瓜地馬拉與貝里斯之間超過百年的領土爭端，其歷史可追溯至十八世紀，西班牙曾兩次授與貝里斯的土地使用權給英國，隨著時間的流逝，英國也逐漸拓展在貝里斯的據點，超出當時西班牙授與的範圍。瓜地馬拉獨立建國後，於西元1859年與英國簽訂《艾西內拿－威科條約》，確立了瓜地馬拉與英屬宏都拉斯（今貝里斯）的邊界。但由於英國未履行條約中所要求的道路建設，所以瓜地馬拉不承認上述邊界。瓜地馬拉於西元1991年承認貝里斯為獨立國家，但不承認其領土範圍。美洲國家組織於西元2000年介入兩國的領土爭端，協助兩國達成共識。時任美洲國家組織秘書長何塞．米格爾．因蘇爾薩（José Miguel Insulza）於西元2007年建議兩國尋求國際法院的協助。瓜地馬拉與貝里斯於西元2008年簽署《瓜地馬拉與貝里斯領土、島嶼、領海爭端送交國際法院之特別協定》，兩國必須先行公民投票的程序，而且兩國公民投票的結果皆為同意，使得將兩國的領土爭端送交國際法院。

　　本論文旨在梳理瓜地馬拉與貝里斯領土爭端的歷史發展。領土爭端的發生，並非短時間的產物，而是人事時地物的總和。瓜地馬拉與貝里斯先後於西元2018年和西元2019年完成公民投票，兩國都贊成把領土爭端交由國際法院進行裁決。瓜地馬拉和貝里斯的領土爭端是個持續發展的議題，國際法院後續的判決還有待關注。

The history of territorial dispute between Guatemala and Belize is more than one hundred years.  Dating back to the 18th century, Spain granted land use rights in Belize twice to Great Britain. As time passed by, British gradually expanded their settlements beyond the land which Spain had granted. After Guatemala became an independent country, Guatemala and Great Britain signed Aycinena-Wyke Treaty in 1859, establishing the border between Guatemala and British Honduras (now Belize). However, Guatemala did not recognize the above-mentioned border because Great Britain did not build the road required by the Treaty. Guatemala recognized Belize as an independent country in 1991, but Guatemala did not recognize its territory. The Organization of American States intervened in the territorial dispute between the two countries in 2000 and helped the two countries to reach agreements. In 2007, the then Secretary General of the Organization of American States, José Miguel Insulza, suggested that both countries seek the assistance of the International Court of Justice. In 2008, Guatemala and Belize signed the Special Agreement Between Guatemala and Belize to Submit the Territorial, Insular and Maritime Claim of Guatemala to the International Court of Justice. The two countries must go first through the referendum process and the results of both countries must be favorable to the proposal. Therefore, the territorial dispute between the two countries could be submitted to the International Court of Justice.

    This thesis aims at presenting the historical development of the territorial dispute between Guatemala and Belize. The territorial dispute does not happen in a sudden without any reason, but the sum of all the historical events. Guatemala and Belize completed their referendum in 2018 and 2019 respectively. The two countries agreed to submit the territorial dispute to the International Court of Justice. The territorial dispute between Guatemala and Belize is a happening issue and the judgement of the International Court of Justice remains to be seen.

目錄

第一章	緒論	1
第一節　研究動機與目的	1
第二節　研究方法與架構	5
第三節　資料來源與限制	8
第四節　名詞解釋與定義	9
第二章	瓜地馬拉與貝里斯領土爭端緣起	12
第一節　瓜地馬拉與貝里斯領土爭端之土地概況	12
第二節　十八世紀西班牙兩次授權英國於貝里斯合法伐木的背景	16
第三節　1859年瓜地馬拉與英國簽訂《艾西內拿－威科條約（Aycinena-Wyke Treaty）》的背景與內容	24
第三章	西元1981年貝里斯獨立後之情勢	29
第一節　西元1981年貝里斯獨立前後領土爭端的發展	29
第二節　西元2000年美洲國家組織介入瓜地馬拉與貝里斯的領土爭端	43
第三節　西元2008年瓜地馬拉與貝里斯簽訂《特別協定（Special Agreement）》的背景與內容	58
第四章	瓜地馬拉與貝里斯領土爭端解決的展望與前景	62
第一節　西元2018年瓜地馬拉公民投票（consulta popular）前的發展過程	62
第二節　西元2018年瓜地馬拉公民投票	72
第三節　西元2019年貝里斯公民投票	77
第五章	結論	86
參考文獻	92
附錄　大事年表	121

圖目錄

圖 1 瓜地馬拉主張握有主權的貝里斯領土	13
圖 2 紅色部位為莫斯基托海岸的位置	20
圖 3 西班牙兩次讓與土地使用權給英國之區域示意圖	21
圖 4 瓜地馬拉與英屬宏都拉斯（今貝里斯）邊界線	28
圖 5 潘塔哥達和薩波蒂亞環礁群的位置	35
圖 6 構成邊境毗鄰線三個標記點的位置	47
圖 7 貝里斯卡拉酷（Caracol）考古園區與邊境毗鄰線的位置	66

壹、中文部分

一、書籍專著：

中國人權協會編，《人權法典》，（臺北市：遠流出版事業公司，2001年）。

世界各國憲法大全第八冊編審委員會編譯，《世界各國憲法大全第八冊》，（臺北市：國民大會憲政研討委員會，1990年02月）。

丘宏達著，陳純一修訂，《現代國際法》，（臺北市：三民圖書股份有限公司，2012年）。

吳嘉生，《當代國際法（下）》，（臺北市：五南圖書出版公司，2009年）。

李廣民、歐斌主編，餘麗萍、王新中副主編，《國際法》，（北京：清華大學出版社，2006年）。

易君博，《政治理論與研究方法》，（臺北市：三民書局，1984年）。

庫馬（Ranjit Kumar）著，潘中道、胡龍騰譯，《研究方法：步驟化學習指南》，（臺北市：學富文化事業有限公司，2010年）。

國民大會秘書處資料組編，《新編世界各國憲法大全》，第三冊，（臺北市：國民大會秘書處，1996年05月）。

許慶雄、李明峻《國際法概論（修訂版）》，（臺中市：明目文化事業有限公司，2012年）。

陳小雀，《加勒比海諸國史：海盜與冒險者的天堂》，（臺北市：三民書局，2007）。

陳治世，《國際法》，（臺北市：臺灣商務印書館，1990年）。

陳牧民、陳宛郁，《圖解國際政治》，（臺北市：五南圖書出版公司，2013年）。

斯基德莫爾（Skidmore, T. E.）、史密斯（Smith, P.H.）著，江時學譯，《現代拉丁美洲》，（北京：世界知識出版社，1994年）。

葉至誠、葉立誠編著，《研究方法與論文寫作》，（臺北市：商鼎文化出版社，1999年）。

趙明義，《當代國際法導論》，（臺北巿：五南圖書出版股份有限公司，2001年）。

譚堅（Juan Tam）著，徐光普譯，《巴拿馬華僑150年移民史》，（臺北市：秀威資訊科技，2004年）。

二、學位論文：

蔡孟珊，《國際爭端和平解決之研究：以尼加拉瓜與哥斯大黎加聖胡安河爭端為例》，（新北市：淡江大學美洲研究所，2013年）。

謝伊婷，《馬爾維納斯/福克蘭群島主權外交爭議之研究》，（新北市：淡江大學美洲研究所，2013年）。

三、期刊論文：

陳牧民，〈領土主權與區域安全──中印領土爭議分析〉，《臺灣國際研究季刊》，第5卷，第1期，2009年春季號，2009年03月，頁157-183。

黃居正，〈領土、島嶼與海域劃界爭議案：歷史性海灣與歷史性水域〉，《台灣法學雜誌》，250期，2014年06月，頁53-63。

四、官方報告：

〈國際法院的報告　2016年8月1日至2017年7月31日〉，國際法院，2017年，（http://www.icj-cij.org/files/annual-reports/2016-2017-ch.pdf），檢索日期：2018年05月07日。


五、網路新聞：

〈公投決定ICJ仲裁主權爭議瓜國：民主勝利〉，《中央廣播電臺》，2018年04月17日，（https://news.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/405772），檢索日期：2018年04月27日。

〈瓜地馬拉、貝里斯劍拔弩張〉，《自由時報》，2016年4月24日，（http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/paper/982506），檢索日期：2016年5月26日。

〈瓜國與貝里斯領土糾紛公投 (2018.4.12)〉，《經貿透視網》，2018年04月12日，（http://www.trademag.org.tw/News.asp?id=725385），檢索日期：2018年04月27日。

〈貝里斯邊界爭議瓜地馬拉公投交由國際法院仲裁〉，《自由時報》，2018年04月16日，（http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/world/breakingnews/2397218），檢索日期：2018年04月23日。

〈與貝里斯主權爭議瓜國尋求國際法庭仲裁〉，《中央廣播電臺》，2018年04月16日，（https://news.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/405628），檢索日期：2018年04月23日。

六、網路資料

〈先占與時效〉，中華民國國際法學會，（http://csil.org.tw/home/2014/03/17/%E5%85%88%E5%8D%A0%E8%88%87%E6%99%82%E6%95%88/），檢索日期：2019年05月08日。

〈貝里斯獨立的幫兇——桃花心木〉，遠見雜誌，2018年03月22日，（https://www.gvm.com.tw/article.html?id=43514），檢索日期：2018年04月23日。

〈國際法院規約〉，國際法院，（https://www.un.org/chinese/law/icj/statute.htm），檢索日期：2019年04月25日。

〈國際法院規約的臨時辦法(同:臨時措施)〉，中華民國國際法學會，（http://csil.org.tw/home/2014/04/03/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E8%A6%8F%E7%B4%84%E7%9A%84%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E8%BE%A6%E6%B3%95%E5%90%8C%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E6%8E%AA%E6%96%BD/），檢索日期：2019年05月22日。

〈臺灣地區面積及海岸長度〉，內政統計年報 - 內政部，（http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/year/y05-17.xls），檢索日期：2016年5月15日。

〈聯合國海洋法公約〉，聯合國公約與宣言檢索系統，（https://www.un.org/zh/documents/treaty/files/UNCLOS-1982.shtml#8），檢索日期：2019年04月24日。

〈聯合國憲章第十六章〉，聯合國，（https://www.un.org/zh/sections/un-charter/chapter-xvi/index.html），檢索日期：2019年04月26日。

貳、外文部分

一、專書著作：

Barnes, J. J., & Barnes, P. P., Private and Confidential: Letters from British Ministers in Washington to the Foreign Secretaries in London, 1844-67, (Pennsylvania: Susquehanna University Press, 1993). 

Del Cantillo, Alejandro, Tratados, convenios y declaraciones de paz y de Comercio, (Madrid: Imprenta de Alegria y Charlain, 1843).

Girot, Pascal, The Americas: World Boundaries volume 4, (London: Routledge, 1994).

Herrarte, Alberto, La cuestión de Belice: estudio histórico-jurídico de la controversia, (Guatemala: Graphis Diseño & Asesoría, 2000).

Lauterpacht, E., Schwebel, S., Rosenne, S., & Vicuña, F. O., Legal Opinion on Guatemala's Territorial Claim to Belize, (Belmopan: The Government Printer, 2001).

Merrill, Tim L., Guyana and Belize: country studies, (Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, 1993).

Orellana Portillo, Gustavo Adolfo, Antecedentes y análisis del “Acuerdo Especial entre Guatemala y Belice para someter el reclamo territorial, insular y marítimo de Guatemala a la Corte Internacional de Justicia”, (Guatemala: Tipografía Nacional de Guatemala, 2012).

Southey, Captain Thomas, Chronicle History of the West Indies, (Oxfordshire: Routledge, 1968).

Tucker, Spencer C., American Revolution: the definitive encyclopedia and document collection, (California: ABC-CLIO, 2018).

二、學位論文：

Corado Marín, María Fernanda, Percepción de los estudiantes del último año de la carrera de Diplomacia y Relaciones Internacionales de la Universidad Galileo sobre las relaciones bilaterales entre Guatemala y Belice del año 2013 al 2015, (Guatemala: Universidad Galileo, 2016).

Moreno Gómez, Haroldo Giovani, Guatemala y Belice: Análisis de la Propuesta de Solución al Diferendo Territorial por los Conciliadores, 2002, (Guatemala: Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, 2008).

Rangel González, Edgar Joel, Belice y Guatemala, del diferendo a la cooperación fronteriza (1981-2006), (Chetumal: Universidad de Quintana Roo, 2007).

Solís Castañeda, Sara Angelina, El Diferendo Territorial Guatemala-Belice: origen, evolución y perspectivas, (La Habana: Universidad de La Habana, 2009).

Vázquez Barke, Gabriela, Los poderes y los hombres. El Golfo de Honduras en tiempos de disputa, (Mérida: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social, 2016).

Whitaker, Cary Pendleton, Understanding territorial disputes: Case studies regarding the disputes between Ecuador and Peru, Belize and Guatemala, Indonesia and Malaysia, and Laos and Thailand, (Denver: University of Colorado Denver, 2013).

三、期刊論文：

Aznar Sánchez, Juan, “La situación internacional de Belice,” Revista dePolítica Internacional, N° 133, 1973, pp. 67-90.

Cascante Segura, Carlos Humberto, “Un conflicto jurídico singular la definición de los límites entre Belice, Guatemala y México (S. XIX y XX),” Revista de Ciencias Jurídicas, Nº 129, 2012, pp. 45-66.

Cifuentes Medina, Edeliberto, “La cuestión de Belice: un enfoque económico social en el contexto de la economía mundo capitalista,” Espacios Políticos, Año VI, número 8, junio de 2013, pp. 13-24.

Dillon, Adam, and Marcella J. Kelly, “Ocelot Leopardus pardalis in Belize: the impact of trap spacing and distance moved on density estimates,” Oryx, Vol. 41, No. 4, October 2007, pp. 469-477.

Duff, Paxton, “The Belize-Guatemala Border: History and Dispute,” Washington Report on the Hemisphere, Vol. 37, Issue. 14, August 31, 2017, pp. 1-4.

Everitt, John C., “The Recent Migrations of Belize, Central America,” The International Migration Review, Vol. 18, No. 2, Summer, 1984, pp. 319-325.

Jones, Zelena, “Culture's Ties to the Land: The Belize-Guatemala Border Conflict's Implications. For the Maya Communities in Light of the UN Declaration,” Wisconsin International Law Journal, Winter2012, Vol. 29, Issue 4, pp. 773-806.

Lavalle, Roberto, “Problemas que puede plantear la falta de precisión del “acuerdo especial” suscrito a nombre de Guatemala y Belice en 2008 para llevar varios diferendos a la Corte Internacional de Justicia,” Espacios Políticos, Año VI, número 8, junio de 2013, pp. 25-36.

Lavalle, Roberto, “The Need for Precision in Formulating Disputes Brought to the International Court of Justice by Special Agreement, with Particular Reference to the 2008 Belize-Guatemala Special Agreement,” ZeitschriftfürausländischesöffentlichesRecht und Völkerrecht (ZaöRV), Vol. 76, No. 4, 2016, pp. 993-1000.

Padilla Menéndez, LuisAlberto, “Belice: ¿una solución definitiva que se nos escapa?,” Espacios Políticos, Año VI, número 8, junio de 2013, pp. 1-12.

Payne, Anthony J., “The Belize triangle: Relations with Britain, Guatemala and the United States,” Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, Vol. 32, No. 1, Spring, 1990, pp. 119-135.

Perez, Arlenie, Chin-Ta Chung and Afero, Farok, “Belize-Guatemala territorial dispute and its implications for conservation,” Tropical Conservation Science, Volume 2, Issue 1, March 23, 2009, pp. 11-24. 

Rangel González, Edgar Joel, “Belice y Guatemala: del diferendo a la cooperación fronteriza (1981–2006),” Ketzalcalli 2010-1, diciembre de 2010, pp. 15-36.

Restall, Matthew, “Creating “Belize”: The Mapping and Naming History of a Liminal Locale,” Terrae Incognitae, Volume 51, Issue 1, 2019, pp. 5-35.

Tamayo Pérez, Luz María Oralia, “La Comisión Mexicana de Límites y la definición de la frontera sur del país,” Revista de Geografía Norte Grande, no. 60, 2015, pp. 115-134.


四、官方報告、文件及新聞稿：

Belize Elections and Boundaries Department, “Referendum (Amendment) Act, 2008.,” Belize Elections and Boundaries Department, (http://elections.gov.bz/modules/article_publish/files/files_5c8c00f394c2d.pdf), available: 2019.05.03.

Belize Referendum Commission, “Report to the Permanent Council on the Fund for Peace, Pursuant to Resolution 781 (1257/00),” Belize Referendum Commission, (http://belizereferendum.gov.bz/files/CP38623EREPORTPEACEFUND_en.pdf), available: 2019.05.03.

Central Intelligence Agency, “British Honduras: The Guatemalan Claim,” Central Intelligence Agency, June 1, 1960, (https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP08C01297R000400160012-0.pdf), available: 2018.05.18.

Central Intelligence Agency, “The dispute over Belize (British Honduras),” Central Intelligence Agency, April 13, 1964, (https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP85T00875R002000210011-1.pdf), available: 2018.04.21.

Government of Belize and the Caribbean Development Bank, “Country Poverty Assessment, Final Report, Volume 1. Main Report,” Halcrow Group Limited, August 2010, (http://sib.org.bz/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Poverty_Assessment_Report_2009.pdf), available: 2019.03.05.

Government of Belize Press Office, “Government of Belize Explains the Supreme Court’s Ruling on the International Court of Justice Referendum,” Government of Belize Press Office, April 4, 2019, (https://www.pressoffice.gov.bz/registration-of-importers-of-biodegradable-single-use-plastics-2/), available: 2019.05.21.

Government of Belize Press Office, “New Referendum Date Set for May 8, 2019,” Government of Belize Press Office, April 18, 2019, (https://www.pressoffice.gov.bz/new-referendum-date-set-for-may-8-2019/), available: 2019.05.20.

Government of Belize Press Office, “Statement by the Rt. Hon. Dean O. Barrow, Prime Minister Press Conference on the ICJ Referendum Biltmore Plaza Hotel March 28, 2019,” Government of Belize Press Office, March 28, 2019, (https://www.pressoffice.gov.bz/statement-by-the-rt-hon-dean-o-barrow-prime-minister-press-conference-on-the-icj-referendum-biltmore-plaza-hotel-march-28-2019/), available: 2019.05.22.

Government of Belize, “Cabinet Sets Date for Referendum on International Court of Justice,” Belize Press Office, April 30, 2018, (http://www.mfa.gov.bz/images/documents/April%2030%20-%20Cabinet%20Sets%20Date%20for%20Referendum%20on%20International%20Court%20of%20Justice.pdf), available: 2019.05.21.

Government of Belize, “Government of Belize Issues Statement on Belize-Guatemala Referendum,” Belize Press Office, April 16, 2018, (http://www.mfa.gov.bz/images/Press%20Release%20Referendum%20Date.jpg), available: 2018.04.21.

Government of Belize, “Incident Between Belizean and Guatemalan Forces at Sarstoon,” Belize Press Office, March 13, 2016, (http://www.mfa.gov.bz/images/documents/Press%20Release%20Incident%20Between%20Bze%20and%20Guat%20Forces%20at%20Sarstoon.pdf), available: 2016.05.26.

Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, “Chimaltenango, Sacatepéquez y la Ciudad de Guatemala fueron invitados a participar y votar el 15 de abril en la Consulta Popular.,” Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, 9 de abril de 2018, (http://www.minex.gob.gt/noticias/Noticia.aspx?id=27685), available: 2018.04.25.

Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, “Consulta Popular: Presidente y Canciller en gira de trabajo en Alta Verapaz, Zacapa e Izabal.,” Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, 6 de abril de 2018, (http://www.minex.gob.gt/noticias/Noticia.aspx?id=27679), available: 2018.04.25.


Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, “Continua gira informativa del Presidente Jimmy Morales para invitar a votar en la Consulta Popular.,” Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, 5 de abril de 2018, (http://www.minex.gob.gt/noticias/Noticia.aspx?id=27678), available: 2018.04.25.

Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, “El Presidente Jimmy Morales y la Ministra de Relaciones Exteriores Sandra Jovel visitaron San Marcos y Quetzaltenango para invitar a la población a votar este 15 de abril.,” Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, 11 de abril de 2018, (http://www.minex.gob.gt/noticias/Noticia.aspx?id=27689), available: 2018.04.25.

Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, “En la ciudad Capital el Presidente Jimmy Morales y la Canciller Sandra Jovel cerraron su gira informativa para motivar a los guatemaltecos a votar en la Consulta Popular 2018.,” Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, 12 de abril de 2018, (http://www.minex.gob.gt/noticias/Noticia.aspx?id=27691), available: 2018.04.25.

Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, “Guatemala felicita al Pueblo de Belice por la realización de su referéndum y el resultado positivo del mismo.,” Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, 09 de mayo de 2019, (http://www.minex.gob.gt/noticias/Noticia.aspx?id=28242), available: 2019.05.10.

Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, “Inició gira del Presidente Jimmy Morales para motivar a los guatemaltecos a votar en la Consulta Popular 2018.,” Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, 3 de abril de 2018, (http://www.minex.gob.gt/noticias/Noticia.aspx?id=27675), available: 2018.04.25.

Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, “La Canciller Sandra Jovel presentó informe de la Consulta Popular ante el Consejo Permanente de la OEA.,” Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, 20 de abril de 2018, (http://www.minex.gob.gt/noticias/Noticia.aspx?ID=27710), available: 2018.04.25.

Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, “Nota Diplomática de la Ministra de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, Marithza Ruiz de Vielman, al Secretario General de las Naciones Unidas, Sr. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, reabriendo la reinvidicación de Guatamala sobre Belize,” Organization of American States, (https://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/belizeandguatemala/timelinedocuments/1994-Marzo04-NotaDiplomaticaMinistradeRelExterioresdeGuatemalaMarithzaRuizVielmanalSGdelasNac.pdf), available: 2019.04.17.

Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, “Presidente Morales y Canciller Sandra Jovel piden en Petén, no renunciar a nuestros derechos como guatemaltecos.,” Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, 7 de abril de 2018, (http://www.minex.gob.gt/noticias/Noticia.aspx?ID=27682), available: 2018.04.25.

Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala,“El Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores con relación al comunicado de Prensa emitido por la Oficina de Prensa del Gobierno de Belice con de fecha 13 de marzo de 2016,” Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, 14 de marzo de 2016, (http://www.minex.gob.gt/noticias/Noticia.aspx?id=26228), available: 2016.05.26.

Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala,“Nota enviada al Gobierno de Belice el 18 de octubre de 1999,”Organization of American States, (http://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/belizeandguatemala/historicDocs/Note%20on%20Belize%20and%20Guatemala%20Responding%20Note%201999%20ESP.pdf), available: 2016.05.16.

National Assembly of Belize, “Belize Territorial Dispute Referendum Act, 2019,” National Assembly of Belize, (https://www.nationalassembly.gov.bz/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Act-No.-6-of-2019-Belize-Territorial-Dispute-Referendum.pdf), available: 2019.05.23.

National Assembly of Belize, “Minutes-April 15, 2019,” National Assembly of Belize, (https://www.nationalassembly.gov.bz/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Minutes-April-15-2019.pdf), available: 2019.05.27.

Office of the Prime Minister of Belize, “Letter from Prime Minister of Belize to Minister of Foreign Affairs of Guatemala explaining the position of Belize on June 8, 2000,” Organization of American States, (http://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/belizeandguatemala/timelinedocuments/June%208%202000%20Letter%20from%20PM%20of%20Belize.pdf), available: 2016.05.16.

Organization of American States, “1931 - Boundary Between British Honduras and Guatemala,” Organization of American States, (http://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/belizeandguatemala/timelinedocuments/1931BoundaryBetweenBritishHondurasandGuatemala.pdf), available: 2018.05.19.

Organization of American States, “Acuerdo Especial entre Guatemala y Belice para Someter el Reclamo Territorial, Insular y Marítimo de Guatemala a La Corte Internacional de Justicia,” Organization of American States, (https://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/VirtualLibrary/Inter-StateDisputes/Belize-Guatemala/Agreements/specialagreementSpanish.pdf), available: 2018.05.18.

Organization of American States, “Acuerdo sobre un Marco de Negociación y Medidas de Fomento de la Confianza entre Belice y Guatemala,” Organization of American States, (http://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/belizeandguatemala/documentos/MFC%202005.pdf), available: 2019.04.22.

Organization of American States, “American Treaty on Pacific Settlement "Pact of Bogotá" (A-42),” Organization of American States, (http://www.oas.org/en/sla/dil/inter_american_treaties_A-42_pacific_settlement_pact_bogota.asp), available: 2018.05.21.

Organization of American States, “Constitución Política de la República de Guatemala.,” Organization of American States, (https://www.oas.org/juridico/mla/sp/gtm/sp_gtm-int-text-const.pdf), available: 2018.05.21.

Organization of American States, “Diplomatic Note from Belize's Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dean O. Barrow, to the United Nations Secretary General, Mr. Boutros Boutros-Ghali, responding to Guatemala's Minister of Foreign Affairs,” Organization of American States, (http://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/belizeandguatemala/timelinedocuments/1994-March22-DiplomaticNotefromBelizesDepPMandMinofForeignAffairstotheUNSecGen.pdf), available: 2019.04.17.

Organization of American States, “El Fondo de Paz: Resoluciones pacíficas de controversias territoriales y el rol de la OEA en la mediación de la controversia territorial entre Belize y Guatemala,” Organization of American States, (https://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/publications/brochureBG_Spanish.pdf), available: 2019.04.17.

Organization of American States, “Meeting of Security Agencies of Belize and Guatemala Adoption of Three Key Agreements Guatemala City, Guatemala,” Organization of American States, (https://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/belizeandguatemala/documentos/JointBelize-GuatemaCommission_esp.pdf), available: 2019.05.05.

Organization of American States, “Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Belize and Guatemala Agree on Date for Simultaneous Referenda,” Organization of American States, (https://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/belizeandguatemala/timelinedocuments/April%2027%202012%20press%20release.pdf), available: 2019.05.02.

Organization of American States, “Negociaciones Belice/Guatemala Acuerdo sobre Medidas de Fomento de la Confianza,” Organization of American States, (http://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/belizeandguatemala/Acuerdosobremedidasdefomentodelaconfianza2000.pdf), available: 2019.04.20.

Organization of American States, “Protocolo al Acuerdo Especial entre Guatemala y Belice para someter el Reclamo Territorial, Insular y Marítimo de Guatemala a la Corte Internacional de Justicia,” Organization of American States, (http://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/belizeandguatemala/timelinedocuments/ProtocolAmendSpAgMay252015.pdf), available: 2018.05.18.

Organization of American States, “Report on the Situation of the Belize and Guatemala Territorial Dispute,” Organization of American States, (https://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/VirtualLibrary/Inter-StateDisputes/Belize-Guatemala/Reports/ReportSitutationBelizeGuatemala.pdf), available: 2018.04.21.

Organization of American States, “Response of Belize to Guatemala's statement of 30 March 2001,” Organization of American States, (https://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/belizeandguatemala/timelinedocuments/april%2030%202001%20belize%20response%20guatemala%20march%2030%20statement%20english.pdf), available: 2019.03.27.

Organization of American States, “Signatories and Ratifications A-42: American Treaty on Pacific Settlement,” Organization of American States, (http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/sigs/a-42.html), available: 2018.05.21.

Organization of American States, “Supplementary Convention Between Her Britannic Majesty and the Republic of Guatemala Relative to the Boundary of British Honduras,” Organization of American States, (https://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/belizeandguatemala/timelinedocuments/1863August05ConvencionSuplementariaConvencionentreSuMajestadBritanicaRepdeGuatemala.pdf), available: 2019.03.20.

Organization of American States, “Tratado Aycinena-Wyke 1859,” Organization of American States, (https://www.oas.org/columbus/docs/Tratado%20Aycinena-Wyke%20(1859).pdf), available: 2018.05.19.

Presidencia de Guatemala, “Presidente Morales felicita al pueblo de Guatemala,” Presidencia de Guatemala, 17 de abril de 2018, (http://www.presidencia.gob.gt/portada/presidente-jimmy-morales-felicita-al-pueblo-de-guatemala/), available: 2018.04.25.

The Statistical Institute of Belize, “Belize Population and Housing Census 2010 Country Report,” The Statistical Institute of Belize, 2013, (http://sib.org.bz/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Census_Report_2010.pdf), available: 2019.03.05.

Tribunal Supremo Electoral de Guatemala, “Decreto Número 1-2017,” Tribunal Supremo Electoral de Guatemala, (https://www.tse.org.gt/images/decreto_consulta.pdf), available: 2019.05.06.

Tribunal Supremo Electoral de Guatemala, “Decreto Número 2-2017,” Tribunal Supremo Electoral de Guatemala, (https://www.tse.org.gt/images/Decretos2017/2-2017.pdf), available: 2019.05.06.

Tribunal Supremo Electoral de Guatemala, “Resultados Preliminares Consulta Popular Sobre El Diferendo Territorial, Insular y Marítimo Entre Guatemala y Belice,” Tribunal Supremo Electoral de Guatemala, 18 de abril de 2018, (http://resultados2018.tse.org.gt/consulta/panel/descargas/exportar.pdf.php?DEPARTAMENTO=0&MUNICIPIO=0&ELECCION=1), available: 2018.04.19.

五、網路新聞：

“Ambassador Rosado Confirms Re-Registration Must Come First,” Channel 5 Belize, April 16, 2018, (http://edition.channel5belize.com/archives/163787), available: 2018.04.20.

“Belize Police Murdered at Caracol!,” Amandala Newspaper, September 26, 2014, (http://amandala.com.bz/news/belize-police-murdered-caracol/), available: 2019.05.06.

“Belizean and Guatemalan Diplomats Meet in the Adjacency Zone,” Amandala Newspaper, March 03, 2018, (http://amandala.com.bz/news/belizean-guatemalan-diplomats-meet-adjacency-zone/), available: 2018.05.09.

“Canciller Sandra Jovel asiste a fiesta garífuna en la Plaza Central con llamado a asistir a urnas por consulta popular” Agencia Guatemalteca de Noticias, 8 de abril de 2018, (https://agn.com.gt/arte-y-cultura/canciller-sandra-jovel-asiste-a-fiesta-garifuna-en-la-plaza-central-con-llamado-a-asistir-a-urnas-por-consulta-popular/), available: 2018.04.25.

“Canciller: Guatemala apoya cultura de paz en zona de adyacencia con Belice,” Agencia Guatemalteca de Noticias, 27 de febrero de 2018, (https://agn.com.gt/politica/canciller-guatemala-apoya-cultura-de-paz-en-zona-de-adyacencia-con-belice/), available: 2018.05.09.

“Chief Justice Hears P.U.P.’s Application to Stop I.C.J. Referendum,” Channel 5 Belize, April 01, 2019, (https://edition.channel5belize.com/archives/182913), available: 2019.05.23.

“Con festival de danzas y desfile de bandas se llama al voto en la consulta popular,” Diario de Centro América, 8 de abril de 2018, (https://dca.gob.gt/noticias-guatemala-diario-centro-america/con-festival-de-danzas-y-desfile-de-bandas-se-llama-al-voto-en-la-consulta-popular/), available: 2018.04.25.

“Consulta popular sobre Belice: TSE empieza traslado de papeletas a toda Guatemala,” Agencia Guatemalteca de Noticias, 4 de abril de 2018, (https://agn.com.gt/politica/consulta-popular-sobre-belice-tse-empieza-traslado-de-papeletas-a-toda-guatemala/), available: 2018.05.03.

“Esta generación va a poder dar una solución pacífica a un tema que tiene más de 200 años, afirma presidente,” Agencia Guatemalteca de Noticias, 12 de abril de 2018, (https://agn.com.gt/politica/esta-generacion-va-a-poder-dar-una-solucion-pacifica-a-un-tema-que-tiene-mas-de-200-anos-afirma-presidente/), available: 2018.04.25.

“Esto es lo que debes saber sobre el reclamo territorial de Guatemala sobre Belice,” República, 2 de agosto de 2017, (https://republica.gt/2017/08/02/esto-es-lo-que-debes-saber-sobre-el-reclamo-territorial-de-guatemala-sobre-belice/), available: 2019.03.24.

“Findings from Spanish Archives on the Battle of St. George’s Caye.,” Amandala Newspaper, September 10, 2016, (http://amandala.com.bz/news/findings-spanish-archives-battle-st-georges-caye/), available: 2018.05.04.

“Government of Belize Responds to Guatemala’s Proposals,” The San Pedro Sun, March 26, 2013, (https://www.sanpedrosun.com/community-and-society/2013/03/26/government-of-belize-responds-to-guatemalas-proposals/), available: 2019.05.03.

“Guat proposals rile Belize government and Opposition,”Amandala Newspaper, March 27, 2013, (http://amandala.com.bz/news/guat-proposals-rile-belize-government-opposition/), available: 2019.05.03.

“Guatemala pide a Belice cambio en ley de referendo,” Prensa Libre, 13 de febrero de 2013, (https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/politica/guatemala-pide-belice-cambio-referendo_0_865113637-html/), available: 2019.05.05.

“Historic Referendum: Voters Say Yes to The ICJ,” 7 News Belize, May 09, 2019, (http://7newsbelize.com/sstory.php?nid=48864), available: 2019.05.10.

“ICJ Referendum Bill Pass In House Of Representatives,” The Reporter, April 12, 2019, (https://www.reporter.bz/2019/04/12/icj-referendum-bill-pass-in-house-of-representatives/), available: 2019.05.26.

“ICJ Referendum In Legal Limbo – Appeals Court Let Injunction Stand,” The Reporter, April 08, 2019, (https://www.reporter.bz/2019/04/08/icj-referendum-in-legal-limbo-appeals-court-let-injunction-stand/), available: 2019.05.23.

“ICJ Referendum postponed until further notice,” Breaking Belize News, April 10, 2019, (https://www.breakingbelizenews.com/2019/04/10/icj-referendum-postponed-until-further-notice/), available: 2019.04.17.

“Lawman Killed at Caracol; Investigators Suspect Guat Bandits,” 7 News Belize, September 25, 2014, (http://www.7newsbelize.com/sstory.php?nid=30149), available: 2019.05.06.

“PM Barrow Introduces New Referendum Bill,” Channel 5 Belize, April 12, 2019, (https://edition.channel5belize.com/archives/183680), available: 2019.05.27.

“PM Barrow says there is no need to change ICJ referendum date,” Amandala Newspaper, October 31, 2018, (http://amandala.com.bz/news/pm-barrow-change-icj-referendum-date/), available: 2019.05.20.

“PM Thanks Belizeans for Voting in I.C.J. Referendum,” Channel 5 Belize, May 09, 2019, (http://edition.channel5belize.com/archives/184734), available: 2019.05.10.

“Postpone The ICJ Referendum? Briceno thinks So!,” 7 News Belize, October 24, 2018, (http://7newsbelize.com/sstory.php?nid=46635), available: 2019.05.20.

“Procesiones obligan al TSE a cambiar fecha de la consulta popular” Prensa Libre, 26 de octubre de 2017, (https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/politica/procesiones-obligan-al-tse-a-cambiar-fecha-de-la-consulta-popular/), available: 2019.05.06.

“PUP mounts challenge to Special Agreement in court,” Breaking Belize News, March 06, 2019, (https://www.breakingbelizenews.com/2019/03/06/pup-mounts-challenge-to-special-agreement-in-court/), available: 2019.05.21.

“Se suspende unilateralmente la consulta popular sobre Belice,” La Hora, 22 de abril de 2013, (https://lahora.gt/hemeroteca-lh/se-suspende-unilateralmente-la-consulta-popular-sobre-belice/), available: 2019.05.03.

“Senate Meets to Debate New Referendum Legislation,” Channel 5 Belize, April 15, 2019, (https://edition.channel5belize.com/archives/183743), available: 2019.05.27.

“Senate Ratifies Special Agreement and Protocol; is Referendum Next?,” Channel 5 Belize, December 15, 2016, (https://edition.channel5belize.com/archives/139633), available: 2019.05.23.

“Senators Debate the merits of the Referendum bill, PUP Senator Abstains,” Love FM Belize, April 15, 2019, (http://lovefm.com/senators-debate-merits-referendum-bill-pup-senator-abstains/), available: 2019.05.27.

“Strengths of Belize’s Case to the I.C.J.,” Channel 5 Belize, November 30, 2018, (http://edition.channel5belize.com/archives/176266), available: 2019.04.20.

“Supreme Court’s Chief Justice grants PUP injunction, halting ICJ Referendum,” The San Pedro Sun, April 05, 2019, (https://www.sanpedrosun.com/politics-and-government/2019/04/05/supreme-courts-chief-justice-grants-pup-injunction-halting-icj-referendum/), available: 2019.05.23.

“The Mariscal-Spencer Treaty Between Mexico and England in 1893,” Amandala Newspaper, August 21, 2008, (http://amandala.com.bz/news/the-mariscal-spencer-treaty-between-mexico-and-england-in-1893/), available: 2018.05.20.

“The Senators various perspectives,” Love FM Belize, April 16, 2019, (http://lovefm.com/senators-various-perspectives/), available: 2019.05.27.

“TSE oficializa resultados y el SÍ ganó con el 96%,” Soy502, 15 de abril de 2018, (http://www.soy502.com/articulo/tse-oficializa-resultados-si-gano-96-20878), available: 2018.04.19.

“Vicepresidente Cabrera anuncia que Belice realizará su consulta popular en mayo,” Agencia Guatemalteca de Noticias, 15 de abril de 2018, (https://agn.com.gt/politica/vicepresidente-cabrera-anuncia-que-belice-realizara-su-consulta-popular-en-mayo/), available: 2018.04.20.

六、網路資料：

Belize Elections and Boundaries Department, “Official Referendum Results,” Belize Elections and Boundaries Department, (http://eabvoting.azurewebsites.net/elections/statistics/1), available: 2019.05.14.

Belize Referendum Commission, “Dispute Timeline,” (http://belizereferendum.gov.bz/dispute/timeline), available: 2019.04.17.

Belmopan Online, “Cayo District Belize,” (https://www.belmopanonline.com/cayo-district-belize), available: 2019.03.11.

Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes, “México y sus cuestiones financieras con la Inglaterra, la España y la Francia,” (http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/mexico-y-sus-cuestiones-financieras-con-la-inglaterra-la-espana-y-la-francia-memoria-que-por-orden-del-supremo-gobierno-constitucional-de-la-republica-escribe-el-c-manuel-payno--0/html/1f955a22-2cb3-4714-9ce2-9ffc1fdf0c92_10.html), available: 2019.03.14.

Carlos Muñóz, “Lo que no se logrará votando sí el 15 de abril,” (http://brujula.com.gt/lo-que-no-se-lograra-votando-si-el-15-de-abril/), available: 2019.03.14.

Central Intelligence Agency, “Central America :: Belize,” (https://www.cia.gov/llibrary/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/print_bh.html), available: 2019.04.17.

Estrategia & Negocios, “Las claves del diferendo limítrofe de Guatemala y Belice,” (https://www.estrategiaynegocios.net/lasclavesdeldia/1168675-330/las-claves-del-diferendo-lim%C3%ADtrofe-de-guatemala-y-belice), available: 2019.03.22.

Gobierno de Guatemala, “Mensaje del presidente Jimmy Morales sobre la Consulta Popular,” (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMYwKTs2gtM), available: 2018.04.25.

International Court of Justice, “All Members,” (https://www.icj-cij.org/en/all-members), available: 2019.05.22.

Javan Chavarria, “Stann Creek Railway - North Stann Creek Valley,” (http://stanncreekvalley.weebly.com/stann-creek-railway.html), available: 2019.03.07.

Library of Congress, “British Honduras-Guatemala boundary. 7-61.,” (https://www.loc.gov/item/gm70001458/), available: 2019.03.18.

María Gabriela Díaz, “Honduras and US: Heightened Partners in War on Drugs,” (https://panampost.com/marcela-estrada/2014/03/18/honduras-and-us-heightened-partners-in-war-on-drugs/?cn-reloaded=1), available: 2019.03.18.

Memoria Política de México, “1826 Tratado de amistad, navegación y comercio entre México y el Reino Unido de la Gran Bretaña e Irlanda.,” (http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/2ImpDictadura/1826-Trat-MexGB.html), available: 2018.04.23.

Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Guatemala, “Consulta Popular 2018, Preguntas y Respuestas,” (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfIoZ7MZx0c), available: 2018.04.17.

National Assembly of Belize, “History of the Legislature of Belize,” (https://www.nationalassembly.gov.bz/history-of-the-legislature-of-belize/), available: 2018.05.15.

Naturalight Productions Ltd., “Belize-Guatemala Territorial Issue - Chapter 4,” (http://www.belizenet.com/bzeguat/chap4.html), available: 2019.03.24.

Naturalight Productions Ltd., “Southern Belize,” (http://southernbelize.com/), available: 2019.03.11.

Naturalight Productions Ltd., “The History of the Stann Creek District,” (http://www.stanncreek.com/hist.html), available: 2019.03.07.

OAS Peace Fund, “Agreements signed on December 17th, 2014 in Placencia, Belize,” (https://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/agreements/#agreementsDec17), available: 2019.05.06.

Oxford Dictionaries, “Definition of Crown Colony in English,” (https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/crown_colony), available: 2018.05.04.

Publinews “Zona de adyacencia: El camino de la incertidumbre,” (https://www.publinews.gt/gt/guatemala/2016/12/01/zona-adyacencia-camino-incertidumbre.html) , available: 2019.02.28.

SERVINDI,“Guatemala, ante el circo de la consulta popular,” (https://www.servindi.org/actualidad-opinion/11/04/2018/guatemala-ante-el-circo-de-la-consulta-popular), available: 2018.06.06.

The Commonwealth, “Belize : History,” (http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/belize/history), available: 2018.05.04.

The Commonwealth, “Belize joins the Commonwealth,” (http://thecommonwealth.org/history-of-the-commonwealth/belize-joins-commonwealth), available: 2019.04.17.

United Nations, “Member States,” (https://www.un.org/en/member-states/), available: 2019.04.17.

University of Texas at Austin, “The Cost of Conflict: The Anglo-Belize/Guatemala Territorial Issue,” (https://www.ischool.utexas.edu/~gpasch/tesis/pages/guatemala/gov07/bzeguat.html), available: 2018.05.09.