系統識別號 | U0002-1602201415344300 |
---|---|
DOI | 10.6846/TKU.2014.00543 |
論文名稱(中文) | 英作文教師之批改及回饋:探究大學英文系學生之理解與反應 |
論文名稱(英文) | An Investigation on University English Major Students’ Perception and Responses to Teacher Error Correction and Feedback |
第三語言論文名稱 | |
校院名稱 | 淡江大學 |
系所名稱(中文) | 英文學系碩士班 |
系所名稱(英文) | Department of English |
外國學位學校名稱 | |
外國學位學院名稱 | |
外國學位研究所名稱 | |
學年度 | 102 |
學期 | 1 |
出版年 | 103 |
研究生(中文) | 張瀞云 |
研究生(英文) | Ching-Yun Chang |
學號 | 698110094 |
學位類別 | 碩士 |
語言別 | 英文 |
第二語言別 | |
口試日期 | 2014-01-16 |
論文頁數 | 149頁 |
口試委員 |
指導教授
-
蔡瑞敏
委員 - 薛玉政 委員 - 莫艾倫 |
關鍵字(中) |
錯誤校正 批改代碼 學生理解與反應 |
關鍵字(英) |
Error correction Correction code Student perception Student responses |
第三語言關鍵字 | |
學科別分類 | |
中文摘要 |
本研究主要在調查學生在修改作文的過程中,如何理解及處理教師的批改及回饋,並檢視會影響學生理解及回應老師批改及回饋的因素。本研究採用質性及量化研究方法。質性資料來源包括學生訪談、出聲思考紀綠 (think-aloud protocol)、學生作文與教師批改及回饋。參與研究的訪談受試者,為十一位以英語為主修的大二學生,透過與研究者進行深入訪談及質性資料分析,學生如何處理教師的批改及回饋、影響學生理解及回應老師批改及回饋的因素得到初步結論。根據質性研究結果,發展第二階段之問卷調查。其問卷調查由123位大二英文系學生完成填答。研究結果顯示,學生會透過多種方法理解及處理教師的批改及回饋。然而,結果顯示部份學生依然誤解、無法理解或採用教師的批改及回饋,其因素為教師提供不足或不適當的批改及回饋,學生語言能力不足、不正確的舊有知識,以及學生的態度與對寫作內容的想法。本研究發現,相較於提供批改代碼(correction codes),學生偏好教師直接提供回饋(給與正確答案)或描述性的文字回饋。此外,在研究中也發現學生信任教師之批改及回饋。本研究建議,英作文教師在批改錯誤及提供回饋給學生時,需謹慎地處理,並提機會與學生會談或討論。 |
英文摘要 |
The purpose of the present study was to investigate how students perceive their teachers’ feedback, to explore how students process teacher feedback when revising their writing, and the factors that influence students’ perceptions and responses. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative research, interviews were conducted with students which included think-aloud protocols, and data was collected data from questionnaires, interview transcripts, writing with teacher feedback, and related revisions. For qualitative data collection, eleven college English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students were interviewed, and their perceptions and behavior while processing teacher feedback were analyzed. In order to know whether the results of qualitative research were applicable to a larger population, the questionnaire in which the questions emerged from the interviews was completed by 123 sophomores. The results of the qualitative and quantitative research showed that the students had various ways of perceiving and processing teacher corrections and feedback. The factors which caused their failure to understand or incorporate teacher corrections and feedback were related to their teachers’ insufficient and improper corrections and feedback, the students’ insufficient language abilities and existing knowledge, as well as their attitudes and opinions. In addition, it was also found that students misunderstood or had difficulties incorporating and understanding teacher corrections and feedback, and they preferred direct corrections (teachers providing the correct forms), descriptive feedback, and correction marks, such as underlines or circles rather than correction codes (e.g., “wf” or “sp”). Nonetheless, the findings showed that there was a trusting relationship between students and their teachers. The findings suggest that teachers need to handle correction codes carefully as well as other types of correction and feedback, and must communicate with their students. |
第三語言摘要 | |
論文目次 |
TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEGEMENTS i CHINESE ABSTRACT ii ENGLISH ABSTRACT iii TABLE OF CONTENT v LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES x CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem 4 1.3 Purpose of the Study 6 1.4 Research Questions 6 1.5 Significance of the Study 7 1.6 Definition of Terms 7 1.6.1 Think-aloud Protocols 7 1.6.2 Correction Code 8 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9 2.1 Teacher Feedback 9 2.1.1 The Impact of Teacher Feedback on Writing 9 2.1.2 The Effects of Various Types of Feedback 14 2.1.3 Teacher Practice and Perceptions of Feedback 18 2.2 Student Response to Feedback 21 2.2.1 Student Preferences of and Reactions to Teacher Feedback 21 2.2.2 Student Perceptions and Processing of Teacher Feedback 27 2.2.3 Student Difficulties in Understanding Teacher Feedback 29 2.3 Conclusion 31 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 33 3.1 Context of the Study 33 3.2 Recruitment of Research Participants 34 3.3 Data Collection Procedure 37 3.3.1 Semi-structured Interview and Think-aloud Protocols 37 3.3.2 Research Documents: Essays and Revisions 40 3.3.3 Questionnaire 40 3.4 Explanation of Data Analysis 41 3.4.1 Semi-structured Interview and Think-aloud Protocols 42 3.4.2 Writing Drafts and Revisions 42 3.4.3 Questionnaire 43 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 44 4.1 Student Perceptions of Teacher Feedback 45 4.1.1 Assumptions of Teacher Expectations 46 4.1.2 Relating Error Correction to Classroom Lectures 48 4.1.3 Utilizing Teaching Materials 52 4.1.4 Students’ Existing Knowledge and Language Ability 55 4.1.5 Referring to Habitual Mistakes 59 4.1.6 Finding Meaning Through Context 61 4.2 The Factors Influence Students’ Perceptions of Teacher’s feedback 65 4.2.1 Students’ Insufficient Existing Knowledge and Language Abilities 65 4.2.2 Insufficient Information in Corrections and Feedback. 69 4.3 Students’ Processing of Teacher Feedback When Revising Drafts 71 4.3.1 Following Teacher Corrections 71 4.3.2 Do Nothing 74 4.3.3 Make a Change by Rewriting a Sentence, a Paragraph, or an Entire Essay 77 4.3.4 Deletion or Adding Content 79 4.3.5 Adding Additional Revision 81 4.4 The Factors Influence Student Processing of Teacher feedback 83 4.4.1 Improper Teacher Feedback 83 4.4.2 Students’ Opinions 85 4.4.3 Students’ Language Ability 87 4.4.4 Students’ Learning Attitudes 88 4.5 Quantitative Research Results 90 4.5.1 Student Perceptions of Teacher Corrections and Feedback 91 4.5.2 Student Responses to Teacher Corrections and Feedback 94 4.5.3 Student Difficulties Understanding and Responding to Teacher Corrections and Feedback 98 4.5.4 Student Understanding of Teacher Corrections and Feedback 100 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 105 5.1 Summary of the Study 105 5.2 Discussion of the Results 108 5.2.1 The Use of Correction Codes 108 5.2.2 Student Difficulties of Perceiving and Processing Teacher Corrections and Feedback 111 5.2.3 The Role Played by Writing Teachers 114 5.3 Pedagogical Implications 116 5.3.1 Giving Classroom Lecture Before and After Providing Correction Codes 116 5.3.2 Establishing Communication Between Teacher and Students 117 5.3.3 Teacher Competence in Error Correction and Feedback 118 5.4 Limitations of This Study 119 5.5 Suggestions for Future Research 119 REFERENCE 121 APPENDIX A 130 APPENDIX B 132 APPENDIX C 134 APPENDIX D 136 APPENDIX E 138 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Participant Information 36 Table 2 Student Perceptions of Teacher Corrections and Feedback 92 Table 3 Student Reponses to Teacher Correction and feedback 96 Table 4 Student Difficulties Understanding and Responding to Teacher Corrections and Feedback 99 Table 5 Student Understanding of Teacher Corrections and Feedback 101 Table 6 Student Understanding of Teacher Corrections and Feedback 102 Table 7 Student Understanding of Teacher Corrections and Feedback 103 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 3.1 Procedure of Two Interviews for Each Essay 38 Figure 4.1 Len’s Sentence with Corrections and Feedback, and His Perception 47 Figure 4.2 Joan’s Sentence with Corrections and Feedback, and Her Perception 47 Figure 4.3 Joan’s Sentence with Corrections and Feedback, and Her Perception 48 Figure 4.4 Ben’s Sentence with Corrections and Feedback, and His Perception 49 Figure 4.5 Len’s Sentence with Corrections and Feedback, and His Perception 49 Figure 4.6 Other Participants’ Responses to Their Teachers’ Corrections and Feedback 50 Figure 4.7 Other Participants’ Responses to Their Teachers’ Corrections and Feedback 51 Figure 4.8 Tracy’s Sentence with Corrections and Feedback, and Her Perception 53 Figure 4.9 Joan’s Sentence with Corrections and Feedback, and Her Perception 54 Figure 4.10 Jean’s Sentence with Corrections and Feedback, and Her Perception 55 Figure 4.11 Tracy’s Sentence with Corrections and Feedback, and Her Perception 57 Figure 4.12 Ben’s Sentence with Corrections and Feedback, and His Perception 57 Figure 4.13 Other Participants’ Responses to Their Teachers’ Corrections and Feedback 58 Figure 4.14 Betty’s Sentence with Corrections and Feedback, and Her Perception 59 Figure 4.15 Stacy’s Sentence with Corrections and Feedback, and Her Perception 60 Figure 4.16 Other Participants’ Responses to Their Teachers’ Corrections and Feedback 60 Figure 4.17 Betty’s Sentence with Corrections and Feedback, and Her Perception 61 Figure 4.18 Tracy’s Sentence with Corrections and Feedback, and Her Perception 62 Figure 4.19 Joan’s Sentence with Corrections and Feedback, and Her Perception 63 Figure 4.20 Other Participants’ Responses to Their Teachers’ Corrections and Feedback 63 Figure 4.21 Iris’ Sentence with Corrections, and Her Response to Feedback 66 Figure 4.22 Len’s Sentences with Corrections, and His Response to Feedback 66 Figure 4.23 Stacy’ Sentence with Corrections, and Her Response to Feedback 67 Figure 4.24 Joan’s Sentence with Corrections, and Her Perception to Feedback 68 Figure 4.25 Betty’s Sentence with Corrections and Feedback, and Her Perception 68 Figure 4.26 Other Participants’ Responses to Their Teachers’ Corrections and Feedback 69 Figure 4.27 Len’s Sentence with Corrections and Feedback, and His Perception 70 Figure 4.28 Other Participants’ Responses to Their Teachers’ Corrections and Feedback 72 Figure 4.29 Len’s Sentences with Corrections and Feedback, Followed by His Revision and Response 73 Figure 4.30 Stacy’s Sentence with Corrections, and Her Response to Feedback 73 Figure 4.31 Nora’s Sentence with Corrections, and Her Response to Feedback 74 Figure 4.32 Other Participants’ Responses to Their Teachers’ Corrections and Feedback 75 Figure 4.33 Joan’s and Betty’s Responses to Their Teachers’ Corrections and Feedback 76 Figure 4.34 Len’s Sentences with Corrections and Feedback, Followed by His Revision and Response 77 Figure 4.35 Karl’s Sentences with Corrections and Feedback, Followed by His Revision and Response 78 Figure 4.36 Jean’s Sentence with Corrections, and Her Response to Feedback 79 Figure 4.37 Iris’ Sentences with Corrections and Feedback, Followed by Her Revision and Response 79 Figure 4.38 Karl’s Sentence with Corrections, and His Response to Feedback 80 Figure 4.39 Nora’s Sentence with Corrections, and Her Response to Feedback 80 Figure 4.40 Len’s and Betty’s Responses 81 Figure 4.41 Len’s and Tracy’s Responses 81 Figure 4.42 Karl’s Sentences with Corrections and Feedback, Followed by His Revision and Response 82 Figure 4.43 Karl’s Sentences with Corrections and Feedback, Followed by His Revision and Response 82 Figure 4.44 Gill’s Sentences with Corrections and Feedback, Followed by Her Revision and Response 84 Figure 4.45 Students’ Responses to Their Processing Teacher Corrections and Feedback 85 Figure 4.46 Iris’ Sentences with Corrections and Feedback, Followed by Her Revision and Response 87 Figure 4.47 Students’ Responses to Their Processing Teacher Corrections and Feedback 88 Figure 4.48 Students’ Responses to Their Processing Teacher Corrections and Feedback 89 Figure 4.49 Jean’s Sentences with Correction and Feedback, Followed by Her Revision and Response 89 Figure 4.50 Students’ Responses to Their Processing Teacher Corrections and Feedback 90 |
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