系統識別號 | U0002-1602201207584300 |
---|---|
DOI | 10.6846/TKU.2012.00617 |
論文名稱(中文) | 歐洲經濟移民政策之協調-以高技術移民為例 |
論文名稱(英文) | Harmonize Economic Immigration Policy in EU-Highly Skilled Immigrant Workers as Example |
第三語言論文名稱 | |
校院名稱 | 淡江大學 |
系所名稱(中文) | 歐洲研究所碩士班 |
系所名稱(英文) | Graduate Institute of European Studies |
外國學位學校名稱 | |
外國學位學院名稱 | |
外國學位研究所名稱 | |
學年度 | 100 |
學期 | 1 |
出版年 | 101 |
研究生(中文) | 王梓名 |
研究生(英文) | Tzu-Ming Wang |
學號 | 696290054 |
學位類別 | 碩士 |
語言別 | 繁體中文 |
第二語言別 | |
口試日期 | 2012-01-09 |
論文頁數 | 112頁 |
口試委員 |
指導教授
-
曾秀珍
共同指導教授 - 張福昌 委員 - 趙美盈 委員 - 苑倚曼 |
關鍵字(中) |
共同移民政策 合法移民 高技術移民勞工 歐盟藍卡 |
關鍵字(英) |
Common Immigration Policy Legal Migration Highly Skilled Immigrant Workers EU Blue Card |
第三語言關鍵字 | |
學科別分類 | |
中文摘要 |
近年歐盟各會員國因人口結構改變,造成勞力短缺、高技術勞工短缺的情況。加上「知識經濟」發展趨勢,使歐盟與會員國不得不重視高技術勞工短缺的問題。過去部分會員國都曾引進外籍勞工解決戰後勞力短缺,但石油危機後對外籍勞工皆採取限制性的政策,相關移民政策的發展也趨於停滯。 德國直到近年才針對移民政策進行改革,制定有關高技術移民勞工的政策。由保守到開放的過程,也正代表歐盟的發展歷程。 分析目前歐盟地區的第三國移民,高技術勞工所占數量相較傳統移民國家明顯趨於少數,即肇因於會員國保守的移民政策。就歐盟層次而言,歷經阿姆斯特丹條約、里斯本條約,歐盟已具備發展「共同移民政策」之權限,其中有關「合法移民」更明確規定於歐洲聯盟運作條約第79條中。 為使歐盟對高技術移民勞工更具吸引力,並發展共同移民政策,針對高技術移民的「歐盟藍卡」於2009年通過、2011年為轉換立法之期限。象徵歐盟吸引高技術移民的企圖心,以及歐盟邁向共同移民政策的第一步。 |
英文摘要 |
In recent years, due to population structural changes in European Union (EU), there has been labour shortage and also shortage of highly skilled workers. Additionally, development of “knowledge-based economy” has also forced EU and member states to face its labour shortage of highly skilled workers. Due Oil Crisis and restricted immigration regulation in past years, immigrants from non-EU members are relatively lower percentage of highly skilled workers. Until recent years, Germany has carried reformation on its immigration policy and created attraction to highly skilled workers to Germany. Germany’s pathway is from conservatism to liberalization also similar to EU’s development of immigration affairs. After Treaty of Amsterdam, Treaty of Lisbon, EU already acquires jurisdiction to development "common immigration policy", moreover, regarding "legal migration" are clearly defined in section 79 of the Treaty on Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). In order to attract more highly skilled workers and developing common immigration policy, EU passed "EU Blue Card" in 2009, Member States shall transpose its provision into national law by June, 2011. It symbolized EU's ambition to attract highly skilled workers and also the first step to build common immigration policy in EU. |
第三語言摘要 | |
論文目次 |
第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與目的 1 一、 研究背景與動機 1 (一) 高技術移民勞工跨國界遷徙趨勢 1 (二) 歐洲人口結構改變與高技術勞工短缺 2 (三) 德國:針對高技術移民開放之政策趨勢 3 (四) 歐盟共同移民政策下的高技術移民政策 3 二、 研究目的 6 第二節 研究方法 6 第三節 文獻評論 7 第四節 研究範圍與限制 10 一、 研究範圍 10 二、 研究限制 12 第五節 研究架構 14 第二章 高技術勞工與歐盟人口趨勢 15 第一節 歐盟移民需求之理論基礎 16 一、 學術論點 16 二、 官方與非政府組織之研究 18 第二節 歐盟人口結構變化與高技術勞工之需求 20 一、 總生育率下降趨勢 20 二、 預期壽命與老年人口增加趨勢 23 三、 歐盟人口結構改變之影響 25 (一) 工作年齡層人口減少 25 (二) 老年人口依賴率增加 27 (三) 老年人口相關公共支出提高 29 四、 移民與歐盟人口結構發展之正相關 30 (一) 1990年代之前 30 (二) 1990年代之後 31 (三) 移民年齡結構分析 32 第三節 歐盟與高技術移民需求 33 一、 高技術之定義 33 二、 歐盟對高技術移民勞工之需求 35 三、 歐盟高技術勞工短缺現象 38 第三章 歐盟會員國高技術移民政策發展-以德國為例 43 第一節 德國的人口趨勢和勞力短缺問題 44 一、 德國人口結構改變之趨勢 45 (一) 總人口減少、人口老化 45 (二) 工作年齡層人口減少 47 二、 高技術勞工的需求增加和短缺現象 48 (一) 高技術職業之定義 48 (二) 高技術職缺增加 50 (三) 高技術勞工短缺 51 第二節 德國移民勞工發展-從客工到高技術移民勞工 52 一、 低技術移民勞工(1945年-1973年) 52 二、 限縮客工,庇護與政治難民(1973年-1978年) 53 三、 對移民進行管理與限制(1980年代與1990年代) 53 四、 高技術移民勞工的相關政策(2000年~現今) 54 第三節 綠卡政策發展 55 一、 綠卡計畫的發展背景 55 二、 綠卡範圍與相關規定 56 三、 成效評估-以印度資訊通訊科技高技術勞工為例 58 第四節 移民法的改革 62 一、 2005年移民法架構 63 (一) 就業相關規定 63 (二) 高技術移民 64 (三) 綠卡 67 二、 相關問題探討 67 (一) 過渡條款尚未解除 67 (二) 移民教育水準偏低 67 (三) 薪資標準過高 67 (四) 對留學生缺乏吸引力 68 第四章 歐盟高技術移民事務之發展 71 第一節 歐盟移民政策的條約規範 71 一、 阿姆斯特丹條約前的合作 72 二、 申根公約:體制外的合作 72 三、 歐盟條約:移民事務制度化 73 (一) 組織架構 73 (二) 運作模式 74 四、 阿姆斯特丹條約:移民事務共同體化 74 (一) 移民事務共同體化 75 (二) 申根公約納入歐盟條約 76 五、 里斯本條約:邁向共同移民政策 77 (一) 合法移民相關規定 77 (二) 歐盟權限擴大 79 第二節 歐盟移民勞工立法之發展 80 一、 1990年代:初期發展 80 二、 2000年:政策方向改變 80 三、 2005年:邁向實際政策發展 83 四、 從歐洲移民與庇護公約到歐盟藍卡指令 83 第三節 歐盟藍卡指令 85 一、 歐盟藍卡之背景 85 (一) 經濟上的需求與人口結構改變 86 (二) 提升歐盟國際競爭力 88 二、 歐盟藍卡內容與規定 90 (一) 高技術之定義與資格 90 (二) 年輕移民與畢業生之優惠 91 (三) 居留許可證時效與永久居留 91 (四) 家庭團聚 92 (五) 平等待遇 93 三、 歐盟藍卡議題探討 94 (一) 指令之法律效力94 (二) 歐盟藍卡優勢 95 (三) 未統一高技術標準 96 (四) 歧視待遇問題 99 (五) 牴觸會員國現有法規 99 (六) 經濟危機的負面影響 100 (七) 尚有會員國未完成轉換立法 101 四、 相關配套措施 102 (一) 與特定第三國簽訂高技術移民召募協定 102 (二) 招募來自第三國具高技術教育背景的留學生 103 第五章 結論 107 參考文獻 111 圖目錄 〈圖 1 - 1〉 歐盟移民政策分類 12 〈圖 1 - 2〉 研究架構圖 14 〈圖 2 - 1〉 1961年至2010歐盟27國年新生兒出生數 20 〈圖 2 - 2〉 歐盟27國出生預期壽命 24 〈圖 2 - 3〉 1990年、2009年歐盟27國人口金字塔比較 25 〈圖 2 - 4〉 1990年~2060年歐盟27國年齡層結構 26 〈圖 2 - 5〉 歐盟27國老年人口相關公共支出預估 30 〈圖 2 - 6〉 歐盟27國總人口變化、自然增加、淨遷徙比率走勢 31 〈圖 2 - 7〉 歐盟25國職缺所需教育背景變化 39 〈圖 3 - 1〉 1950~2060年德國總人口數變化 46 〈圖 3 - 2〉 德國人口年齡層圓餅圖 46 〈圖 3 - 3〉 1992年、2009年德國高技術就業人數占總就業人口之比率 51 〈圖 3 - 4〉 德國勞工分類圖 57 〈圖 3 - 5〉 綠卡持有人國籍 59 〈圖 3 - 6〉 2001年~2004年德國外籍資訊通訊科技業工作許可證核發數 60 〈圖 4 - 1〉 雇主與雇主協會對高技術移民勞工的需求 87 表目錄 〈表 2 - 1〉 1960年~2009年歐盟27國總生育率 21 〈表 2 - 2〉 歐盟27國人口總數2010年、2035年和2060年人口成長率 22 〈表 2 - 3〉 歐盟勞工短缺職業與會員國 27 〈表 2 - 4〉 歐盟27國2008年與2060年老年人口比率與老年依賴率 28 〈表 2 - 5〉 2009年歐盟27國、其他會員國、第三國國民平均年齡32 〈表 2 - 6〉 國際勞工組織:2008年國際職業分類標準-高技術職業分類 34 〈表 2 - 7〉 歐盟高技術勞工短缺職業與會員國 38 〈表 2 - 8〉 歐盟19個會員國高技術職缺(人數)與職缺率 40 〈表 3 - 1〉 1990~2008年德國總生育率與女性平均生育年齡 45 〈表 3 - 2〉 2008~2060年德國工作年齡層人口數 47 〈表 3 - 3〉 2011年第一季德國前10大人力短缺職業 48 〈表 3 - 4〉 國際職業分類標準和德國高技術職業之分類與比較 49 〈表 3 - 5〉 2000年8月~2003年7月綠卡持卡人數、企業規模與國籍60 〈表3 - 6〉 2005年居留法對移民就業相關條款與項目 64 〈表3 - 7〉 符合居留法第19條至德國就業之外籍人士人數 68 〈表 4 - 1〉 各國對高技術移民開放的趨勢 88 〈表 4 - 2〉 五會員國對於高技術移民勞工之定義 97 〈表 4 - 3〉 國際留學生主要目的地國家 103 |
參考文獻 |
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