線性經濟雖然促使經濟成長卻對環境造成極大的傷害。對於沒有利益的環保行動往往只是喊喊口號，無疾而終。循環經濟從源頭設計就納入回收再利用、資源效益最大化的初衷，因此有考量到獲取利益的循環經濟才能讓經濟與環境一起達到永續發展。
本文先了解循環經濟的定義與發展，主要聚焦在歐盟政策和荷蘭政策。歐盟政策按照其特性劃分為五階段，循環經濟隸屬於綠色增長的第五階段，進而探討荷蘭政策之演進。接著探討物聯網與商業模式對於循環經濟帶來的影響。物聯網將現實生活與虛擬數位結合，改變其商業模式之走向，顛覆以往的傳統思維。產品服務化，讓消費者使用功能而非購買實體產品，將所有權移轉到企業手中，迫使企業創造生命週期長、耐用性高及可回收再利用之產品來降低成本，提高獲取利潤。這為消費者、企業與環境創造多贏之局面。最後以史基浦機場為案例檢視，藉由艾倫‧麥克阿瑟基金會提出的ReSOLVE架構評估史基浦機場中物聯網的運用，是否有達到循環經濟的概念，及探討史基浦機場中物聯網的應用可以用Carbon Trust的哪種商業模式營運。

The linear economy has promoted economic growth, but it also has caused great harm to the environment. For those environmental actions without benefits, people are often just shouting slogans. Therefore, the circular economy that takes into account benefits can enable the economy and the environment to achieve sustainable development together.
This thesis first sorts out the definition and development of circular economy by focusing on the policy in the EU and the Netherlands. The EU policy divided into five stages according to different characteristics, and the circular economy is a part of green growth, which is the fifth stage. Moreover, the first part also explores the evolution of the Netherland policy.
     Next, the second part explores the impact of the Internet of Thing and business models on the circular economy. The Internet of Things combines real life with virtual numbers, changing its business model. Servitization allows consumers to use features rather than physical products. Transferring ownership to the hands of business forces companies to create products with long life cycles, high durability and recyclable products. This creates a win-win situation for consumers, businesses and the environment.
     Finally, we take Schiphol Airport as a case study, and assesses whether the use of the Internet of Things at Schiphol Airport has reached the concept of a circular economy by using the ReSOLVE from the Allen MacArthur Foundation architecture. Furthermore, the last part explores the application of the Internet of Things at Schiphol Airport that can be carried out by using which business model of Carbon Trust.

目錄
第一章 前言	1
第一節 研究動機與目的	1
一、動機	1
二、目的	2
第二節 研究方法	5
第三節 文獻回顧	6
一、循環經濟的形成與發展	6
二、循環商業模式整理	11
三、物聯網對循環經濟影響	12
第四節 研究範圍與限制	15
第五節 研究架構	16
第二章 循環經濟的發展	19
第一節 循環經濟的定義與理論	21
一、從搖籃到搖籃 CRADLE TO CRADLE	24
二、績效經濟 PERFORMANCE ECONOMY	26
三、仿生學 BIOMIMICRY	26
四、工業生態學 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY	27
五、自然資本主義 NATURAL CAPITALISM	28
六、藍色經濟 BLUE ECONOMY	29
七、再生設計 REGENERATIVE DESIGN	29
第二節 循環經濟之發展	30


第三節 歐盟循環經濟政策與發展	34
一、1957-1972年 共同市場為目的的環境相關措施	36
二、1972-1987年 擴大環境立法	36
三、1972-1987年 法律基礎和單一市場推動力	37
四、1992-2009年 法律、體制和立法合併	38
五、2009年到現今 綠色增長和實施	38
第四節 荷蘭循環經濟政策演進	41
第五節 小結	45
第三章 科技與商業模式創新	47
第一節 工業4.0的興起與關鍵技術	48
一、物聯網(INTERNET OF THINGS,IOT)	49
二、網際協定第6版（INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION , IPV6）	53
三、雲端計算	54
四、虛實整合系統(CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEM, CPS)	55
第二節 物聯網與循環經濟關係	56
第三節 物聯網創新商業模式	60
第四節 循環經濟下的商業模式	67
第五節 小結	75
第四章 個案研究	77
第一節 史基浦機場SCHIPHOL AIRPORT	79
一、史基浦機場物聯網之運用	81
二、史基浦機場循環經濟之評估	82
第二節 飛利浦公司PHILIPS	85
一、飛利浦(昕諾飛)公司物聯網的運用	86
二、飛利浦循環經濟之實踐	88
第三節 小結	91
第五章 結論	93
參考文獻	97
一、中文部分	97
二、外文部分	97
三、網路資料	100

圖目錄
圖 二 1-物料價格趨勢	19
圖 二 2 線性經濟、再利用經濟與循環經濟差別	21
圖 二 3-搖籃到搖籃回收循環分類	25
圖 二 4-卡倫堡運作	28
圖 二 5-再生設計框架	30
圖 二 6-RESOLVE架構	33
圖 二 7-1957年到2014年歐洲環境立法（法規和指令）數量的演變	35
圖 二 8-TNO分析荷蘭經濟的機會	42
圖 二 9-1900年到2005年的世界資源所耗量	44
圖 三 1 工業4.0運作模式	49
圖 三 2-物聯網發展三圍度	50
圖 三 3-物聯網產業架構與應用，	52
圖 三 4-雲端運算定義	55
圖 三 5 -虛實整合系統運作圖	56
圖 三 6-OSTERWALDER和PIGNEUR的商業模式畫布	61
圖 三 7- IBM對THOMSON ONE BANKER 1997-2006的財務數據與公司年度報告分析	65
圖 三 8-ACCENTURE的五種循環經濟商業模式	68
圖 三 9-WRAP的創新商業模式地圖	71
圖 三 10-FORUM FOR THE FUTURE的 10個循環商業模式原型	72
圖 三 11-CARBON TRUST提出的循環經濟商業模式	74
圖 四 1-飛利浦照明全新IOT平台INTERACT	87
圖 四 2-ECO PASSPORT	90
圖 四 3-ECO PASSPORT	90

表目錄
表 二 1-全球綠色經濟指數	34
表 三 1-物聯網發展	51
表 三 2- IPV4與IPV6的差異	53
表 三 3-循環經濟與智能資產的驅動因素相互作用	58
表 三 4-AIOTI工作小組的組織架構與其傑出領域對應	59
表 三 5-傳統與物聯網思維下，價值創造與捕獲的轉變	64
表 三 6-物聯網下的商業模式	66
表 三 7- FORUM FOR THE FUTURE的 10個循環商業模式原型	73
表 四 1-機場轉變	79
表 四 2-循環經濟評估表	83
表 四 3-史基浦機場年度報到2013-2018年	85
表 四 4-飛利浦年度報告2016年-2018年	91

一、中文部分
林偉賢，最佳商業模式 : 商業模式定成敗，實踐家商業模式有限公司，2011
周洪波, 李吉生, 趙曉波著 ; 博碩文化編譯，輕鬆讀懂物聯網 : 技術、應用、標準和商業模式 = Deciphering internet of things ，博碩文化股份有限公司出版，2010
阿里研究院著，重新想像你的世界 : 互聯網+商業模式大變革，天下雜誌股份有限公司出版，2016
阿爾馮斯.波特霍夫恩斯特.安德雷亞斯.哈特曼(Ernst Andreas Hartmann)編，劉欣譯， 工業4.0 : 結合物聯網與大數據的第四次工業革命 ，四塊玉文創有限公司出版，2015
財團法人中技社，資源循環經濟與產業，2014
財團法人中技社，發展循環經濟的發展趨勢與關鍵議題，2015
財團法人中技社，台灣中小企業轉型至循環經濟的挑戰與契機，2016
財團法人中技社，推升循環經濟價值之關鍵議題，2017
張志勇，物聯網概論，臺北市 : 碁峰資訊股份有限公司，2013
張小沖和李趕順，中國循環經濟發展模式新論:靜脈產業發展模式的國際比較與借鑒，人民出版社，2009
陳宗權，科技部「荷蘭循環經濟考察團」出國報告，2016
傑瑞米.里夫金著; 陳儀, 陳琇玲譯，物聯網革命 : 改寫市場經濟, 顛覆產業運行, 你我的生活即將面臨巨變，商周出版，2014
黃育徵，循環經濟。臺北市 : 天下雜誌股份有限公司出版，2017
裴有恆著，陳冠伶，改變世界的力量. 第二版 : 臺灣物聯網大商機 = Opportunities and challenges that the internet of things create， 博碩文化股份有限公司，2017
二、外文部分
(一)歐洲聯盟官方文件
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions, “Towards a circular economy: A zero waste programme for Europe”, COM/2014/0398 final/2
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions, “Closing the loop - An EU action plan for the Circular Economy”, COM/2015/0614 final
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions, “on a monitoring framework for the circular economy”, COM/2018/029 final
Commission Staff Working Document,” Report on Critical Raw Materials and the Circular Economy”, SWD(2018) 36 final, Brussels, 16.1.2018
European Commission, Call for expression of interest to join the Alliance for Internet of Things Innovation (AIOTI), 2015, European Commission, Towards a circular economy: A zero waste programme for Europe,2014
European Commission, Scoping study to identify potential circular economy actions, priority sectors, material flows and value chains,2014
European Commission, Communication from the commission to the parliament, the council and the European economic and social commitee and the commitee of the regions: Closing the loop – An EU action plan for the Circular Economy Government of Netherlands,2014, Waste to Resource: Elaboration of eight operational objectives, 2015
European Commission, Cohesion policy support for the circular economy
European Parliament and the Council Decision No. 1386/2013/EU of 20 November 2013,“Living well, within the limits of our planet”, OJ L 354,28.12.2013，p。171-200 
Report from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions, “on the implementation of the Circular Economy Action Plan”, COM/2019/190 final

(二)荷蘭官方資料
Alwin Hoogendoorn et al.,” Opportunities for a Circular Economy in the Netherlands”, 2013
Letter by the Minister for the Environment and the Minister of Economic Affairs to the Parliament, “Government-wide programme for a Circular Economy”,2016
Government-wide Programme for a Circular Economy,” A Circular Economy in the Netherlands by 2050”,2016
Government of Netherland News, Cabinet: National raw materials agreement to foster circular economy by 2050, https://www.government.nl/topics/circular-economy/news/2016/09/14/cabinet-national-raw-materials-agreement-to-foster-recycle-economy-by-2050 (accessed Oct 20,2018)
Government of Netherland News, The Netherlands joins leading group on Circular Economy,https://www.government.nl/topics/circular-economy/news/2018/07/17/the-netherlands-joins-leading-group-on-circular-economy(accessed Oct 20,2018)
Government of Netherland,Ruime in Regels,https://www.ruimteinregels.nl/(accessed May 20,2019) 
PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Food for the Circular Economy, https://www.pbl.nl/sites/default/files/cms/publicaties/PBL-2017-Food-for-the-circular-economy-2878.pdf (accessed June 5,2019) 
(三)專書
Ellen MacArthur, A new dynamic 2 : effective systems in a circular economy / edited by Ellen MacArthur Foundation, UK : Ellen MacArthur Foundation Publishing, 2016
Roberta De Angelis, Business models in the circular economy, Concepts, Examples and Theory, (March 2018)
Tom Delreux and Sander Happaerts, Environmental policy and politics in the European Union. (NY : Palgrave Macmillan, 2016)
Walter Stahel and Genevieve Reday, Potential for Substitution Manpower for Energy,( VANTAGE PRESS, 1976) 
William McDonough and Michael Braungart, Cradle to Cradle：Remaking the Way We Making Things( North Point Press,2002)
(四)期刊論文
Daniel Luiz Mattos Nascimento et al., Exploring Industry 4.0 technologies to enable circular economy practices in a manufacturing context : A business model proposal, Manufacturing Technology Management, Vol. 30, Issue 3, pp. 607-627,2019,
Donald A R George et al., A circular economy model of economic growth, Environmental Modelling and Software 73:60-63, 2015 
Fernando E. García-Muiña ey al., The Paradigms of Industry 4.0 and Circular Economy as Enabling Drivers for the Competitiveness of Businesses and Territories: The Case of an Italian Ceramic Tiles Manufacturing Company, Social Sciences , Vol 7 , Issue 12,2018
Mikael Skou Andersen, An introductory note on the environmental economics of the circular economy, Sustainability Science 2(1):133-140, 2007
William Mcdowall et al., Circular Economy Policies in China and Europe, Journal of Industrial Ecology 21(1), 2017
Yuliya Kalmykova , et al. : Circular economy – From review of theories and practices to development of implementation tools, Resources, Conservation & Recycling 135 ,2018, pp. 190–201
(五)會議論文
 Accenture, Circular Advantage: Innovative Business Models and Technologies to Create Value in a World without Limits to Growth, 2014
Almut Reichel et al., Circular economy in Europe. Developing the knowledge base, EEA report No 2/2016
EMF, Towards the Circular Economy Vol. 1: an economic and business rationale for an accelerated transition,2013
EMF, Towards the Circular Economy Vol. 2: opportunities for the consumer goods sector,2013
EMF, Towards the Circular Economy Vol. 3: Accelerating the scale-up across global supply chains,2014
EMF, Growth Within: a circular economy vision for a competitive Europe, 2015
EMF, Philips &Turntoo,. Selling light as a service. https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/case-studies/selling-light-as-a-service. 2014.
EMF, Delivering the Circular Economy a Toolkit for Policymakers. http://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/.2015
EMF , Intelligent Assets: Unlocking the circular economy potential, 2016
EMF and Google, Artificial Intelligence and the Circular Economy,2019
Wavestone, SMART AIRPORTHOW TECHNOLOGY IS SHAPING THE FUTURE OF AIRPORTS,2017
(六)碩博士論文
David W. Pearce and R. Kerry Turner, Economics of Natural Resources and the Environment. (Johns Hopkins University Press,1898) 
Kenneth E. Boulding, The Economics of the Coming Spaceship Earth, Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy, pp. 3-14.(Johns Hopkins University Press.)

Krzysztof Borodako, INTERNET OF THINGS IN THE AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURE AS AN ELEMENT OF IMPROVEMENT IN TOURISM TRAFFIC OPERATIONS, (Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu EkonomicznegoweWrocławiu, 2017)
三、網路資料
史基浦機場官方網站，https://www.schiphol.nl/
艾倫‧麥克阿瑟基金會，https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/
荷蘭政府官方網站，https://www.government.nl/
荷蘭應用科學研究組織TNO，https://www.tno.nl/en/focus-areas/circular-economy-environment/
荷蘭循環熱點，https://hollandcircularhotspot.nl/nl/
數位時代，https://www.bnext.com.tw/
歐盟官方網站，http://europa.eu/
國際航空電信公司SITA，https://www.sita.aero/
國際航空運輸協會IATA，https://www.iata.org/Pages/default.aspx
查理，2018，目標 2050 年：荷蘭循環經濟政策工具解析，荷事生非，https://www.oranjeexpress.com/2018/10/22/%E7%9B%AE%E6%A8%99-2050-%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%9A%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90/ (檢閱於2018年10月20日)
Accenture,2015,Circular Advantage -Innovative Business Models and Technologies to Create Value in a World without Limits to Growth, https://www.accenture.com/t20150523T053139__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/Accenture/Conversion-Assets/DotCom/Documents/Global/PDF/Strategy_6/Accenture-Circular-Advantage-Innovative-Business-Models-Technologies-Value-Growth.pdf (accessed Nov 17,2018)
Carbon Trust,2016,R2π – tRansition from linear 2 circular, https://www.csreurope.org/r2%CF%80-%E2%80%93-transition-linear-2-circular (accessed Nov 17,2018)
European Commission, Environment Action Programme to 2020, http://ec.europa.eu/environment/action-programme/(accessed Oct 20,2018)
European Commission, 2020 climate & energy package,  https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2020_en (accessed Nov 13,2018)
European Commission, Cohesion policy support for the circular economy, https://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/policy/themes/environment/circular_economy/(accessed Nov 13,2018)
European Commission, Circular Economy Package: Questions & Answers, http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-15-6204_en.htm (accessed Oct 20,2018)
European Commission, Research & Innovation in Internet of Things, https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/research-innovation-iot(accessed Jen 15,2019)
Forum for the Future, 2016, Circular Economy Business Model Toolkit, https://www.forumforthefuture.org/the-circular-economy-business-model-toolkit (accessed Nov 17,2018)
Government of Netherland News, Cabinet: National raw materials agreement to foster circular economy by 2050, https://www.government.nl/topics/circular-economy/news/2016/09/14/cabinet-national-raw-materials-agreement-to-foster-recycle-economy-by-2050 (accessed Oct 20,2018)
Government of Netherland News, The Netherlands joins leading group on Circular Economy,https://www.government.nl/topics/circular-economy/news/2018/07/17/the-netherlands-joins-leading-group-on-circular-economy(accessed Oct 20,2018)
IATA,2018, Passengers Want More Information, Automation, Control & Privacy but Human Touch Still Important, https://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2018-10-02-02.aspx (accessed March 19,2019)
Kevin Ashton,2009, That 'Internet of Things' Thing, https://www.rfidjournal.com/articles/view?4986(accessed Oct 19,2018)
WRAP, 2015, Innovative Business Model Map, http://www.wrap.org.uk/resource-efficient-business-models/innovative-business-models (accessed Nov 17,2018)