本論文嘗試探討後殖民小說中的跨語際性（translinguality）現象如何影響喻

體的表達方式和本土身分認同。除了將“跨語際小說”定義為跨國或雙語/多語語

境實踐載體外，本文亦指出當代“跨語際小說”在語言和敘述手法均具符碼嚙合

（code-meshing）特徵，而非僅是單純的符碼轉換行為，其目的在於揭露小說

如何在敘述過程中建立具特異性喻體表達模式和本土身分認同。在此過程中，跨語

際性不應僅是某種固定身分的表達形式，而應被視為一種重要的動因，促使離散主

體生成新的身分認同。因此，喻體和身分認同構成“跨語際小說”的兩大基本元
素。本研究援用客體間性和向量化的方法論，對後殖民時期印度作家阿米塔夫·果許的《惡潮水》（2004）和南非作家查克斯·恩達的《紅色之心》（2000）中的

喻體和身分認同主題進行闡述，總結出跨語際性的敘述特徵，確立喻體和身分認同

在符碼嚙合語境下的實踐軌跡。

This dissertation will explore novels written in the post-colonial period from code-meshing perspective under a theme of translinguality, as that phenomenon reveals figurative paths of communication and indigenous identity. I try to redefine the notion of “translingual novel,” which is filled with a variety of translingual practices and whose author is a transnational or those bilinguals/pluri-linguals. This group of people has a chance to observe the world with their in-between lens. The “translingual novel” in the contemporary era, should be those fictions conducting code-meshing events, rather than simple code-switching activities, in both linguistic and narrative dimensions, with the intention to establish indigenous identity and unique figurative expressions in the narration process. In this process, translinguality should not be merely seen as the expression means of certain fixed identity, rather as a contributor/maker to generate an evolving identity for those Diasporas who are hugely influenced by global mobility and communication. Therefore, identity and figuration have become two essential components of translingual novel. Harnessing methodologies of inter-objectivity and vectorization, this dissertation will study two themes within translinguality, namely identity and figuration, in Amitav Ghosh’s The Hungry Tide (2004) and Zakes Mda’s The Heart of Redness (2000). By tracing Indian and African translingual novels in the post-colonial era, I will analyze and categorize narrative features of translingualism from the perspective of inter-objectivity and vectorization, with an aim to determine trajectories of code-meshed practice embodied on the theme of figuration and identity.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements                 i
Abstract(Chinese)	       iii
Abstract(English)	        iv
Introduction	                 1
Chapter One Literature Review	14
1.1 Diglossia & Multilingualism	14
1.1.1 Diglossia and polyglossia	14
1.1.2 Bilingualism and multilingualism	17
1.2. Translingualsim in socio-linguistic field	19
1.2.1 Code-switched translingualism	19
1.2.2 Code-meshed translingualism	21
1.3 Translingualism in literary field	31
1.3.1 Code-switched translingualism in literary criticism	32
1.3.2 Code-meshed translingualism in literary criticism	38
1.4. Identity	45
1.5 Figuration--metaphorical translingualism	51
1.6. Novels written by writers from Indian & South Africa	53
1.6.1 Reasons for trans-area study	53
1.6.2 Translingual novels written by Indian and African writers	56
Chapter Two Methodology	62
2.1 Theoretical framework	62
2.1.1 Code-switching or Code-meshing	62
2.1.2 Identity	77
2.1.3 Figuration	91
2.2 Methods	98
2.2.1 Research questions	98
2.2.2 Inter-objective perspective	98
2.2.3 Vectorization	108
Chapter Three Tide Figuration of Translinguality    112
Chapter Four Ethnic Identity Construction by Translingual Practice    138
Chapter Five Comparison of Novels for Positive Attitude of Translinguality  161
Conclusion       184
Works Cited	 189

Works Cited 

Alvarez, Sara P., Suresh Canagarajah, Eunjeong Lee, Jerry Won Lee and Shakil 
    Rabbi. “Translingual Practice, Ethnic Identities, and Voice in Writing.” Crossing 
    Divides: Exploring Translingual Writing Pedagogies and Programs. Eds. Bruce 
    Horner and Laura Tetreault. Boulder, Colorado: Utah State University Press, 
    2017. 31-47. Print.
Ametzaga, Irujo and I. Xabier. “Introduction to a Political History of the Basque 
Language and Literature.” Tinta 9 (2009): 31-69. Web. 1 Oct. 2016. 
Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of    
Nationalism. London and New York: Verso, 1996 (1983). Print. 
Anzaldúa, Gloria. Borderlands/ La Frontera: The New Mestiza. San Francisco: Aunt 
    Lute, 1987. Print. 
---. “How to Tame a Wild Tongue.” Switching Languages: Translingual Writers 
    Reflect on Their Craft. Ed. Steven G. Kellman. Lincoln and London: University 
of Nebraska P, 2003. 45-58. Print. 
Appiah, K. A. Cosmopolitanism: Ethics in A World of Strangers. New York: Norton. 
2007. Print.
Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth Griffiths, and Helen Tiffin. The Empire Writes Back: Theory 
    and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures. London: Routledge, 1989. Print.
Atkinson, D., Churchill, E., Nishino, T. and Okada, H. “Alignment and Interaction in 
    A Sociocognitive Approach in Second Language Acquisition.” Modern 
    Language Journal 91.2 (2007): 169-88. EBSCO. Web. 17 July 2017.
Atkinson, Dwight, Deborah Crusan, Paul Kei Matsuda, Christina Ortmeier-Hooper, 
    Todd Ruecker, Steve Simpson, and Christine Tardy. “Clarifying the Relationship 
    between L2 Writing and Translingual Writing: An Open Letter to Writing Studies 
    Editors and Organization Leaders.” College English 77.4 (2015): 383-386. 
    ProQuest. Web. 16 June 2017.
Austin, J. L. How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962.
    Print.
Ayash, Nancy Bou. “Hi-ein, Hiيين or يين Hi? Translingual Practices from Lebanon 
    and Mainstream Literacy Education.” Literacy as Translingual Practice: 
    Between Communities and Classrooms. Ed. A. Suresh Canagarajah. New York 
    and London: Routledge, 2013. 96-103. Print.
Baca, D. “Rethinking Composition, Five Hundred Years Later.” Journal of Advanced 
    Composition 29.1 (2009): 229-242. JSTOR. Web. 12 July 2017.
Bakhtin, Mikhail M. “The Bildungsroman and its Significance in the History of 
    Realism.” Speech Genres and Other Late Essays 10 (1986): 21. OAIster. Web. 
    12 July 2017.
---. The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. 1981. Trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael 
    Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1996. Print.
Barad, Karen. “Diffracting Diffraction: Cutting Together-Apart.” Parallax 20.3 
    (2014):168-187. EBSCO. Web. 13 July 2017.
---. Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter 
and Meaning. Durham, NC: Duke University P. 2007. Print. 
Beaujour, Elizabeth Klosty. Alien Tongues: Bilingual Russian Writers of the “First” 
Emigration. New York: Cornell University Press, 1989. Print. 
Benjamin, Walter. “Goethe’s elective affinities.” Walter Benjamin: selected writings: 
1, 1913-1926. Eds. Marcus Bullock and Michael W. Jennings. Cambridge: 
Harvard Univ. Press, 1996. Print.
---. “The Task of the Translator.” Illuminations. Trans. Harry Zohn. Ed. Hannah 
Arendt. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1969. 69-82. Print.
Bernabé, J., Chamoiseau, P. and Confiant, R. Éloge de la Créolité. Paris, 
    France/Baltimore, OH: Gallimard/ Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990. Print.
Bhabha, Homi K. “Interview. Staging the Politics of Difference: Homi Bhabha’s 
    Critical Literacy.” Race, Rhetoric, and the Postcolonial. Eds. G.A. Olson and L. 
    Worsham. Albany: SUNY Press, 1999. 3-42. Print.
---. The Location of Culture. 1994. London and New York: Routledge, 1995. Print.
Bhatia, T. K. and W. C. Ritchie. “Bilingualism in South Asia.” The Handbook of 
Bilingualism. Eds. T. K. Bhatia and W. C. Ritchie. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004. 
780-807. Print. 
Bible, Holy. “New International Version. (2011).” Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan. 
Print.
Bizzell, Patricia. “Basic Writing and the Issue of Correctness, or What to Do with 
    ‘Mixed’ Forms of Academic Discourse.” Journal of Basic Writing 19 (2000): 
    4-12. JSTOR. Web. 17. 06. 2017.
---. “Hybrid Academic Discourses: What, Why, How.” Composition Studies 27 
    (1999): 7-21. JSTOR. Web. 17 July 2017.
---. “Who Owns English in South Korea?” Crossing Divides: Exploring Translingual 
    Writing Pedagogies and Programs. Eds. Bruce Horner and Laura Tetreault. 
    Boulder, Colorado: Utah State University Press, 2017. 70-86. Print.
Blanchet, P., and Coste, D. Regards Critiques sur la Notion d’ “Interculturalité”: 
    Pour une Didactique de la Pluralité Linguistique et Culturelle. Paris, France: 
L’Harmattan, 2010. Print. 
Blommaert, Jan. Grassroots Literacy: Writing, Identity and Voice in Central Africa. 
Oxford: Routledge, 2008. Print. 
---. The Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
2010. Print.
Bokamba, E. G. “Codemixing, Language Variation, and Linguistic Theory: Evidence 
from Bantu Language.” Lingua 76.1 (1998): 21-62. JSTOR. Web. 17 July 2017. Bongie, Chris. Islands and Exiles: The Creole Identities of Post/colonial Literature. 
Standford, CA: Stanford University P. 1998. Print. 
Bourdieu, P. Outline of A Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University P. 
1977. Print. 
Braidotti, Rosi. Nomadic Subjects. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. 
    Print. 
Breytenbach, Breyten. Return to Paradise. Cape Town: David Philip, 1993. Print.
Brink, André Philippus. An Instant in the Wind. Sourcebooks, Inc, 2008. eBook Index. 
    Web. 7 Oct. 2017.
---. “English and the Afrikaans Writer.” Switching Languages: Translingual 
    Writers Reflect on Their Craft. Ed. Steven G. Kellman. Lincoln and London: 
University of Nebraska P, 2003. 203-220. Print.
Bucholtz, Mary and Kira Hall. “Identity and Interaction: A Sociocultural Linguistic 
    Approach.” Discourse Studies 7.5 (2005): 585-614. JSTOR. Web. 7 Oct. 2017.
Buruma, Ian. “The Road to Babel.” Switching Languages: Translingual Writers 
    Reflect on Their Craft. Ed. Steven G. Kellman. Lincoln and London: University 
of Nebraska P, 2003. 9-22. Print.
Butler, Judith. Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of “Sex.” New York: 
Routledge, 1993. Print.
Canagarajah, A. Suresh. Critical Academic Writing and Multilingual Students. Ann 
    Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2002. Print. 
---. “Language Shift and the Family: Questions from the Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora.” 
    Journal of Sociolinguistics 12. 2 (2008): 143-176. OaFindr. Web. 7 Oct. 2017. 
---. “Lingua Franca English, Multilingual Communities, and Language Acquisition.” 
    Modern Language Journal 91 (2007): 923-939. JSTOR. Web. 24 Aug. 2017.
---. ed. Literacy as Translingual Practice: between Communities and Classrooms. 
    New York and London: Routledge, 2013. Print.
---. “Negotiating Translingual Literacy: An Enactment.” Research in the Teaching of 
    English 48.1 (2013): 40-67. JSTOR. Web. 10 Aug. 2017.
---. “The Place of World Englishes in Composition: Pluralization continued.” College 
    Composition and Communication 57.4 (2006): 586-619. JSTOR. Web. 6 Oct. 
    2017.
---. “Styling One’s Own in the Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora: Implications for Language 
    and Ethnicity.” Journal of Language, Identity, and Education 11 (2012): 
    124-135. Taylor & Francis. Web. 10 Oct. 2017.
---. “Translanguaging in the Classroom: Emerging Issues for Research and 
    Pedagogy.” Applied Linguistics Review 2 (2011): 1-27. EBSCO. Web. 29 Mar. 
    2017.
---. Translingual Practice: Global Englishes and Cosmopolitan Relations. Milton
    Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2013. Print.
---. Translingual Practices and Neoliberal Policies: Attitudes and Strategies of
     African Skilled Migrants in Anglophone Workplaces. Cham, Switzerland: 
    Springer, 2016. eBook Index. Web. 29 Mar. 2017.   
---. “World Englishes as Code-meshing.” Code-Meshing as World English: Policy, 
    Pedagogy, Performance. Eds. V. A. Young and A. Martinez. Urbana, IL: National 
    Council of Teachers of English, 2011. 273-281. Print. 
Canagarajah, Suresh and Maria Jerskey. “Meeting the Needs of Advanced 
    Multilingual Writers.” The SAGE Handbook of Writing Development. Eds. R. 
    Beard, D. Myhill, J. Riley and M. Nystrand. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2009. 
    472-488. Print.
Candelier, M., Ioannitou, G., Omer, D., and Vasseur, M. ed. Conscience du 
    Pluri-linguisme: Pratiques, Représentations et Interventions. Rennes, France: 
Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2008. Print. 
Chatterjee, Partha. “The Nationalist Resolution of the Women’s Question.” 
Postcolonial Discourses. Ed. Gregory Castle. 151–166. Malden, MA: Blackwell 
Publishers, 2001. Print.
Clifford, James. “Diasporas.” Cultural Anthropology 9.3 (1994): 302-328. JSTOR. 
    Web. 16 June 2017.   
Coetzee, J. M. Foe. New York: Penguin, 1987. Print.
Confiant, R. “Créolité et Francophonie: un Éloge de la Diversalité.” Potomitan. 2006. 
Web. 18 Oct. 2017. <http:// www.potomitan.info/articles/diversalite.htm> Connor, Linda, Glenn Albrecht, Nick Higgenbotham, Sonia Freeman, and Wayne 
Smith. “Environmental Change and Human Health in Upper Hunter 
Communities of New South Wales, Australia.” EcoHealth 1, suppl. 2 (2004): 
47–58. Print.
Connor, U. Contrastive Rhetoric: Reaching to Intercultural Rhetoric. Philadelphia, 
    PA: John Benjamins Publishing, 2008. Print.
Coronel-Molina, Serafin M. “Crossing Borders and Constructing Indigeneity: A Self 
    Ethnography of Identity.” Indigeneity Construction and re/Presentation. Eds. J. 
N. Brown and P. M. Sant. Commack, NY: Nova Science, 1999. 59-75. Print. Coronel-Molina, Serafin M. and Beth L. Samuelson. “Language Contact and 
Translingual Literacies.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 
38.5 (2016): 379-389. Taylor & Francis. Web. 22 Nov. 2017. 
Coronel-Molina, Serafin M. and Peter M. Cowan. “Amerindian and Translingual 
Literacies across Time and Space.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural 
Development 38.5 (2017): 407-421. Taylor & Francis. Web. 22 Sept. 2017.
Council of Europe/Conseil de l’Europe. Common European Framework of Reference 
    for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge 
University Press, 2001. Print. 
Cramer, Friedrich. Chaos and Order: The Complex Structure of Living Systems. 
Trans. D. I. Loewus. Weinheim: VHC 1993. Print.
Dagnino, Arianna. Transcultural Writers and Novels in the Age of Global Mobility. 
    West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue UP, 2015. Print.
de Souza, Lynn Mario T. Menezes. “A Case among Cases, a World among Worlds: 
    The Ecology of Writing among the Kashinawa in Brazil.” Journal of Language, 
    Identity, and Education 1.4 (2002): 261-278. Taylor & Francis. Web. 10 Oct. 
    2017.
Derrida, Jacques. “Des tours de Babel.” Difference in Translation. Ed. J. F. Graham. 
    Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1985. 165-248. Print.
Donahue, Christiane. “Negotiation, Translinguality, and Cross-Cultural Writing 
    Research.” Literacy as Translingual Practice: Between Communities and 
    Classrooms. Ed. A. Suresh Canagarajah. New York and London: Routledge, 
    2013. 149-161. Print.
Dorian, N. “Minority and Endangered Languages.” The Handbook of Bilingualism. 
    Eds. T. K. Bhatia and W. C. Ritchie. Oxford: Blackwell, 2006. 437-459. Print.
Dryer, Dylan B. and Paige Mitchell. “Seizing an Opportunity for Translingual FYC at 
    the University of Maine: Provocative Complexities, Unexpected Consequences.” 
    Crossing Divides: Exploring Translingual Writing Pedagogies and Programs. 
    Eds. Bruce Horner and Laura Tetreault. Boulder, Colorado: Utah State 
    University Press, 2017. 135-160. Print.
Ette, Ottmar. Writing-between-Worlds: TransArea Studies and the 
    Literatures-without-a-fixed-Abode. Trans. Vera M. Kutzinski. Berlin: Walter de 
Gruyter GmbH, 2016. Print. 
Eze, Chielozona. “Transcultural Affinity: Thoughts on the Emergent Cosmopolitan 
Imagination in South Africa.” Journal of African Cultural Studies 27 (2): 
216-228. 2015. EBSCO. Web. 19. May 2017.
Ferguson, Charles A. “Diglossia.” Word 15.2 (1959):325-40. Taylor & Francis. 
    Web. 8 Oct. 2017.
Flores, Nelson. “The Unexamined Relationship between Neoliberalism and 
    Plurilingualism: A Cautionary Tale.” TESOL Quarterly 47.3 (2013): 500-20. 
    JSTOR. Web. 10 Oct. 2017.
Fishman, Joshua A. “Bilingualism with and without Diglossia: Diglossia with and 
    without Bilingualism.” Journal of social issues 23.2 (1967):29-38. Humanities & 
    Social Sciences Index. Web. 10 Oct. 2017.
---. “Societal Bilingualism: Stable and Transitional.” Language in Sociocultural 
    Change. Ed. Anwar S. Oil. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 
    1972.135-52. Print.
Foucault, Michel. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Trans. Alan 
    Sheridan. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1979. Print.
Gal, Susan and Judith T. Irvine. “The Boundaries of Languages and Disciplines: How 
    Ideologies Construct Difference.” Social Research 62.4 (1995): 967-1001. 
    JSTOR. Web. 14 July 2017.
Gallagher, Chris and Matt Noonan. “Becoming Global: Learning to ‘Do’ 
   Translingualism.” Crossing Divides: Exploring Translingual Writing Pedagogies 
   and Programs. Eds. Bruce Horner and Laura Tetreault. Boulder, Colorado: Utah 
   State University Press, 2017. 161-177. Print. 
Garcia, Ofelia. Bilingual Education in the 21st Century: A Global Perspective. 
    Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. Print.
Garcia, Ofelia and Li Wei. Translanguaging: Language, Bilingualism and Education. 
    New York: Palgrave Pivot, 2014. Print.
Giddens, A. Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction 
    in Social Analysis. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1979. Print.
Gilyard, Keith. “Cross-Talk: Toward Transcultural Writing Classrooms.” Writing in 
    Multicultural Settings. Eds. C. Severino, J. C. Guerra and J. E. Butler. New York, 
    NY: Modern Language Association of America, 1997. 325-331. Print.
Gonzales, Laura. “Multimodality, Translingualism, and Rhetorical Genre Studies.” 
Composition Forum 31.1 (2015): 1-20. EBSCO. Web. 16 June 2017. 
Gonzalez, Jennifer. “Autotopographies.” Prosthetic Territories: Politics and 
Hypertechnologies. Ed. Gabriel Brahm and Mark Driscoll. San Francisco: 
Westview Press, 1995. 133-150. Print. 
Gramling, David. “On the Other Side of Monolingualism: Fatih Akin’s Linguistic 
    Turn(s).” The German Quarterly 83.3 (2010): 353-372. JSTOR. Web. 17 May 
    2017.
Guerra, Juan C. “The Place of Intercultural Literacy.” Writing in Multicultural 
    Settings. Eds. C. Severino, J. C. Guerra and J. E. Butler. New York, NY: Modern 
    Language Association of America, 1997. 248-260. Print.
---. “Writing for Transcultural Citizenship: A Cultural Ecology model.” Language Arts 
    85.4 (2008): 296-304. ERIC. Web. 10 Oct. 2017.
Guerra, Juan C. and Ann Shivers-McNair. “Toward a New Vocabulary of Motive: 
    Re(con)figuring Entanglement in a Translingual World.” Crossing Divides: 
    Exploring Translingual Writing Pedagogies and Programs. Eds. Bruce Horner 
    and Laura Tetreault. Boulder, Colorado: Utah State University Press, 2017. 
    19-30. Print.
Gumperz, John J. “Types of Linguistic Communities.” Anthropological Linguistics 
    4.1 (1962): 28-40. JSTOR. Web. 10 Aug. 2017.
---. “Linguistic and Social Interaction in Two Communities.” American 
    Anthropologist 66.6 (1964): 137-53. JSTOR. Web. 10 Aug. 2017.
---. Language in Social Groups. Ed. Anwar S. Oil. Stanford, CA: Stanford University 
    Press, 1971. Print.
Hall, D. L. and R. T. Ames. Anticipating China: Thinking Through the Narratives of 
    Chinese and Western Culture. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. 1995. Print.
Hall, Stuart. “Introduction: Who Needs ‘Identity’?” Questions of Cultural Identity. 
    Eds. Stuart Hall and Paul Du Gay. Thousand Oaks CA & London: Sage, 1996. 4. 
    Print.
---. “The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity.” Culture, Globalization, 
    and the World System. Ed. A. D. King. Minneapolis, MN: University of
    Minnesota Press, 1997. 19-40. Print.
Halliday, Michael. “Applied Linguistics as an Evolving Theme.” Association 
    Internationale de Linguistique Appliquée. Singapore. December 16-21, 2002. 
    Plenary address.
Hansen, Julie. “Making Sense of the Translingual Text: Russian Wordplay, Names, 
    and Cultural Allusions in Olga Grushin’s The Dream Life of Sukhanov.” The 
    Modern Language Review 107.2 (2012): 540-558. Jstor. Web. 18 Oct. 2017.
Hanson, Joleen. “Moving Out of the Monolingual Comfort Zone and Into the 
    Multilingual World: An Exercise for the Writing Classroom.” Literacy as 
    Translingual Practice: Between Communities and Classrooms. Ed. A. Suresh 
    Canagarajah. New York and London: Routledge, 2013. 207-214. Print.
Hargens, S. “Intersubjective Musings: A Response to Christian De Quincey’s ‘The 
    Promise of Integralism’.” Journal of Consciousness Studies 8 (2001): 35-78. Arts 
    & Humanities Citation Index. Web. 18 Oct. 2017.
Harris, Roy. Integrationist Notes and Papers: 2006-2008. Gamlingay: Bright Pen, 
2009. Print.
Heidegger, Martin. “What are Poets for?” Poetry, Language, Thought. Trans. Albert 
Hofstadter. New York: HarperCollins, 1971. Print.
Held, David. “Culture and Political Community: National, Global and Cosmopolitan.” 
    Conceiving Cosmopolitanism: Theory, Context, Practice. Eds. Steven Vertovec 
    and Robin Cohen. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. 48-58. Print.
Hoffman, Eva. Lost in Translation: A Life in a New Language. New York: Penguin, 
    1990. Print.
Hoogvelt, Ankie. Globalization and the Postcolonial World: The New Political 
    Economy of Development. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1997. 
    Print. 
Horner, Bruce. “Teaching Translingual Agency in Iteration: Rewriting Difference.” 
    Crossing Divides: Exploring Translingual Writing Pedagogies and Programs. 
    Eds. Bruce Horner and Laura Tetreault. Boulder, Colorado: Utah State 
    University Press, 2017. 87-97. Print.
Horner, Bruce and Laura Tetreault. “Introduction.” Crossing Divides: Exploring 
    Translingual Writing Pedagogies and Programs. Eds. Bruce Horner and Laura 
    Tetreault. Boulder, Colorado: Utah State University Press, 2017. 3-16. Print.
Horner, Bruce and J. Trimbur. “English Only and U. S. College Composition.” 
    College Composition and Communication 53.4 (2002): 594-630. MLA. Web. 10 
    Aug. 2017.
Horner, Bruce, M.-Z. Lu, J. J. Royster and J. Trimbur. “Language Difference in 
    Writing: Toward A Translingual Approach.” College English 73.3 
    (2011):303-321. JSTOR. Web. 10 Aug. 2017.
Horner, Bruce, S. NeCamp, and C. Donahue. “Toward a Multilingual Composition 
    Scholarship: From English Only to a Translingual Norm.” College Composition 
and Communication 63.2 (2011): 269-300. JSTOR. Web. 15 Aug. 2017. 
Hoydis, Julia. “Tackling the Morality of History”: Ethics and Storytelling in the 
Works of Amitav Ghosh. Heidelberg: Universitatsverlag, 2011. Print.
Hutcheon, Linda. The Politics of Postmodernism. London and New York: Routledge, 
1989. Print. 
Hyland, Ken. Disciplinary Identities: Individuality and Community in Academic 
    Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University P. 2012. Print. 
Inoue, Asao B. “Writing Assessment as the Conditions for Translingual Approaches: 
    An Argument for Fairer Assessments.” Crossing Divides: Exploring Translingual 
    Writing Pedagogies and Programs. Eds. Bruce Horner and Laura Tetreault. 
Boulder, Colorado: Utah State University Press, 2017. 119-134. Print. 
Jerskey, Maria. “Literacy Brokers in the Contact Zone, Year 1: The Crowded Safe 
    House.” Literacy as Translingual Practice: Between Communities and 
    Classrooms. Ed. A. Suresh Canagarajah. New York and London: Routledge, 
    2013. 197-206. Print.
Jin, Ha. “Interview with Ha Jin.” Switching Languages: Translingual Writers Reflect 
    on Their Craft. Ed. Steven G. Kellman. Lincoln and London: University of 
    Nebraska P, 2003. 79-84. Print.
Jordan, Jay. “Material Translingual Ecologies.” College English 77.4 (2015): 364-382. 
    JSTOR. Web. 15 Aug. 2017.
Kamil, M., D. Pearson, E. Moje and P. Afflerbach. ed. Handbook of Reading 
    Research. Vol. 4. New York, NY: Routledge, 2010. Print.
Kellman, Steven G. ed. Switching Languages: Translingual Writers Reflect on Their 
    Craft. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska P, 2003. Print.
---. The Translingual Imagination. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska 
Press, 2000. Print.
Kellman, Steven G. and Natasha Lvovich. “Introduction.” Studies in the Novel 48.4 
    (2016): 403-406. Project Muse. Web. 10 Dec. 2017.
---. “Introduction to Special Issue: Literary Translingualism: Multilingual Identity and 
Creativity.” L2 Journal 7.1 (2015): 3-5. Web. 8 Oct. 2017. 
Khanna, Sanjay. “What Does Climate Change Do to Our Heads?” Web. 25 April 
2013. http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/007906.html.
Khubchandani, Lachman M. “Diglossia Revisited.” Oceanic Linguistics Special 
    Publications, 20 (1985): 199-211. JSTOR. Web. 10 Aug. 2017.
---. Revisualizing Boundaries: A Plurilingual Ethos. New Delhi: Sage, 1997. Print.
King, Rosemary A. Border Confluences. Tucson: Arizona University Press, 2004. 
    Print. 
Kleeman, Faye Yuan. “Translingual Narration: Colonial and Postcolonial Taiwanese
    Fiction and Film.” Journal of Japanese Studies 2 (2017): 455-458. Project 
Muse. Web. 10 Dec. 2017. 
König, Christoph. “Philological Understanding. Ethics, method and Style in the Work 
of Peter Szondi.” Textual Understanding and Historical Experience: On Peter 
Szondi. Ed. Susanne Zepp. 71-88. Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink, 2015. Print.
Krall-Lanoue, Aimee. “‘And Yea I’m Venting, But Hey I’m Writing Isn’t I’: a 
    Translingual Approach to Error in a Multilingual Context.” Literacy as 
    Translingual Practice: Between Communities and Classrooms. Ed. A. Suresh 
    Canagarajah. New York and London: Routledge, 2013. 228-234. Print.
Kramsch, Claire J. The Multilingual Subject: What Foreign Language Learners Say 
    about Their Experience and Why It Matters. Oxford, UK; New York: Oxford 
    University Press, 2009. Print.
---. “The Traffic in Meaning.” Asia Pacific Journal of Education 26.1 (2006): 99-104. 
EBSCO. Web. 10 Aug. 2017. 
Kristeva, Julia. Revolution in Poetic Language. New York: Columbia University 
Press, 1984. Print. 
Kubota, Ryuko. “The Multi/plural Turn, Postcolonial Theory, and Neoliberal 
Multiculturalism: Complicities and Implications for Applied Linguistics.” 
Applied Linguistics 37.4 (2014): 474-494. ERIC. Web. 18. Aug. 2017. 
Küpper, Joachim, “My Encounter with Peter Szondi. Remarks on Theory of the 
Modern Drama (1880--1951).” Textual Understanding and Historical 
Experience: On Peter Szondi. Ed. Susanne Zepp. 43-54. Paderborn: Wilhelm 
Fink, 2015. Print. 
Lalicker, William B. “Enacting Translingual Writing Pedagogy: Structures and 
    Challenges for Two Courses in Two Countries.” Crossing Divides: Exploring 
    Translingual Writing Pedagogies and Programs. Eds. Bruce Horner and Laura 
    Tetreault. Boulder, Colorado: Utah State University Press, 2017. 51-69. Print.
Latour, Bruno. “On Interobjectivity.” Mind, Culture, and Activity 3.4 (1996): 228-245. 
    Taylor & Francis. Web. 18 Aug. 2017.
Lauret, Maria. “‘Your Own Goddamn Idiom’: Junot Diaz’s Translingualism in the 
    Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao.” Studies in the Novel 48.4 (2016): 494-512. 
    Project Muse. Web. 10 Dec. 2017.
Lavelle, Thomas. “The Ins and Outs of Translingual Work.” Crossing Divides: 
    Exploring Translingual Writing Pedagogies and Programs. Eds. Bruce Horner 
    and Laura Tetreault. Boulder, Colorado: Utah State University Press, 2017. 
190-198. Print. 
Le Goff, Jacques. History and Memory. Trans. Stephen Rendall, and Elizabeth 
    Claman. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992. Print. 
Lee, Jerry Won. “Beyond Translingual Writing.” College English 79.2 (2016): 174-86. 
    EBSCO. Web. 18. Aug. 2017.
Lee, Karen An-hwei. Anglophone Literatures in the Asian Diaspora: Literary 
    Transnationalism and Translingual Migrations. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press, 
2013. Print.
Leishman, J. B. and Stephen Spender. trans. “Commentary.” Rainer Maria Rilke: 
Duino Elegies. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1939. Print.
Liu, Lydia He. Translingual Practice: Literature, National Culture, and Translated 
    Modernity – China, 1900-1937. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1995. 
Print. 
Lo, Terence and Colleen Wong. “Polyglossia in the ‘Printed Cantonese’ Mass Media 
in Hong Kong.” Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 1.1 (1990): 27-43. Print.
Lorimer, Rebecca. “Writing across Languages: Developing Rhetorical Attunement.” 
    Literacy as Translingual Practice: Between Communities and Classrooms. Ed. 
    A. Suresh Canagarajah. New York and London: Routledge, 2013. 162-169. Print.
Lu, Min-Zhan. “An Essay on the Work of Composition: Composing English against 
    the Order of Fast Capitalism.” College Composition and Communication 56.1 
    (2004): 16-50. JSTOR. Web. 8 Oct. 2017.
Lu, Min-Zhan and Bruce Horner. “Introduction: Translingual Work.” College English 
    78.3 (2016): 207-218. EBSCO. Web. 18. Aug. 2017.
---. “Translingual Literacy and Matters of Agency.” Literacy as Translingual 
    Practice: Between Communities and Classrooms. Ed. A. Suresh Canagarajah. 
    New York and London: Routledge, 2013. 26-38. Print.
Lyons, Scott Richard. “The Fine Art of Fencing: Nationalism, Hybridity, and the 
    Search for A Native American Writing Pedagogy.” Journal of Advanced 
    Composition 29.1 (2009): 77-105. JSTOR. Web. 8 Oct. 2017.
Maher, John C. “Metroethnicities and Metrolanguages.” The Handbook of Language 
    and Globalization. Ed. Nikolas Coupland. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. 
    575-591. Print.
Makoni, S. “From Misinvention to Disinvention of Language: Multilingualism and 
    the South African Constitution.” Black Linguistics: Languages, Society and 
    Politics in Africa and the Americas. Eds. S. Makoni, G. Smitherman, A. Ball, and 
    A. Spear. London, UK: Routledge, 2003. 132-153. Print. 
Malcolm, Katie. “Disrupting Monolingual Ideologies in a Community College: A 
    Translingual Studio Approach.” Crossing Divides: Exploring Translingual 
    Writing Pedagogies and Programs. Eds. Bruce Horner and Laura Tetreault. 
Boulder, Colorado: Utah State University Press, 2017. 101-118. Print.
Mallick, Ross. “Refugee Resettlement in Forest Reserves: West Bengal Policy 
Reversal and the Marichjhapi Massacre.” The Journal of Asian Studies 58.1 
(1999): 104-25. Print.
Mandelbrot, Benoit B. The Fractal Geometry of Nature. New York: W. H. Freeman 
and Company. 1983. Print. 
Mangelsdorf, Kate. “Language Difference and Translingual Enactments.” Crossing 
    Divides: Exploring Translingual Writing Pedagogies and Programs. Eds. Bruce 
    Horner and Laura Tetreault. Boulder, Colorado: Utah State University Press, 
    2017. 199-205. Print.
Mao, LuMing. “Redefining Indigenous Rhetoric: From Places of Origin to 
    Translingual Spaces of Interdependence-in-Difference.” Literacy as Translingual 
    Practice: Between Communities and Classrooms. Ed. A. Suresh Canagarajah. 
    New York and London: Routledge, 2013. 47-56. Print.
---. “Rhetorical Borderlands: Chinese American Rhetoric in the Making.” College 
    Composition and Communication 56.3 (2005): 426-469. JSTOR. Web. 18 Aug. 
    2017.
Mao, L. and Morris Young. “Introduction: Performing Asian American Rhetoric in the 
    American Imaginary.” Representations: Doing Asian American Rhetoric. Eds. L. 
    Mao and Morris Young. Logan, UT: Utah State University Press, 2008. 1-22. 
    Print.
Matsuda, Paul Kei. “The Lure of Translingual Writing.” PMLA 129.3 (2014): 
    478-483. Arts & Humanities Citation Index. Web. 18 Aug. 2017.
---. “The Myth of Linguistic Homogeneity in U. S. College Composition.” College 
    English 68.6 (2006): 637-651. MLA International Bibliography. Web. 18 Aug. 
    2017.
---. “It’s the Wild West Out There.” Literacy as Translingual Practice: Between 
    Communities and Classrooms. Ed. A. Suresh Canagarajah. New York and 
    London: Routledge, 2013. 128-138. Print.
May, Stephen. ed. The Multilingual Turn: Implications for SLA, TESOL, and 
Bilingual Education. New York: Routledge, 2014. Print. 
Michael-Luna, S. and Canagarajah, A. S. “Multilingual Academic Literacies: 
    Pedagogical Foundations for Code Meshing in Primary and Higher Education.” 
    Journal of Applied Linguistics 4.1(2007): 55-77. EBSCO. Web. 18 Aug. 2017.
Milson-Whyte, Vivette. “Pedagogical and Social-Political Implications of 
    Code-Meshing in Classrooms: Some Considerations for a Translingual 
    Orientation to Writing.” Literacy As Translingual Practice: Between 
    Communities and Classrooms. Ed. A. Suresh Canagarajah. New York and 
    London: Routledge, 2013. 115-127. Print.
Milu, Esther. “Translingual Practices in Kenyan Hiphop: Pedagogical Implications.” 
    Literacy As Translingual Practice: Between Communities and Classrooms. Ed. 
    A. Suresh Canagarajah. New York and London: Routledge, 2013. 104-112. Print.
Molasky, Michael S. The American Occupation of Japan and Okinawa. New York: 
    Routledge, 1999. Print.
Morton, Timothy. “Ecology without the Present.” Oxford Literary Review 34.2 
    (2012): 229-238. OaFindr. Web. 18 Oct. 2017.
Mountford, R. “On Gender and Rhetorical Space.” Rhetoric Society Quarterly 30.1 
    (2001): 41-71. JSTOR. Web. 18 Aug. 2017.
Moura-Koçoğlu, Michaela. Narrating Indigenous Modernities: Transcultural 
    Dimensions in Contemporary Māori Literature. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2011. 
    Print.
Muecke, Stephen. Ancient & Modern: Time, Culture and Indigenous Philosophy. 
Sydney: UNSW Press, 2004. 39. Print. 
Mukherjee, Pablo. “Surfing the Second Waves: Amitav Ghosh’s Tide Country.” New 
Formations 59 (2006): 144-57. Print.
Nien-Ming Ch’ien, Evelyn. Weird English. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 2004. Print.
Nilep, Chad. “‘Code Switching’ in Sociocultural Linguistics.” Colorado Research in 
Linguistics N.p. 19 (2006): 1-22. Web. 8 Oct. 2017. 
https://philpapers.org/archive/NILCSI.pdf 
Nora, Pierre. “Between Memory and History: Les lieu de memoire.” Representations 
26 (1989):7-25. Print.
Okara, Gabriel. “African Speech … English Words.” Switching Languages: 
    Translingual Writers Reflect on Their Craft. Ed. Steven G. Kellman. Lincoln and 
    London: University of Nebraska P, 2003. 185-187. Print.
Ortega, Lourdes. “Ways Forward for a Bi/multilingual Turn in SLA.” The 
    Multilingual Turn: Implications for SLA, TESOL, and Bilingual Education. Ed. 
    Stephen May. New York: Routledge, 2014. 32-52. Print.
Ortiz, Fernando. Cuban Counterpoint: Tobacco and Sugar. Trans. Harriet de Onís. 
    Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995. Print.
Pandey, Anita. “Introduction.” International Journal of Communication 21.1 (2011): 
    1-4. EBSCO. Web. 8 Oct. 2017.
---. “When ‘Second’ Comes First—हिंदी to the Eye? Sociolinguistic Hybridity in 
    Professional Writing.” Literacy as Translingual Practice: Between Communities
    and Classrooms. Ed. A. Suresh Canagarajah. New York and London: Routledge, 
    2013. 215-227. Print. 
Parker, David. Through Different Eyes: The Cultural Identities of Young Chinese 
    People in Britain. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate, 1995. Print. 
Parsons-Yazzie, E. “A Study of Reasons for Navajo Language Attrition as Perceived 
    by Navajo Speaking Parents.” EdD dissertation, Northern Arizona University. 
1995. Print.
Paul, Heike. “Introduction: Multilingualism and American Studies.” Amerikastudien/ 
American Studies 51.1 (2006): 5–8. JSTOR. Web. 18 Aug. 2017. 
Paz, Octavio. “Los Hijos de la Malinche.” El Laberinto de la Soledad. Ed. Enrico 
Mario Santi, 202-27. Madrid: Catedra, 1993. Print.
Penalosa, F. “Chicano Multilingualism and Multiglossia.” El Lenguaje de los 
Chicanos. Eds. E. A. D. Cohen Hernandez-Chavez and A. F. Beltramo. Virginia: 
Centre for Applied Linguistics. 1975. Print.
Pennycook, Alastair. “English as a Language Always in Translation.” European 
    Journal of English Studies 12.1 (2008): 33-47. Arts & Humanities Citation  
    Index. Web. 14 Oct. 2017.
---. Language as a Local Practice. London, UK: Routledge, 2010. Print.
Pennycook, Alastair and Emi Otsuji. Metrolingualism: Language in the City. New 
York: Routledge. 2015. Print. 
Pennycook, Alastair and S. Makoni. “The Modern Mission: The Language Effects of 
Christianity.” Journal of Language, Identity, and Education 4.2 (2005): 137-155. 
ERIC. Web. 18 June 2017. 
Pereira, Claudiany. “Repensando a Nação: Breviário das Terras do Brasil e o Resgate 
da Nacionalidade.” Letras de Hoje 36.1 (2013): 127-48. OaFindr. Web. 05. 06. 2017. 
Pérez, Ricardo F. Vivancos. “Feminismo, Traducción Cultural y Traicióón en 
Malinche de Laura Esquivel.” Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 26.1 (2010): 
111-127. JSTOR. Web. 2 Oct. 2017. 
Platt, J. “A Model for Polyglossia and Multilingualism.” Language in Society 6 
(1977): 361-78. JSTOR. Web. 25 Sept. 2017. 
Platt, J. and H. Weber. English in Singapore and Malaysia: Status, Features, 
Functions. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. 1980. Print.
Poe, Mya. “Research on Multilingual Writers in the Disciplines: The Case of 
    Biomedical Engineering.” Literacy as Translingual Practice: Between 
    Communities and Classrooms. Ed. A. Suresh Canagarajah. New York and 
    London: Routledge, 2013. 170-181. Print. 
Pratt, Mary Louise. “Arts of the Contact Zone.” Profession 91 (1991): 33–40. JSTOR. 
    Web. 18 Aug. 2017.
---. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. London: Routledge, 1992. 
    Print.
Pratt, Mary Louise, Michael Geisler, Claire Kramsch, Scott McGinnis, Peter Patrikis, 
    Karin Ryding, and Haun Saussy. “Transforming College and University Foreign 
    Language Departments.” Modern Language Journal 92.2 (2008): 287-292. 
JSTOR. Web. 18 Aug. 2017. 
Prior, P. Writing/Disciplinarity: A Sociohistoric Account of Literate Activity in the 
Academy. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1998. Print.
Rampton, Ben. Language in Late Modernity: Interaction in an Urban School. 
    Cambridge: CUP, 2008. Print.
Rashidirostami, Mahroo. “The Translingualism of Kurdish Writers: A Postcolonial 
    Reading of Ali-Ashraf Darvishian’s Autobiographical Novel Sālhāyi Abrī 
    (Cloudy Years).” Studies in the Novel 48.4 (2016): 462-276. Project Muse. Web. 
    10 Dec. 2017.
Reyhner, Jon. “Confronting the Wounds of Colonialism through Words.” Literacy as 
    Translingual Practice: Between Communities and Classrooms. Ed. A. Suresh 
Canagarajah. New York and London: Routledge, 2013. 70-82. Print.
Rubdy, R. and M. Saraceni. English in the World: Global Rules, Global Roles. 
London, UK: Continuum, 2006. Print.
Santesso, Aaron. A Careful Longing: The Poetics and Problems of Nostalgia. Newark: 
University of Delaware Press, 2006. Print. 
Santiago, Esmeralda. “Introduction to Cuando era puertorriqueña.” Switching 
    Languages: Translingual Writers Reflect on Their Craft. Ed. Steven G. Kellman. 
    Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska P, 2003. 131-134. Print.
---. When I Was Puerto Rican. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press, 2006. Print.
Scenters- Zapico, John. “Transnational Translingual Literacy Sponsors and Gateways 
    on the United States—Mexico Borderlands.” Literacy as Translingual Practice: 
    Between Communities and Classrooms. Ed. A. Suresh Canagarajah. New York 
    and London: Routledge, 2013. 182-194. Print.
Schulze-Engler, Frank. “Transnational Configurations: Third Spaces in Modern 
    Times.” Communicating in the Third Space. Eds. Karin Ikas and Gerhard 
    Wagner. London and New York: Routledge, 2009. 149-168. Print. 
Scruggs, Bert Mitchell. Translingual Narration: Colonial and Postcolonial 
    Taiwanese Fiction and Film. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press, 2015. Print.
Severino, C., Guerra. J. C. and J. E. Butler. Writing in Multicultural Settings. New 
York, NY: Modern Language Association, 1997. Print. 
Shahar, Galili. “Eden: A Listening. Reading Celan after Szondi.” Textual 
Understanding and Historical Experience: On Peter Szondi. Ed. Susanne Zepp. 
89-104. Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink, 2015. Print.
Silva, T., I. Leki and J. Carson. “Broadening the Perspective of Mainstream 
    Composition Studies: Some Thoughts from the Disciplinary Margins.” Written 
    Communication 14.3 (1997): 398-428. Literature Resource Center. Web. 18 Aug. 
    2017.
Sommer, Doris. “Irresistible Romance: The Foundational Fictions of Latin America.” 
    Nation and Narration. Ed. Homi K. Bhabha. London and New York: Routledge, 
    1990. 71-98. Print.
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. Outside in the Teaching Machine. New York: 
    Routledge. 1993. Print.
Spyra, Ania. “On Labors of Love and Language Learning: Xiaolu Guo Rewriting the 
    Monolingual Family Romance.” Studies in the Novel 48.4 (2016): 444-461. 
    Project Muse. Web. 10 Dec. 2017.
Stavans, Ilan. Art and Anger: Essays on Politics and the Imagination. Albuquerque: 
    University of New Mexico Press, 1996. Print.
---. “Autobiographical Essay.” Switching Languages: Translingual Writers Reflect on 
    Their Craft. Ed. Steven G. Kellman. Lincoln and London: University of 
    Nebraska P, 2003. 111-127. Print.
Steiner, George. After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation. London: Oxford 
    University Press, 1975. Print.
Steinitz, Tamar. Translingual Identities: Language and the Self in Stefan Heym and 
Jakov Lind. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2013. Print. 
Stewart, Susan. On Longing: Narratives of the Miniature, the Gigantic, the Souvenir, 
the Collection. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993. Print.
Tardy, Christine M. “Crossing, or Creating, Divides? A Plea for Transdisciplinary 
    Scholarship.” Crossing Divides: Exploring Translingual Writing Pedagogies and 
    Programs. Eds. Bruce Horner and Laura Tetreault. Boulder, Colorado: Utah State 
    University Press, 2017. 181-189. Print.
Tawada, Yoko and Chantal Wright. Portrait of A Tongue: An Experimental 
    Translation. Ottawa, Ontario: University of Ottawa P, 2013. Print.
Thiong’o, Ngũgĩ wa. “Imperialism of Language: English, a Language for the World?” 
    Switching Languages: Translingual Writers Reflect on Their Craft. Ed. Steven G. 
Kellman. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska P, 2003. 169-181. Print.
Thouard, Denis. “Form and History: From Lukács to Szondi.” Textual Understanding 
and Historical Experience: On Peter Szondi. Ed. Susanne Zepp. Paderborn: 
Wilhelm Fink, 2015. 31-42. Print.
Tollefson, James W. “Language Policy and the Meanings of Diglossia.” WORD 34.1 
    (1983): 1-9. MLA International Bibliography. Web. 18 Aug. 2017.
Tosta, Antonio Luciano de Andrade. Confluence Narratives: Ethnicity, History, and 
    Nation-making In the Americas. Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 2016. 
Print. 
Trinh, Minh-ha T. When the Moon Waxes Red: Representation, Gender, and Cultural 
Politics. New York: Routledge, 1991. Print.
Van Vuuren, Hermina Elizabeth Janse. Poetry in Prison: A Study of Breyten 
    Breytenbach’s Five Volumes of Prison Poetry in Translation. Diss. University of 
    Natal, Durban, 1991. Print.
Venuti, Lawrence. The Scandals of Translation: Towards an Ethics of Difference. 
    London: Routledge. 1998. Print.
Wahl, Chris. Das Sprechen des Spielfilms: über die Auswirkungen von hörbaren 
    Dialogen auf Produktion und Rezeption, Ästhetik und Internationalität der 
    siebten Kunst. Trier: Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 2005. Print.
Wanner, Adrian. Out of Russia: Fictions of a New Translingual Diaspora. Evanston, 
    Illinois: Northwestern Univ. Press. 2011. Print.
---. “Writing the Translingual Life: Recent Memoirs and Auto-Fiction by 
    Russian-American and Russian-German Novelists.” eScholarship 1 (2015): 1-11. 
EBSCO. Web. 18 Aug. 2017.
Weidner, Daniel. “Reading the Wound. Peter Szondi’s Essay on the Tragic and 
Walter Benjamin.” Textual Understanding and Historical Experience: On Peter 
Szondi. Ed. Susanne Zepp. 56-70. Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink, 2015. Print.
Weininger, Melissa. “Language Politics: The Boundaries of Homeland and 
    Translingual Israeli Literature.” Studies in the Novel 48.4 (2016): 477-493. 
    Project Muse. Web. 10 Dec. 2017.
Wible, Scott. “Rhetorical Activities of Global Citizens.” Literacy as Translingual 
    Practice: Between Communities and Classrooms. Ed. A. Suresh Canagarajah. 
    New York and London: Routledge, 2013. 39-46. Print.
Wilson, Rita. “Cultural Mediation through Translingual Narrative.” Target: 
International Journal of Translation Studies 23.2 (2011): 235-250. A&HCI. Web. 
9 Oct. 2017.
---. “Mediating the Clash of Cultures through Translingual Narrative.” Words, Images 
and Performances in Translation. Eds. Brigid Maher and Rita Wilson Australia, 
Australia/Oceania: Continuum International, 2012. 45-62. Print.
---. “Transplanted Subjects: Self-Translation Processes in Translingual Narratives.”
    Oltreoceano: Rivista Sulle Migrazioni 5 (2011): 123-138. MLA International 
    Bibliography. Web. 9 Oct. 2017.
Wong, Elaine. “Translingual Narration: Colonial and Postcolonial Taiwanese Fiction 
    and Film by Bert Scruggs (Review).” Studies in the Novel 48.4 (2016): 517-518. 
    Project Muse. Web. 10 Dec. 2017.
Woods, Michelle. “Elsewhere: Translingual Kundera.” Studies in the Novel 48.4 
    (2016): 427-443. Project Muse. Web. 10 Dec. 2017.
Worden, Dorothy. “Afterword.” Literacy as Translingual Practice: Between 
    Communities and Classrooms. Ed. A. Suresh Canagarajah. New York and 
    London: Routledge, 2013. 235-238. Print.
You, X. “Globalization and the Politics of Teaching EFL Writing.” The Politics of 
    Second Language Writing: In Search of the Promised Land. Eds. P. K. Matsuda, 
    C. Ortmeier-Hooper and X. You. West Lafayette, IN: Parlor, 2006. 188-204. 
Print. 
Young, James. The Texture of Memory. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993. 
Print.
Young, Morris. “Foreign and Domestic: Gender and the Place(s) of Asian American 
    Rhetoric.” Narrative Acts: Rhetoric, Race, and Identity, Knowledge. Eds. D. 
    Journet, B. A. Boehm and C. E. Britt. New York, NY: Hampton Press, 2011. 
    67-82. Print.
---. “Neither Asian nor American: The Creolization of Asian American Rhetoric.” 
    Literacy As Translingual Practice: Between Communities and Classrooms. Ed. 
   A. Suresh Canagarajah. New York and London: Routledge, 2013. 59-69. Print.
Young, Robert J. C. Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture and Race. London: 
    Routledge, 1995. Print.
Young, V. Ashanti. “‘Nah, We Straight’: An Argument against Code Switching.” JAC: 
    A Journal of Composition Theory 29.1-2 (2009): 49-76. JSTOR. Web. 18 Aug. 
    2017.
---. “Your Average Nigga.” College Composition and Communication 55.4 (2004): 
    693-715. JSTOR. Web. 18 Aug. 2017.
Young, V. Ashanti. and Aja Martinez. ed. Code Meshing as World English: Policy, 
    Pedagogy, Performance. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 
2011. Print.
Youngkeit, Jason. “Malinche de Laura Esquivel: Una Lucida Revaluación Discursiva 
    de lo Histórico.” Confluencia 28.2 (2013): 136-148. JSTOR. Web. 8 Oct. 2017.
Zaldua, I. “Eight Crucial Decisions (A Basque Writer Is Obliged to Face).” Writers in 
    Between Languages: Minority Literatures in the Global Scene. Ed. M. J. 
    Olaziregi. Reno, NV: Center for Basque Studies, University of Nevada, 2009. 
    89-112. Print.
Zamel, Vivian. “Toward a Model of Transculturation.” TESOL Quarterly 31.2 (1997): 
341-351. JSTOR. Web. 18 Aug. 2017.
Zepp, Susanne. ed. Textual Understanding and Historical Experience: On Peter 
Szondi. Paderborn: Wilhelm Fink, 2015. Print.
Žižek, Slavoj. The Sublime Object of Ideology. London: Verso, 1989. Print.