轉爐石(BOF)與脫硫渣(DS)為鋼鐵製程之爐渣副產物且為廉價的吸附劑，本研究以磷酸鹽配製含磷人工水樣，轉爐石與脫硫渣取自中國鋼鐵公司，採等溫吸附實驗探討轉爐石與脫硫渣去除水中磷，吸附操作參數包含水洗、pH、BOF與DS添加量、及接觸時間等。吸附實驗結果以Freundlich等溫吸附公式、Lagergern 擬二階(Pseudo-second-order)動力與內部孔隙擴散速率(Intraparticle diffusion model)模式評估吸附水中磷之動力。此外，以能量散佈分析儀(EDS)與熱游離式掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)分別測定BOF與DS之化學成份組成及表面特性。
    EDS研究結果顯示BOF與DS化學成份組成Ca之重量百分比分別為12.6%與25.9%，於水中會溶出鈣且pH大於11，與磷形成Ca5(PO4)3(OH) (s)沉澱物，且因DS鈣溶出量為BOF鈣溶出量之約3倍，DS去除磷能力約為BOF之1.6倍。BOF與DS水洗前與水洗後之磷去除率分別為95-99%與20-60%，顯示水洗前BOF與DS以Ca5(PO4)3(OH) (s)沉澱型態去除為主。經水洗轉爐石(BOFW)、經水洗脫硫渣(DSW)亦具有吸附去除磷的功能，BOFW與SDW表面仍含Ca之重量百分比分別19.0%與20.8%，Freundlich等溫吸附結果顯示DSW之磷吸附量約為BOFW之3-4倍，pH對BOFW與SDW吸附磷最佳pH 為10，此乃因於表面形成Ca5(PO4)3(OH)(s)沉澱物，DSW 及SEM亦顯示BOFW與DSW表面有Ca5(PO4)3(OH) (s)沉澱物。BOFW與DSW對磷吸附動力學遵循Lagergren擬二階動力吸附模式，DSW之二階動力常數k2值小於BOFW之k2值。BOFW之內部孔隙擴散k1值大於DSW之k1值，磷於DSW之內部孔隙擴散速率大於BOFW。綜合上述BOF與SD可有效去除水中磷，且DS去除磷能力優於BOF。

Slag is a by-product from steel factory and is a low-cost adsorbent.  This study evaluates the adsorption removal of phosphate from aqueous solution by slags. Basic oxygen furnace steel slag (BOF) and desulfurization slag (DS) from The China steel company and phosphate-containing synthetic water are used in this study. The operational parameters include water washed, pH, type and dosage of slag (BOF and DS), initial concentration of phosphate, and contact time. All experiments are conducted by the isotherm adsorption test. The adsorption kinetic of phosphate by slags are evaluated by the Freundlich isotherm, the Lagergern pseudo-second-order and Intraparticle diffusion models. Furthermore, the chemical composition and surface morphology of slags are examined by energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. 
    The results of chemical composition from EDS test show that BOF and DS contained 12.6% and 25.9% of Ca (wt%), respectively, which released Ca ions from the slags into solution to induce high pH levels to above 11. The released Ca ions could react with P to form the precipitation of Ca-phosphate compounds. The P removal capacity (PRC) of DS was about 1.6 times of that of BOF because the amount of released Ca ions of DS was about 3 times of that for BOF. Non-washed BOF and DS slags could remove 95-99% of P, as compared to washed BOF and DS slags (BOFW and DSW), which could remove 20-60% of P. It indicates that phosphate removal of non-washed BOF and DS slags occurred predominantly via the precipitation of Ca-phosphate compounds. The SEM micrographs show that Ca-phosphate compounds precipitated on the slag surface. The adsorption of P by BOFW and DSW followed the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. The optimum pH for adsorption of P was at 10 and the removal ratio could reach more than 80%. The amount of adsorbed P of DSW was 3-4 times higher than that of BOFW. Moreover, the adsorption kinetic of P by BOFW and DSW well followed pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion models. The pseudo-second-order adsorption rate constant, k2 value of DSW was larger than that of BOFW. In contrast, intraparticle diffusion rate constant, ki value of DSW was smaller than that of BOFW.  It implies that intraparticle diffusion rate of P by DSW was higher that of BOFW.  Overall, both BOF and DS could remove P effectively and the PRC of DS was better than that of BOF.

目錄……..................................	I
表目錄…..................................IV
圖目錄…..................................	V
第一章、前言.............................	1
1.1研究緣起..............................	1
1.2 研究目的............................	2
第二章、文獻回顧........................	3
2.1 磷的特性、來源及限制...................	3
2.1.1 磷的水化學.........................	3
2.1.2 磷的產生來源	........................4
2.1.3磷對水環境之影響.....................	5
2.1.4 水中磷的限制	........................5
2.2 轉爐石...............................	6
2.2.1 轉爐石的來源	........................6
2.2.2 轉爐石的性質	........................8
2.2.3 轉爐石吸附磷的應用..................	9
2.3吸附原理..............................	11
2.3.1 Langmuir 等溫吸附模式.............	12
2.3.2 Freundlich恆溫吸附模式.............	13
2.3.3 Brunaur-Emmett-Teler (BET)等溫吸附模式.....	14
2.3.4動力吸附模式........................	15
2.3.5 孔隙擴散模式	........................17
第三章、材料與方法........................	18
3.1材料及設備...........................	18
3.1.1含磷人工水樣與吸附劑.................	18
3.1.2實驗藥品...........................	18
3.1.3實驗設備............................	19
3.2吸附實驗.............................	19
3.2.1等溫吸附實驗........................	20
3.2.2吸附動力實驗.........................	20
3.3水質分析..............................	21
3.4 SEM分析.............................	22
第四章 、 結果與討論......................	23
4.1 轉爐石物化特性	........................23
4.1.1 轉爐石SEM.........................	23
4.1.2 轉爐石化學成分組成..................	26
4.1.3 轉爐石經水洗對水中鈣溶出、導電度與pH之影響...	27
4.2轉爐石之選擇..........................	31
4.2.1 轉爐石水洗前後對去除磷之影響.......	31
4.2.2 轉爐石種類對吸附磷之影響..............	33
4.2.3 轉爐石對磷吸附量之比較	................35
4.3 轉爐石吸附磷之影響因子.................	37
4.3.1吸附劑添加量對磷去除之影響............	37
4.3.3 pH對轉爐石磷去除之影響..............	41
4.4 磷之等溫吸附實驗......................	43
4.4.1磷初始濃度對等溫吸附之影響.............	43
4.4.2 pH對磷等溫吸附之影響................	45
4.5 磷之Freudlich吸附實驗................	46
4.6 磷之動力吸附實驗......................	49
4.6.1 Lagergren 擬二階吸附...............	49
4.6.1.1 pH對吸附P二階吸附之影響............	49
4.6.1.2 吸附劑添加量對吸附P二階吸附之影響....	52
4.6.2孔隙擴散吸附.........................55
4.6.2.1 pH對吸附P孔隙擴散模式之影響.........	55
4.6.2.1 吸附劑添加量對吸附P孔隙擴散模式之影響..57
第五章、結論..............................	59
參考文獻.................	................60


表目錄
表2.1 為國內外放流水中磷的相關管制現況..................... 6
表2.2 轉爐石重金屬溶出試驗結果(單位:mg/L) ................. 9
表4.1 轉爐石及脫硫渣之元素組成  .......................... 26
表4.2 水洗前後對轉爐石去除磷之單位吸附量影響................ 32
表4.3 初始濃度對BOFW、BOFMW 及DSW 吸附P 之等溫吸附係數 .... 48
表4.4 pH 對BOFW 吸附P 之二階動力吸附影響比較 ............. 50
表4.5 pH 對DSW 吸附P 之二階動力吸附影響比較 .............. 52
表4.6 DSW 添加量對吸附P 之二階動力吸附影響比較 .. ..... ... 53
表4.7 BOFW 添加量對吸附P 之二階動力吸附影響比較 ........... 54
表4.8 BOFW 與DSW 之K2 值比較..........…………………………………...………54
表4.9 pH 對BOFW 及DSW 吸附P 之孔隙擴散吸附影響比較………………...55
表4.10 BOFW、DSW 添加量對吸附P 之孔隙擴散吸附影響比較 ..... 57


圖目錄
圖2.1 Four phosphate species at different pH ...... 4
圖2.2 Steel slag production process ............... 7
圖3.1 The values of the absorbance as a function of P concentration .................................... 21
圖4.1 SEM micrographs of powdered BOF slag ........ 24
圖4.2 SEM micrographs of powdered DS slag ......... 25
圖4.3 Total Ca2+ concentrations of the solutions for every 10mins. ........................ 28
圖4.4 Total Conductivity of the solutions for every 10mins. ................................... 29
圖4.5 Relationship between Concentration of Ca2+ release and Conductivity ......... 29
圖4.6 Total OH- concentrations of the solutions for every 10mins. ......................... 30
圖4.7 Effects of Slags dosage for washed and unwashed slags on the residual of P……...31
圖4.8 Effects of Slags dosage on the residual P (P = 5 mg/L).................................. 34
圖4.9 Effects of Slags dosage on the residual P (P = 10 mg/L)................................35
圖4.10 Effects of Slags dosage on the amount absorbed of P (P = 5 mg/L). ........... 36
圖4.11 Effects of Slags dosage on the amount absorbed of P (P = 10 mg/L) .......... 36
圖4.12 Effects of Slags dosage on the residual of P. ...37
圖4.13 Effects of DSW dosage on the residual of P. .... 38
圖4.14 Effects of time of BOFW on the residual of P. .. 39
圖4.15 Effects of time on the residual of P. .......... 40
圖4.16 Effects of time on the amount absorbed of P. ... 40
圖4.17 Effects of Slags dosage on the residual P. ..... 42
圖4.18 Effects of Slags dosage on the residual P. ..... 42
圖4.19 Effects of BOFW Slag dosage on the residual of P..44
圖4.20 Effects of DSW Slag dosage on the residual of P...44
圖4.21 Effects of pH on residual P. .................... 45
圖4.22 Phosphate adsorption isotherm regression by Freundlich equation.( P = 10 mg/L) ............ 47
圖4.23 Phosphate adsorption isotherm regression by Freundlich equation.( P = 5 mg/L) ............. 47
圖4.24 Lagergren pseudo-second-order model for the kinetics of P adsorption onto BOFW at different pH. ..... 50
圖4.25 Lagergren pseudo-second-order model for the kinetics of P adsorption onto DSW at different pH. .... 51
圖4.26 Effects of Slag dosage on Lagergren pseudo-second-order model for the kinetics for P adsorption onto DSW.. 53
圖4.27 Effects of Slag dosage on Lagergren pseudo-second-order model for the kinetics for P adsorption onto BOFW. ........ 54
圖4.28 Intraparticle diffusion model for P adsorption onto BOFW at different pH. ......... 56
圖4.29 Intraparticle diffusion model for P adsorption onto DSW at different pH. ........... 56
圖4.30 Effects of Slag dosage on intraparticle diffusion model for P adsorption onto DSW............... 58
圖4.31 Effects of Slag dosage on intraparticle diffusion model for P adsorption onto BOF................58

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