本論文主要研究美國婦女公民投票權由來，包含婦女投票權運動及國家制憲過程。美國婦女要求平等權利的由來已久，婦女認為男女不平等的原因，在於尚未獲得公民投票權，因此十九世紀末二十世紀初美國第一波婦女運動，以爭取公民投票權為主要範疇。而年輕的女權鬥士包艾莉(1885-1977)，則是於一九一三至一九二○年間力促國會通過修憲提案的關鍵人物。

    包艾莉奉獻一生力爭女性平等權，多數人所對她的認識多半只是「女性平等權利憲法修正案」起草人，但鮮少人注意到她同時也是鼓吹婦女投票權的重要人物。「第十九條憲法修正案」賦予女性投票權，規定全國不得因性別剝奪婦女投票權。歷史學的角度認為，女性獲得投票權，在於國家回饋婦女對第一次世界大戰的貢獻，但卻忽略當代女權運動者的努力，特別是包艾莉的激進領導。

    來自教友會家庭的包艾莉，從小根深蒂固兩性平等觀念，宗教所賜予的信念以及求學階段所接觸到的女權思想，促使包艾莉成為真正的女權鬥士。基於全國最大女性組織提倡投票權的速度緩慢效率低，包艾莉分別創立三個組織，以激進戰鬥精神為號召，目標在通過修憲提案。她憑著對美國憲政體制的了解，及參與英國激進女權運動的實際經驗，並結合美國公民文明抗命精神與非暴力抗爭思想，衍生出一套獨特的激進戰鬥與非暴力策略，用以激發廣大輿論，利用第三者的力量改變現狀。因此以近代的觀點來看，當時包艾莉的先進與前衛的領導作風與女權思想，可謂為女權先鋒。

    故本論文第一章除説明研究動機、目的、限制與範圍外，第二章在介紹女權運動背景、包艾莉提倡第十九條憲法修正案之淵源，及非暴力抗爭理論與方法之介紹。第三章則以包艾莉的三個組織，作為研究的三個領導時期，分析她推動修憲提案過程中，不同非暴力抗爭策略的運用。第四章主要在分析當時社會反對婦女獲得投票權原因，所面臨的困境為何，以及包艾莉如何轉變國家領導者對婦女議題的態度。第五章結論，則歸納包艾莉的領導特色為何，成功與否，及包艾莉在「第十九條憲法修正案」通過後對女權之貢獻與意義。

In 1920, American women were granted the right to vote by the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. It took over 70 years for Suffragists to win their battle. Suffrage was generally evaluated to attribute the contribution of women during World War I but the influence of suffragists’ work. 
   
The purpose of this thesis intends to understand and explore Alice Paul’s contribution to American suffrage movement. Alice was born in a well-to-do Quaker family with strong religious belief of gender equality. She was mostly known as a leader of Equal Rights Movement instead of a suffragist who solidified her goal of women’s rights as her life time work after working with British suffragette. After her returning to America, she adapted the essence of British militancy and American civil disobedience to create her leading strategies.

She continually formed three women organizations that aimed to the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. Her leading style of militancy is a classical noncooperation, nonviolent civil disobedience. But her protest was not against any specific persons but the whole social and governmental structure. Alice Paul’s strictly non-violent programs included suffrage parades, picketing, burning the President’s words on democracy in urns,   or even sending organizers out west to campaign against all congressional candidates of the “party in power.” 

In this thesis, chapter one explains the motivation, purpose and framework of this study. Chapter two discusses the brief history of suffrage movement, personal background of Alice Paul, essence of civil disobedience, and strategies of nonviolent struggle. Chapter three analyses how Alice Paul successfully uses nonviolent civil disobedience strategies to create publicity to achieve her cause. Chapter four discusses the anti-suffragists’ interest and Woodrow Wilson’s changing attitude. Chapter five is to sum up the characteristic of Alice Paul’s nonviolent struggle and evaluates her contribution for American women.

章節目錄
第一章 緒論  …………………………………………………………………… 1
    第一節 研究動機與目的  ………………………………………………… 1
    第二節 研究方法與資料來源  …………………………………………… 3
    第三節 研究範圍、限制與章節架構  …………………………………… 4

第二章 包艾莉倡導第十九條憲法修正案之淵源  …………………………… 7
    第一節 婦女投票權運動背景與包艾莉生平  …………………………… 8
    第二節 非暴力抗爭理論  ………………………………………………… 18
    第三節 非暴力抗爭方法  ………………………………………………… 32

第三章 包艾莉推動第十九條憲法修正案之過程與策略運用  ……………… 40
    第一節 包艾莉與「立法委員會」………………………………………… 42
    第二節 包艾莉與「立法聯盟」  ………………………………………… 47
    第三節 包艾莉與「全國婦女會」  ……………………………………… 61

第四章 包艾莉與第十九條憲法修正案對婦女之意義與貢獻  ……………… 78
    第一節 女性投票權之阻力  ……………………………………………… 78
    第二節 統治者改變觀點之過程  ………………………………………… 89
    第三節 婦女平等權利之定位  …………………………………………… 98

第五章 結論  …………………………………………………………………… 105
附  錄  
    附錄一 一百九十八種非暴力抗爭方法  ………………………………… 113
    附錄二 各州審議通過第十九條憲法修正案時間  ……………………… 121
    附錄三 第十九條憲法修正案 …………………………………………… 123
參考書目  ……………………………………………………………………… 124

表目次
表3-1：1890-1920年美國各州賦予婦女選舉權之年份  …………………… 50
表3-2：一九一四年眾議院改選結果   ……………………………………… 58
表3-3：一九一四年參議院改選結果 ………………………………………… 59
表3-4：一九一六年總統選舉結果 …………………………………………… 63
表3-5：一九一六年眾議院改選結果 ………………………………………… 64
表3-6：一九一六年參議院選舉結果 ………………………………………… 65
表3-7：一九一八年眾議院改選結果 ………………………………………… 75
表3-8：一九一八年參議院改選結果 ………………………………………… 75
表4-1：1920 年前婦女得以合法投票的國家  ……………………………… 79
表4-2：伊利諾州1916年與1920年總統選舉之男女選票差距 …………… 99

圖目次
圖3-1：美國國會立法流程圖  ………………………………………………… 52
圖3-2：美國憲政組織運作圖  ………………………………………………… 57
圖3-3：一九一四年「國會立法聯盟」組織運作圖  ………………………… 60

參 考 書 目
中文書目
一、專書：
王康陸著。非暴力的方法與實例，台北市：前衛，民國九十年。
艾洛維茲(Larry Elowitz)著，張明貴譯，美國政府與政治，台北：桂冠，民國八      十四年。
江蓋世、王康陸著。展現民力：非暴力理論與實踐，台北市：前衛，民國八十年。
李方著。非暴力鬥爭，台北市：揚智，民國八十五年。
安德魯‧海伍德原著，楊日青、李培元、林文斌、劉兆隆譯。政治學新論，台北市，韋伯文化事業，民國八十八年。
何明修著。社會運動概論，台北市：三民，民國九十四年。
呂秀蓮著。新女性主義，台北市：敦理，民國七十五年。
貝蒂‧傅瑞丹原著，施寄青譯。女性主義第二章，台北市：洪健全文化基金會，民國七十八年。
林立樹著。美國通史，台北市：五南，民國八十八年。
洪鎌德著。女性主義，台北市：一橋，民國九十二年。
畢恆達著。教授為什麼沒告訴我：論文寫作的枕邊書，台北市：學富文化，民國九十四年。
基思‧奧爾森著。美國歷史簡介，香港：今日世界，民國七十六年。
張友伧、李劍鳴主編。美國歷史上的社會運動和政府改革，天津市：天津教育，
      民國八十一年。
張世賢、陳恆鈞合著。比較政府，台北市：五南，民國八十八年。
裘伊‧瑪姬西絲原著，何穎怡譯。女性研究自學讀本，台北市：女書，民國八十九年。
鮑曉蘭著。西方女性主義研究評介，北京：生活‧讀書‧新知三聯書店，民國八   十四年。
羅志淵著。美國政府與政治，台北市：正中，民國八十三年。
羅思瑪莉‧佟恩原著，刁筱華譯。女性主義思潮，台北市：時報文化，民國八十五 年。
張南星。女權主義，台北市：遠流，民國七十八年。
二、論文：
江木全著。一九八四年美國大選女性副總統候選人費拉蘿之角色研究，台北：淡 江大學美國研究所碩士論文，民國九十三年。
江秋玫著。美國黑人女性於六○年代婦女運動扮演之角色：消極、疏離與被動，台北：淡江大學美國研究所碩士論文，民國八十八年。
朱珮瑄著。七○年代美國「平等權利憲法修正案」提案研究─爭議與策略運用之分析評估，台北：淡江大學美國研究所碩士論文，民國七十八年。
朱靜如著。從漢娜‧鄂蘭的權利理論看女性主義的政治，台北：淡江大學歐洲研究所碩士論文，民國八十八年。
林含怡著。當代英國婦女運動之研究(1960年代至1990年代初期)，台北：淡 江大學歐洲研究所碩士論文，民國八十八年。
翁佳鈴著。英國婦女運動之研究─從工業社會到後工業社會，台北：淡江大學歐洲研究所碩士論文，民國八十一年。
陳瀅娟著。蘇珊‧安東妮與美國婦女運動之研究，台北：淡江大學美國研究所碩士論文，民國九十一年。
曾蘭芷著。婦女平等權修憲提案運動之研究，台北：淡江大學美國研究所碩 士論文，民國七十二年。
蔡靜怡著。美國金恩博士之黑人民權運動：運用「非暴力抗爭理論」之分析，台北：淡江大學美國研究所碩士論文，民國九十年。
鄭舒蘭著。當代美國新女權運動研究，台北：淡江大學美國研究所碩士論文，民國六十三年。
羅琳著。美國總統大選性別差距現象與婦女投票權為之研究：1980-1984，台北：淡江大學美國研究所碩士論文，民七十八年。


英文書目
1. Books:
Andersen, Kristi, After Suffrage: Women in Partisan and Electoral Politics Before the New Deal, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996.
Baker, Jean H., Votes for Women: The Struggle for Suffrage Revisited, New York:          Oxford University Press, 2002.
Barber, James D., and Barbara Kellerman, Women Leaders in American Politics, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1986.
Baxter, Sandra, and Marjorie Lansing, Women and Politics: The Invisible Majority, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1981.
Brown, Connie and Jane Seitz, You’ve Come a Long Way, Baby: Historical Perspective, New York: Random House, 1970.
Burrell, Barbara C., Women and Political Participation, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2004.
Butler, Amy E., Two Paths to Equality: Alice Paul and Ethel M. Smith in the ERA Debate, 1921-1929, New York: States University of New York Press, 2002.
Clift, Eleanor, Founding Sisters and the Nineteenth Amendment, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2003.
Commire, Anne and Deborah Klezmer, Women In World History: A Biographical Encyclopedia, Connecticut: Yorkin Publications, 2001.
Conway, Margaret M., Gertrude A. Steuernagel, and David W. Ahern, Women and Political Participation: Cultural Change in the Political Arena, Washington D.C.: CQ Press, 2005.
Feagin, Joe R., Social Problems: A Critical Power-Conflict Perspective, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1996.
Fitzpatrick, Ellen, and Flexner, Eleanor, Century of Struggle: the Woman’s Rights Movement in the United States, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press, 1996.
Harris, Louis, Is there a Republican Majority?, New York: Harper and Brothers, 1954.
Harrison, Patricia G., Connecting Links: The British and American Woman Suffrage Movements, 1900-1914, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2000.
Kraditor, Aileen, Ideas of the Woman Suffrage Movement, New York: Columbia University Press, 1890-1920.
Leaming, Babara, Katherine Hepburn, New York: Crown Publishers, 1995.
Luedtke, Luther S., Making America: The Society & Culture of the United States,   North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
Lunardini, Christine A., From Equal Suffrage to Equal Rights: Alice Paul and the National Woman’s Party, 1910-1928, Nebraska: iUniverse.com, Inc., 2000.
Marshall, T. H., Citizenship and Social Class, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1950.
O'Neill, William L., Everyone was Brave: A history of Feminism in America, Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1971.
Orman, John, and Bernard K. Johnpoll, Presidential Accountability: New and Recurring Problems, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1990. 
Palmer, R. R., Joel Colton, and Lloyd Kramer, A History of The Modern World, New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002.
Rotunda, Ronald D., Constitutional Law: Principles and Cases, Minnesota: West Publisher Company, 1987.
Sharp, Gene, The Politics of Nonviolent Action, Boston: Porter Sargent Publisher, 1973.
Sharp, Gene, The Politics of Nonviolent Action vol.2: The Methods of Nonviolent Action, Boston: Porter Sargent Publishers, 1973.
Sherr, Lynn, Failure is impossible: Susan B. Anthony in Her Own Words , New York: Times Books, 1996.
Stanton, Elizabeth C., Eighty Years and More, New York: Northeastern University Press, 1992.
Stevens, Doris. Jailed for Freedom, New York: Schocken Books, 1976.
Stiehm, Judith, Non-violent Power: Active and Passive Resistance in America,
Lexington, Mass.: D.C. Heath, 1972.
Tolchin, Susan and Martin Tolchin, Clout-Womanpower and Politics, New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, Inc., 1974.
Wasserman, Gary, Basics of American Politics, New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1991.
Wheeler, Marjorie S., One Woman One Vote: Rediscovering the Woman Suffrage Movement, Troutdale: NewSage Press, 1995.
Witt, Elder, The Supreme Court and Individual Rights, Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc., 1988.

2. Journals:
Costain, Anne N. “Women’s Movement and Nonviolence.” PS: Political Science and Politics, Vol. 33, No. 2 (Jun 2000), pp. 175-180.
Cott, Nancy F. “Feminist Politics in the 1920s: The National Woman’s Party.” The Journal of American History, Vol. 71, No. 1 (Jun 1984), pp.43-68. 
Fry, Amelia R. “Alice Paul and the ERA.” Social Education, Vol. 59, No. 5
(September 1995) pp. 285-289.
Graham, Sally H. “Woodrow Wilson, Alice Paul, and the Nineteenth Amendment.” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 98, No.4 (Winter 1983-1984), pp. 665-679.
Kleppner, Paul. “Were Women to Blame? Female Suffrage and Voter Turnout.” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 12, No. 4(Spring 1982), pp. 621-643.
Lavender, William and Mary Lavender. “Suffragist’ Storm over Washington.” American History, Oct 2003, Vol. 38, p.30.
Lunardini, Christine A. and Thomas J. Knock. “Woodrow Wilson and Woman Suffrage: A New Look.” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 95, No. 4(Winter 1980-1981), pp. 655-671.
McCammon, Holly J. and Karen E. Campbell. “Winning the Vote in the West: The Political Successes of the Women’s Suffrage Movement, 1866-1919.” Gender and Society, Vol. 15, No. 1(Feb 2001), pp. 55-82.
McCammon, Holly J., Karen E. Campbell, Ellen M. Granberg, and Christine
Mowery, “How Movements Win: Gendered Opportunity Structures and U.S.
Women’s Suffrage Movements, 1866 to 1919.” American Sociology Review, , Vol. 66, (Feb 2001), pp.49-70.
McDonagh, Eileen L. “Issues and Constituencies in the Progressive Era: House Roll Call Voting in the Nineteenth Amendment, 1913-1919.” The Journal of Politics, Vol. 51, No. 1(Feb 1989), pp. 119-136.
McDonagh Eileen L. and H. Douglas Price. “Woman Suffrage in the Progressive Era: Patterns of Opposition and Support in Referenda Voting, 1910-1918.” The American Political Science Review, Vol. 79, No. 2(Jun 1985), pp. 415-435.
McGerr, Michael. “Political Style and Women’s Power, 1830-1930.” The Journal of American History, Vol. 77, No. 3(Dec 1990), pp.864-885.
Miyamoto, Hannah. “Politics, Economics, and American Women after the Nineteenth Amendment.” NWSA Journal, , Vol.17, (Spring 2005), pp.226-233.
Rabinowitz, Dorothy. “Weekend Journal; Review/ TV: The War to Win the Vote.” Wall Street Journal, (Feb 2004), p.W.06. 
Rollyson, Carl. “A Conservative revolutionary: Emmeline Pankhurst (1857-1928).”
The Virginia Quarterly Review, , Vol. 79, (Spring 2003), pp.325-335.
Sacks, Jonathan. “Social Contract or Social Convenant,” Policy Review, No.78 (July-August, 1996), pp.54-55. 
Strom, Sharon H. “Leadership and Tactics in the American Woman Suffrage Movement: A New Perspective from Massachusetts.” The Journal of American History, Vol. 62, No. 2(Sep 1975), pp. 296-315.

3. Newspapers and Magazines:
Bernikow, Louise. “U.S-Politics: Night of Terror Leads to Women’s Vote In 1917.” Global Information Network, Nov 2004, p.1.
Brogman, Anna. “In Their Foremothers’ Footsteps; Women March to Honor 75th Anniversary of Suffrage.” The Washington Post, Aug 1995, p.B.01.
Conroy, Sarah B. “Sisterly Purposes; The Woman’s Party, From Suffrage to the ERA.” The Washington Post, Aug 1988, p.F.01.
Goodman, Walter. “Television Review; The Struggle for Women’s Suffrage, in Pictures and Song.” New York Times, Feb 1995, p.C.16
Mann. Judy. “We Stand on the Shoulders of Giants.” The Washington Post, Aug 1995, p.E.03. 
Mann, Judy. “Suffragette’s Lessons.” The Washington Post, Aug 1989, p.C.03.
Pogrebin, Robin. “ Taking Politics to a Dangerous Level.” The New York Times, Feb 2004, p.13.4.
Quattlebaum, Mary. “A Doorway to Women’s History.” The Washington Post, Mar 2001, p.T.53.
Shales, Tom. “Women’s Right to Vote? HBO Gets It All Wrong.” The Washington Post, Feb 2004, p.N.01
Sherber, Anne. “Iron Jawed Angels.” Video Store Magazine, Aug 2004, Vol. 26,
p.16.
Stanley, Alessandra. “Determined Women, Finding Their Voice.” New York Times,
Feb 2004, p. E1:1.

4. Interviews:

Alice Paul. Alice Paul. Regional Oral History Office, University of California, BerkeleyNovember 1972 and May 1973. 
Available from the Online Archive of California; <http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt6f59n89c>

Sylvie Grace Thompson Thygeson. The Suffragists. Regional Oral History Office, University of California, Berkeley1972-74. 
Available from the Online Archive of California; <http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt2h4n992z>

Mabel Vernon. Mabel Vernon. Regional Oral History Office, University of California, Berkeley1972-1973. 
Available from the Online Archive of California; <http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt2r29n5pb>