human Rights, London: Oxford University Press, 1999.
Peers, Steve: Key Legislative Developments on Migration in the European Union: SIS II, in: European Journal of Migration and Law, vol. 10, 2008, pp. 77-104.
Peers, Steve: Statewatch summary: Schengen Information System (SIS) II, available from: http://www.statewatch.org/news/2006/jun/statewatch-summary-SIS-II.pdf. (Accessed 12.11.2010)
Perignon, Isabelle and Dauce, Constance: The European Arrest Warrant: a growing success story, in: ERA Forum, no.8, 14.06.2007, pp. 203-214.
Pijpers, Roos and Van Der Velde, Martin: Mobility across Borders: Contextualizing Local Strategies to Circumvent Visa and Work Permit Requirements, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 31.4, Dec 2007, pp. 819-835.
Poullet, Yves: The Directive 95/46/EC: Ten years after, in: Computer Law & Security Report, vol. 22, 2006, pp. 206-217.
Rifkind, Malcolm: Foreign Secretary, in: House of Commons Debates, vol. 287, 12.12.1996 columns 433-434. Available from: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199697/cmhansrd/vo961212/debtext/61212-13.htm. (Accessed 18.08.2010)
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Rothschild, Emma: What Is Security? in: Daedalus, vol. 124, no. 3, 1995, pp. 53-98.
Schutte, Julian: The Incorporation of the Schengen Acquis in the European Union, in: Hume Papers on Public Policy, 1998, Vol. 6 Issue 1-2.
Scirocco, Alfonso: The Lisbon Treaty and the Protection of Personal Data in the European Union, available from: http://www.edps.europa.eu/EDPSWEB/webdav/shared/Documents/EDPS/Publications/Speeches/2008/08-09-19_Scirocco_Lisbontreaty_DP_EN.pdf. (Assessed 31.10.2010)
Sokol, Bettina: Fünfzehnter Datenschutzbericht der Landesbeauftragten für den Datenschutz Nordrhein-Westfalen für die Zeit vom 1. Januar 1999 bis zum 31. Dezember 2000.
Storbeck, Jürgen and Toussaint, Mascia: Outline of a Balanced and Effective Internal Security Strategy for the European Union, European Journal of Crime, in: Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, 2004, Vol. 12/1, pp. 1-13.
Thatcher, Margaret: Speech delivered at the College of Europe, Bruges, 20 September 1988, in: Ronald Tiersky (eds.): Euro-skepticism, Boston: Rowman & Little field Publishers, 2001
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VAN DER MEI, A.P.: Free Movement of Persons Within the European Community-Cross-Border Access to Public Benefits, Oregon: Hart Publishing, 2003.
Van der Rijt, W.: Le Fonctionnement des Institutions Schengen: Pragmatisme, toujours, in: M. Den Boer(ed.): Schengen‘s Final Days? The Incorporation of Schengen into the New TEU, External Borders and Information Systems, Maastricht: European Institute of Public Administration, 1998.
Vermeulen, Gert: Mutual Legal Assistance in Schengen and the EU: An Update, in: Monica den Boer (eds.): Schengen Still Going Strong – Evaluation and Update, Maastricht: European Institute of Public Administration, 2000.
Wallace, Helen: Policy-Making in the European Union, 5th Edition, New York: Oxford, 2005.
Wallwork, A. and Baptista, J.: Understanding interoperability, in J Backhouse (ed.): Structured Account of Approaches on Interoperability, chapter 4, ReportD4.1, Future of Identity in the Information Society (FIDIS), 6th Framework Programme, European Commission, 2005.
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Zaiotti, Ruben: Cultures of Border Control: Schengen and the Evolution of Europe’s Frontiers, thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Political Science University of Toronto, 2008.

三、	網路資料
台灣個人資料保護現況，台灣個人資料保護協會，available from: http://www.elite-it.com.tw/TWPDA/company00_1_2.asp. (Accessed 15.12.2010)
唐淑美：刑事DNA資料庫之擴增與隱私權之探討，東海大學法學研究第二十三期，2005年12月，頁83-122。
簡榮宗：個人資料保護法修正後之運用，available from: http://www.lawtw.com/article.php?template=article_content&area=&job_id=160331&parent_path=,1,777,&article_category_id=806&article_id=87919. (Accessed 15.12.2010)
「比荷盧經濟聯盟條約」。Available from: http://www.benelux.be/en/rgm/rgm_vdg_deel1.asp. (Accessed 06.04.2010)
1981年1月28日在史特拉斯堡簽署「個人資料保護公約」。Available from: http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ChercheSig.asp?NT=108&CM=1&DF=&CL=ENG. (Accessed 18.08.2010)
A Development Co-operation Lens on Terrorism Prevention, Key Entry Points for Action, DAC Guidelines and Reference Series, 2003, available from: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/4/16085708.pdf. (Accessed 19.09.2010)
Aloys Rigaut: Security and freedom: part of the European dream? Available from: http://newlibertas.eu/06.pdf. (Accessed 28.07.2010)
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Council of EU: Information sheet-Enlargement of the Schengen Area, Brussels, 8 November 2007, Available from: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/ueDocs/cms_Data/docs/pressData/en/jha/97021.pdf .(Accessed 03.01.2009)
Data Protection in Germany, available from: http://www.aip-bg.org/lichnidanni/pdf/germany.pdf. (Accessed 14.09.2010)
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