溫拌瀝青混凝土起源於歐洲，是一類拌合溫度介於熱拌瀝青混凝土（150℃~180℃）和冷拌（常溫）瀝青混凝土之間，性能達到熱拌瀝青混凝土的新型節能減碳瀝青混凝土。疲勞裂縫是路面結構主要破壞模式之一，車輛荷重反復作用下，長期不同之應力或應變變化，致使材料性能逐漸衰減直到產生裂縫，瀝青混凝土的這種性能衰退就是瀝青混凝土的疲勞特性。本研究選擇Advera®沸石礦物添加劑與Sasobit®有機添加劑為主，以探討溫拌瀝青混凝土之疲勞與相關力學性質，疲勞試驗採用德國版歐盟EN 12697-24之間接張力式疲勞試驗規範，包含不同載重應力與不同載重頻率之疲勞壽命試驗。根據本研究試驗之結果與分析，主要結論歸納如下：
1.根據本研究試驗結果，添加Advera® 與添加Sasobit®皆可降低瀝青膠泥之針入度，而Sasobit®之添加量增加時針入度可降得更低；添加Advera®對瀝青膠泥軟化點之提升較少，而添加Sasobit®之瀝青膠泥軟化點則隨添加量增加而明顯提升。
2.根據本研究黏滯度試驗結果，添加5%Advera®之拌合溫度約降溫2℃，夯壓溫度約降溫1℃；添加3%Sasobit®之拌合溫度約降溫7℃，夯壓溫度約降溫8℃。
3.根據本研究間接張力強度試驗結果，各試驗組別之間接張力強度值大致隨溫拌劑添加量增加而提升，惟多重比較之結果顯示：添加5%Advera®與控制組AC-20之間接張力強度在統計上並無差異。
4.根據本研究試驗結果，各試驗組別之勁度模數值大致隨溫拌劑添加量增加而提升，惟多重比較之結果顯示：添加5%Advera®與控制組AC-20之勁度模數在統計上並無差異。
5.根據本研究間接張力式疲勞試驗之儀器製作與使用經驗，間接張力方式之疲勞試驗儀器具有：儀器製作成本低、試體製作簡單、儀器操作容易、可兼量測勁度模數、比單軸應力狀態更接近實際路面應力分佈，亦可使用鑽心試體之優點。本研究疲勞試驗結果顯示，試驗載重（應力水準）較低者，對鋪面之傷害較小，疲勞壽命較長；試驗頻率（車速）較低者，對鋪面之傷害愈小，疲勞壽命亦較長。
6.溫拌瀝青混凝土之疲勞試驗結果顯示，除5%Advera®在150kPa、2Hz時之疲勞壽命小於控制組AC-20外，其他應力水準與頻率時，本研究兩種溫拌添加劑之疲勞壽命皆顯示隨添加量增加而提升，例如Sasobit®之疲勞壽命為：3% Sasobit®＞1.5%Sasobit®＞0%Sasobit®（即控制組AC-20）。

Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA), originally developed in Europe, is a new energy-saving and emission reduction type of asphalt concrete production technology that uses lower mixing and compacting temperatures, but having the performance similar to hot mix asphalt mixtures. Fatigue failure of asphalt mixtures induced by repeated traffic loading, on the other hand, is one of the main distress of flexible pavements. This research was focused on the study of the indirect tensile fatigue testing of warm mix asphalt. Two types of warm mix additives, Advera® and Sasobit®, were included in our research, and mechanical and fatigue characteristics of warm mix asphalt were examined. The European Standards, DIN EN 12697-26 and -24, were utilized for this study. Major findings based on our laboratory results were summarized as follows:
1.Addition of Advera® and Sasobit® could decrease the penetrations of binder. Sasobit® decreased the penetration more than Advera®. Addition of Sasobit® resulted in higher softening point than Advera®.
2.Viscosity test results showed that adding 5% of Advera® would result in lowering 2℃ and 1℃ of mixing temperature and compaction temperature, respectively. And for adding 3% of Sasobit®, lowering 7℃ and 8℃, respectively.
3.Our test results showed that indirect tensile strengths of all groups generally increased with the dosage of warm mix additives. However, multiple comparisons showed that there was no statistical difference in indirect tensile strength between adding 5% of Advera® and the control (i.e. 0% Advera®).
4.Our results showed that stiffness moduli of all groups generally increased with the dosage of warm mix additives. However, multiple comparisons showed that there was no statistical difference in stiffness moduli between adding 5% of Advera® and the control (i.e. 0% Advera®).
5.Our experience agreed that the indirect tensile type fatigue test apparatus generally were of low installation cost, easy to fabricate specimen, simple to conduct the test, applicable to stiffness test, better stress state than the uniaxial type, and could use field cores. Our results showed that the fatigue lifes were longer at lower stress level due to less pavement damage.
6.Fatigue test results showed that fatigue life for both warm mix additives increased with their dosages except the 5%Advera® at 150kPa and 2Hz. For example, the fatigue life of Sasobit® additive:
3% Sasobit®＞1.5%Sasobit®＞0%Sasobit® (i.e. AC-20).

目錄
第一章 緒論	1
1-1 研究背景與動機	1
1-2 研究目的	2
1-3 研究範圍與流程	2
第二章 文獻回顧	5
2-1 溫拌瀝青混凝土	5
2-1-1 溫拌瀝青混凝土優點與經濟效益	5
2-1-2 溫拌瀝青混凝土拌合技術	7
2-2 疲勞試驗方法	11
2-2-1 簡單彎曲試驗	12
2-2-2 支承於彈性基礎上之彎曲試驗	13
2-2-3 直接單軸載重試驗	14
2-2-4 間接張力試驗	14
2-2-5 三軸試驗	15
2-2-6 破壞力學試驗	15
2-3 疲勞之分析方法	15
2-3-1 現象學法（傳統疲勞理論方法）	17
2-3-2 破壞力學法	19
2-3-3 消散能法	20
2-4 瀝青混凝土疲勞之相關文獻	21
2-4-1 熱拌瀝青混凝土疲勞之相關文獻	22
2-4-2 溫拌瀝青混凝土疲勞之相關文獻	24
第三章 試驗計畫	28
3-1 試驗材料與試驗配置	28
3-2 瀝青膠泥基本物性試驗	30
3-3 粒料基本物性試驗	32
3-4 馬歇爾配合設計	33
3-5 回彈模數試驗	41
3-6 間接張力強度試驗	44
3-7 間接張力勁度模數與疲勞試驗	45
3-7-1 間接張力儀器裝置	46
3-7-2 勁度模數試驗程序	52
3-7-3 疲勞試驗程序	52
第四章 試驗結果與分析	54
4-1 材料基本物性與馬歇爾配合設計試驗結果	54
4-2 回彈模數試驗結果	60
4-3 間接張力強度試驗結果	63
4-4 勁度模數試驗結果	67
4-5 疲勞試驗結果	70
4-6綜合分析	77
第五章 結論與建議	80
5-1 結論	80
5-2 建議	82
參考文獻	84
附錄一 勁度模數試驗規範	90
附錄二 疲勞試驗規範	101
附錄三 試驗原始數據	111

表目錄

表2-1 溫拌與熱拌瀝青混凝土氣體排放比較	6
表2-2 李闖文獻之AC-13疲勞壽命結果	23
表2-3 李闖文獻之橡膠SMA疲勞壽命結果	23
表2-4  MOGHADAS NEJAD等人之HMA疲勞壽命	23
表2-5  MOGHADAS NEJAD等人之SMA疲勞壽命	24
表2-6  PETIT等人之10℃疲勞壽命文獻	26
表2-7  PETIT等人之20℃疲勞壽命文獻	26
表2-8  JONES等人之疲勞壽命文獻	27
表2-9  TSAI AND LAI之疲勞壽命文獻	27

表3-1本研究採用之級配規範與試驗值	28
表3-2本研究試驗配置	30
表3-3本研究瀝青膠泥基本物性試驗項目	30
表3-4粒料基本物性試驗項目	32

表4-1 AC-20瀝青膠泥基本物性試驗結果	54
表4-2瀝青膠泥針入度試驗結果	55
表4-3瀝青膠泥軟化點試驗結果	56
表4-4瀝青膠泥黏滯度試驗結果	57
表4-5本研究瀝青膠泥之拌合溫度與滾壓溫度	58
表4-6粒料基本物性試驗結果	59
表4-7密級配瀝青混凝土配合設計結果	60
表4-8 回彈模數試驗結果	62
表4-9 回彈模數二因子變異數分析結果	62
表4-10 間接張力強度試驗結果	64
表4-11 間接張力強度變異數分析結果	65
表4-12 間接張力強度多重比較結果	66
表4-13 間接張力強度TUKEY多重比較結果	66
表4-14 不同溫拌添加劑測得之勁度模數	67
表4-15勁度模數變異數分析結果	69
表4-16 勁度模數多重比較結果	69
表4-17 勁度模數TUKEY多重比較結果	70
表4-18 AC-20疲勞試驗結果	71
表4-19 ADVERA®疲勞試驗結果	71
表4-20 SASOBIT®1.5%疲勞試驗結果	72
表4-21 SASOBIT®3%疲勞試驗結果	72
表4-22各個試驗組別之迴歸模式	74
表4-23 疲勞壽命之迴歸方程式	77
表4-24 試驗結果相關分析	78
表4-25 100KPA、5HZ疲勞壽命之迴歸方程式	78
表4-26 150KPA、2HZ疲勞壽命之迴歸方程式	79
表4-27回彈模數或勁度模數之迴歸方程式	79
表4-28回彈模數與勁度模數之迴歸方程式	79















圖目錄

圖1-1  研究流程	4

圖2-1添加SASOBIT®之瀝青膠泥黏滯度變化	10

圖3-1 本研究使用之溫拌添加劑（A）ADVERA®（B）SASOBIT®	29
圖3-2 馬歇爾配合設計流程	40
圖3-3 回彈模數試驗儀	43
圖3-4 回彈模數試驗之重複載重與變形圖	43
圖3-5 馬歇爾試驗儀	45
圖3-6 勁度模數試驗裝置	47
圖3-7 EN12697-24規範之疲勞試驗裝置	50
圖3-8 疲勞試驗儀	51
圖3-9 EN12697-24規範之定位架	51

圖4-1 AC-20與不同比例溫拌劑之溫度對黏滯度關係	58
圖4-2 不同溫度與試驗組別之回彈模數比較	62
圖4-3 間接張力強度試驗結果	65
圖4-4 勁度模數試驗結果	68
圖4-5 在100KPA之疲勞壽命試驗結果	72
圖4-6 在150KPA之疲勞壽命試驗結果	73
圖4-7 不同載重頻率下AC-20之疲勞曲線	75
圖4-8 不同載重頻率下ADVERA®之疲勞曲線	75
圖4-9 不同載重頻率下SASOBIT®1.5%之疲勞曲線	76
圖4-10 不同載重頻率下SASOBIT®3%之疲勞曲線	76




附表附圖目錄

附表1  針入度試驗結果	111
附表2  軟化點試驗結果	111
附表3  粗粒料扁平率、細長率、扁長率試驗結果	112
附表4  粒料比重及吸水率試驗結果	113
附表5  粗粒料洛杉磯磨損試驗結果	113
附表6  AC-20馬歇爾配合設計最佳瀝青含量設計結果	114
附表7  10℃、25℃回彈模數試驗原始數據	118
附表8  間接張力強度試驗結果	118
附表9  AC-20勁度模數試驗結果	119
附表10  ADVERA®勁度模數試驗結果	120
附表11  1.5%SASOBIT®勁度模數試驗結果	121
附表12  3%SASOBIT®勁度模數試驗結果	122
附表13  AC-20疲勞試驗結果	123
附表14  ADVERA®疲勞試驗結果	123
附表15  1.5%SASOBIT®疲勞試驗結果	124
附表16  3%SASOBIT®疲勞試驗結果	124
附表17  AC-20 2HZ疲勞試驗迴歸分析結果	125
附表18  AC-20 5HZ疲勞試驗迴歸分析結果	125
附表19  ADVERA® 2HZ疲勞試驗迴歸分析結果	126
附表20  ADVERA® 5HZ疲勞試驗迴歸分析結果	126
附表21  1.5%SASOBIT® 2HZ疲勞試驗迴歸分析結果	127
附表22  1.5%SASOBIT® 5HZ疲勞試驗迴歸分析結果	128
附表23  3%SASOBIT® 2HZ疲勞試驗迴歸分析結果	128
附表24  3% SASOBIT®5HZ疲勞試驗迴歸分析結果	129

附圖1  決定最佳瀝青含量	115

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