在「全球化」儼然成為一流行名詞之前，生態環境問題早就悄然跨越國際邊界，進而影響全球人類與「地球他者」。本論文旨從生態文化/文學評論與生態女性主義的論點剖析加拿大作家瑪格麗特．愛特伍、北美原住民作家琳達．荷根以及亞裔美籍作家山下．凱倫的作品。三位女性作家的作品主題背景分別為晚期資本主義基因工程的風險社會、全球化邏輯對北美原住民地景的影響以及全球化脈絡下的環境正義議題。除了深入探討全球化所帶來的風險與力量外，本論文也試圖分析全球化對環境、女性和「他者」的影響。 
本論文引言部分旨在討論生態文化/文學論述在全球化脈絡下的演進與發展。從自然書寫、荒野保護到環境（正義）文學、生態女性主義作為一種草根性運動的耙梳，意在說明文化與自然乃非截然二分的觀念，都市中的環境問題將難以避免的影響自然棲地的保存。論文第一章介紹生態女性主義的各派論點，以建構論與本質論之辯論為輔，進而引介出對女性與自然連結的中介位置。第二章主以貝克(Ulrich Beck)的風險理論剖析愛特伍《末世男女》中末世前後地景。在科技、資本主義至上的基因工程世界裡，基因工程與菁英社區、基改成果商品化、恣意散播病毒以獲取可觀利益等劃上等號。在這個由科技所導致的全球風險社會下，人與人之間、人與自然之間的疏離與隔閡卻因「迴力球效應」以命運大鎖鍊將全人類一併毀滅。愛特伍對於毀滅後的失控地景的描寫顯示她對末世前基因工程科技與資本主義掛勾的猖獗、高度科技文明下現代人的心靈冷漠、孤獨、空虛以及人為造成的全球暖化所做的控訴。第三章處理琳達･荷根的小說《太陽風暴》。首先探究小說中提及的歐美殖民歷史，最早從西進運動對北美原住民及其生態所造的破壞，進而探討因襲美國天命論的全球化邏輯下的水壩建設，迫使原住民的主體性漸漸消失。然而藉由重新居住、故事地景、心景與地景的交互映照，主角重新認識在其文化脈絡下相互依存的人與自然的關係，由此產生抗拒水壩建造的護鄉行動以及重建對其部落的記憶以抗拒西方霸權的殖民記憶。第四章首先以阿帕杜萊(Arjun Appadurai)的五個流動景觀，尤以族裔景觀、媒體景觀、金融景觀作為分析主軸，探討山下．凱倫的《穿過雨林的弧線》中政府、跨國公司以及以追求「進步」的建設發展邏輯如何形塑當地的地景與人民的生活。此外，藉由新興神秘物質成分的最後揭示，跨國公司與當地政府所投資的神秘物質，原來竟是千年擠壓深埋於地下的垃圾。此「真相」乃為作者暗諷貪婪剝削當地的跨國公司的脆弱與風險。來自日本最後在巴西定居並與其女僕結婚的主角，不但深入瞭解巴西民間疾苦、更因被迫探勘更多神秘物質反而有機會知曉這塊土地的悲苦進而促成其對這塊土地的認同感。要言之，在全球化的氛圍中，此三本小說呈現現代人的心靈迷失於快速生活步調、高科技導向、虛擬世界中，然而破壞自然的迴力棒終將危及人類自身的生存，並為自身及其他物種帶來災難。

This dissertation discusses Margaret Atwood, Linda Hogan and Karen Tei Yamashita in terms of the emergence of ecocritical and ecofeminist literary theories and risk analysis. Contextualizing the voices of three female writers’ texts, especially highlighting the significance of landscape and waterscape as well as the late capitalist risk society and environmental justice in an age of globalization, this dissertation looks at the risks and benefits of globalization so that we can re-consider re-evaluate the impacts of globalization on the environment, women, and “Others.” 
The “environmental crisis,” including global warming, globalized biotechnology, dam-induced habitat destruction, and profit-driven multinational corporations, is associated with crises of mind and reason. Hierarchically dualism and economic rationalism give biased preference for “male-coded reason” rather than “female-coded spheres of the body and emotions.” This study, therefore, ventures an interpretation of three novels—Solar Storms, Oryx and Crake and Through the Arc of the Rain Forest—so as to shed light on the ambivalent nature of (social and economic) globalization. 
In the Introduction, this study looks to the field of ecocriticism in the context of globalization, with its development from nature writing to environmental literature, defending ecocriticism as one way of critically approaching contemporary literary texts with a global concern, not exclusively bound with American studies. Chapter One presents a brief overview of the evolution of ecofeminism, focusing on its relationship with feminism and environmental justice and arguing for a mediating position of nature and gender and its global concern. Through an analysis of the three novels, this study not only combines cultural studies and ecofeminism for its theoretical underpinning, but also opens up a new dimension by using literature to analyze our everyday concrete experience and to form a dialogic interaction between humans and nonhuman nature, weaving together a number of cultural, ethical, spiritual and political concerns. Chapter Two highlights how to look at Ulrich Beck’s risk theory, who, together with other sociologists, senses a crisis of (first) modernity, in Atwood’s apocalyptic text, Oryx and Crake, in which Atwood represents “nature” in a “post-natural” world and exhibits the consequences and irreversible risks of living in a radically secluded bioengineered society. Chapter Three deals with Hogan’s Solar Storms, which is grounded on the historical event of the James Bay hydroelectric projects and which examines two specific landscape formations, one a mechanism of oppression (dam construction) and the other a power of resistance (“globalization from below”) by revolving around the theoretical issues surrounding the intersections of Euramerican colonialism, ecocriticism/ecofeminism, and Native American literature. Hogan seeks to ground Native American identity in the ancestral, mythological, dream and storied landscape, a land made more dynamic by the recognition of the interrelatedness of humans and nonhumans and requiring their resistance for survival. Chapter Four moves on to Asian American writer Yamashita’s Through the Arc of the Rain Forest. By presenting ethnic, media, economic, technological environmental landscapes of globalization in the novel, this chapter expounds on the notion of “reinhabitation” as a way of understanding the Japanese immigrant’s struggles to live in Brazil in ecologically viable ways. All in all, the three writers I research in this study all anticipate an equal and sustainable future.

Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………ii
Chinese Abstract …………………………………………………………………..iv
English Abstract ……………………………………………………………………vi
INTRODUCTION  Ecocriticism in the Age of Globalization………………….1
Chapter One	Ecofeminism: A Mediating Position and Its Global Concerns ……………………………………………………..28
	The Roots of Ecofeminism……………………………………..28
	Ecofeminism and Its (Un)Common Ground…………………34
	Ecofeminism and Environmental Justice…………………….36
	Feminism and Ecofeminism……………………………………39
	Postmodern (Eco)feminism………………………………..…48
	Ecofeminism and Its Global Concerns…..……………………59
Chapter Two	Great Chain of Risk: (Post-)Apocalyptic Landscapes in Margaret Atwood’s Oryx and Crake………………………...66
	Apocalypticism, Crisis and Risk………………………………67
	Margaret Atwood’s Oryx and Crake………………………….76
	Risk before Apocalypse…………………………………….....77
	Risk after Apocalypse…………………………..……………118
Chapter Three	Becoming Animals: Fight for the Waterscape in Linda Hogan’s Solar Storms……………………………………….125
	Ecofeminism and Native American Literature………………129
	Landscape of Colonialism……………………………………134
	Landscape of Polytheism…..…………………….…………..151
	Landscape of Resistance…………………………………….175
Chapter Four	The Ball/Earth Speaks!: Brazilian Landscapes in Karen 
Tei Yamashita’s Through the Arc of the Rain Forest……...187
	Why Landscape……………………………………………….189
	Landscape of Globalization…………………………………..192
	Anti-Globalization Landscape………………………………..205
	Junkyard Landscape & Ecoscape…………………………….214
CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………233
Works Cited ……………………………………………………………………..244

Abram, David. “Forward.” Radical Ecopsychology: Psychology in the Service of Life. Andy Fisher. Albany: State U of New York P, 2002. ix-xii.
Adams, Carol J. Ecofeminism and the Sacred. New York: Continuum P, 1993.
Adamson, Joni. American Indian Literature, Environmental Justice, and Ecocriticism: The Middle Place. Tucson: The U. of Arizona P., 2001.
___, Mei Mei Evans, and Rachel Stein, eds. The Environmental Justice Reader: Politics, Poetics, and Pedagogy. Tucson: U. of Arizona P, 2002. 
___. “Encounter with a Mexican Jaguar: Nature, NAFTA, Militarization and Ranching in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands.” Globalization on the Line: Culture, Capital, and Citizenship at the U.S. Borders. Ed. Claudia Sadowski-Smith. New York: Palgrove, 2002. 221-240.
___. “Literature-and-Environment Studies and the Influence of the Environmental Justice Movement.” Blackwell Companion to American Literature and Culture. Ed. Paul Lauter. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing (forthcoming 2009).
Alaimo, Stacy. Undomesticated Ground: Recasting Nature as Feminist Space. Ithaca and London: Cornell UP, 2000.
___, and Susan Hekman. “Introduction: Emerging Models of Materiality in Feminist Theory.” Material Feminisms. Ed. Stacy Alaimo and Susan Hekman. Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 2008. 1-22.
Allen, Paula Gunn. The Sacred Hoop: Recovering the Feminine in American Indian Traditions. Boston: Beacon P, 1986.
Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1996.
Appadurai, Arjun. “Disjuncture and Difference in the Global Cultural Economy.” Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minnesota: U of Minnesota P, 1996. 27-47.
___. “Grassroots Globalization and the Research Imagination.” Globalization. Ed. Arjun Appadurai. London: Duke UP, 2001. 1-21.
Arrigo, B. “Legal Discourse and the Disordered Criminal Defendant: Contributions for Psychoanalytic Semiotics and Chaos Theory.” Legal Studies Forum 18 (1994): 93-112.
Atwood, Margaret. Oryx and Crake. New York: Anchor Books, 2003.
Baker, Alan R. H. “Introduction: on Ideology and Landscape.” Ideology and Landscape in Historical Perspective: Essays on the Meanings of Some Places in the Past.” Ed. Alan R. H. Baker and Gideon Biger. New York: Cambridge UP, 1992. 1-14.
Barnhill, David Landis. “Great Earth Sangha: Gary Snyder’s View of Nature as Community.” Buddhism and Ecology: The Interconnection of Dharma and Deeds. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1997. 187-218.
Barry, Peter. “Ecocriticism.” Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2002.
Basso, Keith H. Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language among the Western Apache. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1996.
Bauman, Zygmunt. “The Self in a Consumer Society.” The Hedgehog Review (1999): 35-40.
Baviskar, Amita. "Strong Sense of Self and Place." http://www.hinduonnet.com/folio/fo0007/00070220.htm
Beck, Ulrich. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity‎. London: Sage, 1992.
___, Anthony Giddens, and Scott Lash. Reflexive Modernization: Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order. Cambridge: Polity, 1994.
___. World Risk Society. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998.
___. What Is Globalization? Tran. Patrick Camiller. Malden, MA: Polity, 2000.
Berger, Peter L. “Four Faces of Global Culture.” National Internet 49 (1997): 23-29.
Birkeland, Janis. “Ecofeminism: Linking Theory and Practice.” Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Ed. Greta Gaard. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1993. 13-59.
Brecher, Jeremy, Tim Costello and Brendan Smith. Globalization from Below: The Power of Solidarity. Cambridge: South End P, 2000.
Brown, Norman O. Life Against Death: The Psychoanalytic Meaning of History. 2nd ed. Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan UP, 1985.
Bruchac, Joseph, ed. Survival This Way: Interview with American Indian Poets. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 1987.
Buell, Frederick. From Apocalypse to Way of Life: Environmental Crisis in the American Century. New York: Routledge, 2003.
Buell, Lawrence. Environmental Imagination: Thoreau, Nature Writing, and the Formation of American Culture. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.
___. “The Ecocritical Insurgency.” New Literary History. 30.3 (Summer 1999) 699-712.
___. Writing for an Endangered World: Literature, Culture, and Environment in the U.S. and Beyond. London: The Belknap P of Harvard UP, 2001.
___. The Future of Environmental Criticism. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005. 
___. “Ecoglobalist Affects: The Emergence of U.S. Environmental Imagination on a Planetary Scale.” Shades of the Planet: American Literature as World Literature. Ed. Wai Chee Dimock and Lawrence Buell. Oxford: Princeton UP, 2007. 227-48.
Bullard, Robert D. “Introduction.” Confronting Environmental Racism: Voices from the Grassroots. Ed. Robert D. Bullard. Massachusetts: South End Press, 1993. 7-14.
Cajete, Gregory. Look to the Mountain: An Ecology of Indigenous Education. Kivaki P, 1994.
Callicott, J. Baird. "Traditional American Indian and Western European Attitudes Toward Nature: An Overview." Environmental Ethics 4 (1982): 293-318.
Carlassare, Elizabeth. “Essentialism in Ecofeminist Discourse.” Ecology: Key Concepts in Critical Theory. Ed. Carolyn Merchant. New Jersey: Humanities Press, 1994. 220-34.
Carlisle, Rodney P. and J. Geoffrey Golson, eds. Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America. Oxford: ABC-Clio, 2007.
Carter, Erica, James Donald, and Judith Squires, eds. Space and Place: Theories of Identity and Location. London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1993.
Casey, Edward. The Fate of Place: A Philosophical History. Berkeley: U of California P, 1997.
Castells, Manuel. The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.
Cheney, Jim. “Eco-Feminism and Deep Ecology.” Environmental Ethics 9.2 (Summer 1987): 115-45.
___. “Postmodern Environmental Ethics: Ethics as Bioregional Narrative.” Environmental Ethics 11.2 (Summer 1989): 117-34.
Cheung, King-Kok. An Interethnic Companion to Asian American Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1997.
Clifford, James. Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1997.
Cresswell, Tim. Place: A Short Introduction. London: Blackwell Publishing, 2004.
Cronon, William. “The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature.” Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature. Ed. William Cronon. New York: Norton, 1995. 69-90.
Crosby, Alfred W. “Ecological Imperialism: The Overseas Migration of Western Europeans as a Biological Phenomenon.” The Ends of the Earth: Perspectives on Modern Environmental History. Ed. Donald Worster. New York: Cambridge UP, 1989. 103-17.
Cuomo, Chris. “Ethics and the Eco/Feminist Self.” Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology, 4th ed. Ed. Michael E. Zimmerman, J. Baird Callicott, John Clark, Karen J. Warren, and Irene J. Klaver. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2004. 194-207.
Daly, Mary. Gyn/Ecology: The Metaethics of Radical Feminism. Boston: Beacon, 1990.
d'Eaubonne, Francoise. Le Feminisme ou La Mort. Paris: Pierre Horay, 1974.
Desai, Gaurav and Supriya Nair, eds. “Ideologies of Imperialism.” Postcolonialisms: An Anthology of Cultural Theory and Criticism. New Jersey: Rutgers UP, 2005. 13-17.
DiCaprio, Leonardo, Leila Conners Petersen and Nadia Conners, produces. “The 11th Hour.” New Perspectives Quarterly 24.4 (2007): 38-57. Online Publish. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/117966117/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0
Dickens, Peter. Reconstructing Nature: Alienation, Emancipation and the Division of Labour. New York: Routledge, 1996.
Diamond, Irene, and Gloria Feman Orenstein, eds. Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1990.
Dirlik, Arif. “The Postcolonial Aura: Third World Criticism in the Age of Global Capitalism.” Critical Inquiry 20 (Winter 1994): 328-56.
___. “Place-Based Imagination: Globalism and the Politics of Place.” Places and Politics in an Age of Globalization. Ed. Roxanne Prazinack and Arif Dirlik. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2001. 15-51.
Dobson, Andrew. Green Political Thought. London: Routledge, 1995.
Donovan, Josephine. “Ecofeminist Literary Criticism: Reading the Orange.” Ecofeminist Literary Criticism: Theory, Interpretation, Pedagogy. Ed. Greta Gaard and Patrick D. Murphy. Chicago: U. of Illinois P, 1998. 74-96.
Eaton, Heather and Lois Ann Lorentzen, “Introduction.” Ecofeminism and Globalization: Exploring Culture, Context, and Religion. Ed. Heather Eaton and Lois Ann Lorentzen. Philadelphia: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003. 1-8.
Eckersley, Robyn. Environmentalism and Political Theory: Toward an Ecocentric Approach. Albany: State University of New York, 1992.
Elder, John. "The Poetry of Experience." Beyond Nature Writing: Expanding the Boundaries of Ecocriticism. Ed. Karla Armbruster and Kathleen R. Wallace. Charlottesville and London: University Press of Virginia, 2001. 312-24.
Erikson, Kai. Everything in Its Path. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1976.
Fisher, Andy. Radical Ecopsychology: Psychology in the Service of Life. Albany: State University of NYP, 2002.
Fox, Warwick. Toward a Transpersonal Ecology: Developing New Foundations for Environmentalism. Albany: SUNY Press, 1995.
Gaard, Greta. “Living Interconnections with Animals and Nature.” Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Ed. Greta Gaard. Philadelphia: PA: Temple UP, 1993. 1-12.
___. “Ecofeminism and Native American Cultures: Pushing the Limits of Cultural Imperialism?” Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Ed. Greta Gaard. Philadelphia, Temple UP, 1993. 295-322.
___. and Lori Gruen. “Ecofeminism: Toward Global Justice and Planetary Health.” Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology, 4th ed. Ed. Michael E. Zimmerman, J. Baird Callicott, John Clark, Karen J. Warren, and Irene J. Klaver. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2004. 155-177.
Garrard, Greg. Ecocriticism. London and New York: Routledge, 2004.
Giddens, Anthony. Runaway World: How Globalization Is Reshaping Our Lives. New York: Routledge, 2000.
Glotfelty, Cheryll. “Introduction: Literary Studies in an Age of Environmental Crisis.” The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. Ed. Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996. xv-xxxvii.
Gold, John and George Revill. Representing the Environment. New York: Routledge, 2004. 
Goldman, Shalom. God’s Sacred Tongue: Hebrew and the American Imagination. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 2004.
Grewe-Volpp, Christa. “How to Speak the Unspeakable: The Aesthetics of the Voice of Nature.” Anglia-Zeitschrift fur Englische Philologie 124.1 (2006): 122-143. 
___. “Nature ‘Out There’ and as ‘A Social Player’: Some Basic Consequences for A Literary Ecocritical Analysis.” Nature in Literary and Cultural Studies: Transatlantic Conversations on Ecocriticism. Ed. Catrin Gersdorf and Sylvia Mayer. New York: Rodopi, 2006. 71-86.
Grinde, Donald A. and Bruce E. Johansen. “Native American Environmental Testimonies: The Last Frontiers of Ecocide.” Ecocide of Native America:   Environmental Destruction of Indian Lands and Peoples. Santa Fe, New Mexico: Clear Light Publishers, 1995. 221-60.
Guha, Ramachandra and Juan Martinez-Alier. Varieties of Environmentalism: Essays North and South. London: Earthscan, 1997.
Haraway, Donna. Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge, 1991.
___. “The Promises of Monsters: A Regenerative Politics for Inappropriate/d Others.” Cultural Studies. Ed. Lawrence Grossberg et al. New York: Routledge, 1992. 295-337.
Hardt, Michael and Antonio Negri. Empire. London: Polity, 2000.
___. “Forward: What Affects Are Good For.” The Affective Turn: Theorizing the Social. Ed. Patricia Ticineto Clough and Jean O’Malley Halley. Durham: Duke UP, 2007. ix-xiii.
Harvey, David. “Time-Space Compression and the Rise of Modernism as a Cultural Force.” The Condition of Postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989. 260-83.
___. “Time-Space Compression and the Postmodern Condition.” The Condition of Postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989. 284-307.
___. “From Space to Place and Back Again: Reflections on the Condition of Postmodernity.” Mapping the Futures: Local Cultures, Global Change. Ed. J. Bird, B. Curtis, T. Putnam, G. Robertson and L. Tickner. New York: Routledge, 1993. 3-29.
___. Justice, Nature, and the Geography of Difference. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.
Hay, Collin. “Narrating Crisis: The Discursive Construction of the ‘Winter of Discontent.’” Sociology. 30:2 (1996): 253-277.
Hayles, N. Katherine. “Constrained Constructivism: Locating Scientific Inquiry in the Theater of Presentation.” Realism and Representation: Essays on the Problem of Realism in Relation to Science, Literature and Culture. Ed. George Levine. Madison: University of Wisconsin P, 1993. 27-43.
___. “Simulated Nature and Natural Simulations: Rethinking the Relation between the Beholder and the World.” Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature. Ed. William Cronon. New York: Norton, 1995. 409-545.
___. “Searching for Common Ground.” Reinventing Nature? Responses to Postmodern Deconstruction. Ed. Michael E. Soule and Gary Lease Washington, D.C.: Island P, 1995. 47-64.
Head, Suzanne. “Creating Space for Nature.” Dharma Gaia: A Harvest of Essays in Buddhism and Ecology. Ed. Allan Hunt Badiner. Berkeley, Parallax Press, 1990. 112-28.
Heise, Ursula. “Local Rock and Global Plastic: World Ecology and the Experience of Place.” Comparative Literature Studies 41.1(2004): 126-152.  
___. “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Ecocriticism.” PMLA 121.2(2006): 503-16.
___. Sense of Place and Sense of Planet: The Environmental Imagination of the Global. New York: Oxford UP, 2008.
___. “Ecocriticism and the Transnational Turn in American Studies.” American Literary History 20.1-2 (2008): 381-404.
Hilbert, Betsy S. “Beyond ‘Thou Shalt Not’: An Ecocritic Reads Deuteronomy.” Beyond Nature Writing: Expanding the Boundaries of Ecocriticism. Ed. Karla Armbruster and Kathleen R. Wallace. London: UP of Virginia, 2001. 29-40.
Hogan, Linda. Dwellings: A Spiritual History of the Living World. New York: W. W. Norton, 1995. 
___. Solar Storms. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.
___. The Woman Who Watches Over the World: A Native Memoir. New York: W.W. Norton, 2001.
hooks, bell. Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics. Boston: South End P, 1990. 
Ingersoll, Earl G. “Survival in Margaret Atwood’s Novel Oryx and Crake.” Extrapolation 45. 2 (2004): 162-75.
Jackson, John Brinckerhoff. Discovering the Vernacular Landscape. New Haven: Yale UP, 1984. 
Jacobs, Jane M. “(Post)Colonial Spaces.” The Spaces of Postmodernity: Reading in Human Geography. Ed. Michael J. Dear and Steven Flustly. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2002. 192-99.
Jameson, Fredric. Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism. Durham: Duke UP, 1991.
Kaku, Michio. Physics of the Impossible: A Scientific Exploration into the World of Phasers, Force Fields, Teleportation, and Time Travel. New York: Doubleday, 2008.
Kaza, Stephanie. “Acting with Compassion: Buddhism, Feminism, and the Environmental Crisis.” Ecofeminism and the Sacred. Ed. Carol J. Adams. New York: Continuum, 1999. 50-69.
Kepnes, Steven. The Text as Thou: Martin Buber’s Dialogical Hermeneutics and Narrative Theology. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1992.
Kern, Robert. “Ecocriticism: What Is It Good For?” The ISLE Reader: Ecocriticism, 1993-2003. Ed. Michael P. Branch and Scott Slovic. London: The U of Georgia P, 2003. 258-81.
Kerridge, Richard. “Introduction.” Writing the Environment: Ecocriticism and Literature. Ed. Richard Kerridge and Neil Sammells. New York: Zed, 1998. 1-10.
Khor, Martin. “Address to the International Forum on Globalization.” New York City, November 1995. As cited in J. A. Scholte, “The Globalization of World Politics.” The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations. Ed. J. Baylis and S. Smith. New York: Oxford UP, 2001.
King, Ynestra. “The Ecology of Feminism and the Feminism of Ecology.” Healing the Wounds: The Promise of Ecofeminism. Ed. Judith Plant. Philadelphia: New Society Publishers, 1989. 18-28.
Killingsworth, M. Jimmie and Jacqueline S. Palmer, "Millennial Ecology: the Apocalyptic Narrative from Silent Spring to Global Warming." Green Culture: Environmental Rhetoric in Contemporary America. C. G. Herndl and S. C. Brown. Madison: Univ. of Wisconsin P, 1996. 21-43.
Knox, Paul L. and Sallie A. Marston. Places and Regions in Global Context: Human Geography. Fourth Edition. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007.
Kolodny, Annette. The Land Before Her: Fantasy and Experience of the American Frontiers, 1630-1860. London: The University of North Carolina P, 1984.
Krech, Shepard. The Ecological Indian: Myth and History. New York: W.W. Norton, 2000.
Laclau, Ernesto. “Universalism, Particularism and the Question of Identity.” Identities: Race, Class, Gender, and Nationality. Ed. Linda Martin Alcoff and Eduardo Mendieta.  Oxford: Blackwell, 2003. 360-68.
Lanz, Klaus, Lars Muller, Christian Rentsch, and Swiss Federal Institute of Environmental Science and Technology. Who Owns the Water. Baden: Lars Muller Publishers, 2006.
Latour, Bruno. We Have Never Been Modern. Trans. Catherine Porter. New York and London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993.
Lee, Rachel C. “Global-Local Discourse and Gendered Screen Fictions in Karen Tei Yamashita’s Through the Arc of the Rain Forest.” The Americas of Asian of American Literature: Gendered Fictions of Nation and Transnation. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton UP, 1999. 106-38.
Lenoble, Rebert. Mersenne ou la Naissance du Mecanisme. Paris: Vrin, 1943.
Lewis, Richard Warrington Baldwin. The American Adam: Innocence, Tragedy and Tradition in the Nineteenth Century.” Chicago: University of Chicago P, 1959.
Lorzing, Han. The Nature of Landscape: A Personal Quest. Rotterdam: 010 Publishers, 2001.
Loy, David R. The Great Awakening: A Buddhist Social Theory. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2003.
Lupton, Deborah. Risk. London and New York: Routledge, 1999. 
Manes, Christopher. “Nature and Silence.” Postmodern Environmental Ethics. Ed. Max Oelschlaeger. Albany: State University of New York P, 1995. 43-56.
Massey, Doreen. “Power Geometry and Progressive Sense of Place.” Mapping the Futures: Local Cultures, Global Change. Ed. J. Bird, B Curtis, T. Putnam, G. Robertson and L. Tickner. London: Routledge, 1993. 48-69.
___. “Double Articulation: A Place in the World.” Displacements: Cultural Identities in Question. Ed Angelika Bammer. Bloomington: Indianan UP, 1994. 110-21.
___. Space, Place and Gender. Cambridge: Polity, 1994.
McIntosh, Robert. The Background of Ecology: Concept and Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1985.
Mellor, Mary. “Ecofeminism and Environmental Ethics: A Materialist Perspective.” Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology, 4th ed. Ed. Michael E. Zimmerman, J. Baird Callicott, John Clark, Karen J. Warren, and Irene J. Klaver.: Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2004. 208-27.
Merchant, Carolyn. The Death of Nature: Women, Ecology and the Scientific Revolution. San Francisco: Harper and Row, 1980.
___. “Ecofeminism and Feminist Theory.” Reweaving the World: the Emergence of Ecofeminism. Ed. Irene Diamond and Gloria Orenstein. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1990. 100-05.
___. Radical Ecology: The Search For a Livable World. New York: Routledge, 1992.
___. The Columbia Guide to American Environmental History. New York: Columbia UP, 2002.
___. “Eden Commodified.” Reinventing Eden: The Fate of Nature in Western Culture. New York: Routledge, 2004. 167-86.
Mies, Maria, and Vandana Shiva. Ecofeminism. London: Zed, 1993.
Miller, J. Hillis. “Will Comparative Literature Survive The Globalization of the University and the New Regime of Telecommunications?” in Tamkang Review 31.1 (2000): 1-21.
Morley, David and Kevin Robins. Space of Identity: Global Media, Electronic Landscapes and Cultural Boundaries. London and New York: Routledge, 1995.
Murashige, Michael S. “Karen Tei Yamashita: An Interview.” Amerasia Journal 20.3 (1994): 49-59.
Murphy, Patrick and Greta Claire Gaard, eds. Ecofeminist Literary Criticism: Theory, Interpretation, Pedagogy. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1998. 
___. “‘The Women Are Speaking’: Using Women’s Literature to Extend and Critique Ecofeminism.” Farther Afield. Charlottesville and London: UP of Virginia, 2000. 159-77.
___. Farther Afield in the Study of Nature Oriented Literature. Charlottesville: UP of Virginia, 2000. 
___. “Commodification, Resistance, Inhabitation, and Identity: The Novels of Linda Hogan, Edna Escamill, and Karen Tei Yamashita.” Farther Afield in the Study of Nature-Oriented Literature. Charlottesville and London: UP of Virginia, 2000. 178-90.
___. “Grounding Anotherness and Answerability through Allonational Ecoliterature Formations.” Nature in Literary and Cultural Studies. Ed. Catrin Gersdorf and Sylvia Mayer. New York: Amsterdam, 2006. 417-34.
Naess, Arne. (1986). “The Deep Ecological Movement: Some Philosophical Aspects.” Deep Ecology for the Twenty-First Century. Ed. George Sessions. London: Shambhala, 1995. 64-84.
___. “The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement: A Summary.” Inquiry 16 (1972): 95-100.
Nye, Joseph. The Paradox of American Power. New York: Oxford UP, 2002.
Oelschlaeger, Max. Postmodern Environmental Ethics. Albany: State University of New York P, 1995.
Olwig, Kenneth R. “Reinventing Common Nature: Yosemite and Mount Rushmore-A Meandering Tale of a Double Nature.” Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature. Ed. William Cronon. New York: Norton, 1995. 379-408.
Orenstein, Gloria Feman. “Toward an Ecofeminist Ethic of Shamanism and the Sacred.” Ecofeminism and the Sacred. Ed. Carol J. Adams. NY: Continuum, 1993. 172-90.
Ortiz, Simon J. “Towards a National Indian Literature: Cultural Authenticity in Nationalism.” MELUS 8.2 (1981): 7-12.
Plant, Judith. “Toward a New World: An Introduction.” Healing the Wounds: The Promise of Ecofeminism. Philadelphia, PA: New Society Publishers, 1989. 1-6.
Plumwood, Val. “Ecofeminism: An Overview and Discussion of Positions and Arguments.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 64 (1986): 120-37. 
___. “Women, Humanity and Nature.” Radical Philosophy (1988): 16-24.
___. “Feminism and Ecofeminism: Beyond the Dualistic Assumptions of
Women, Men and Nature.” The Ecologist 22.1 (1992): 8-13.
___. Feminism and the Mastery of Nature. London: Routledge, 1993. 
___. “Androcentrism and Anthropocentrism.” Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature. Ed. Karen J. Warren. Bloomington: Indianapolis UP, 1997. 327-355.
___. Environmental Culture: the Ecological Crisis of Reason. New York: Routledge, 2002.
Pred, Alan. “Place as Historically Contingent Process: Structuration and the Time-Geography of Becoming Places.” Annals of the Assoication of American Geographers 74 (1984): 279-97.
Reed, T. V. “Toward an Environmental Justice Ecocriticism.” The Environmental Justice Reader: Politics, Poetics, and Pedagogy. Ed. Joni Adamson, Mei Mei Evans, and Rachel Stein. Tucson: U of Arizona P, 2002. 145-62.
Relph, Edward. Place and Placelessness. London: Pion, 1976.
Rodaway, Paul. “Exploring the Subject in Hyper-Reality.” Mapping the Subject: Geographies of Cultural Transformation. Ed. Steve Pile and Nigel Thrift. London: Routledge, 1995. 241-66.
Rolston III, Holmes. “Down to Earth: Persons in Natural History.” Environmental Ethics: Duties to and Values in the Natural World. Philadelphia: Temple UP, 1988. 328-54.
Roy, Arundhati. “The Greater Common Good.” Frontline 16.11 (1999). <http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1611/16110040.htm>
Rose, Gillian. “Place and Identity: A Sense of Place.” A Place in the World? Ed. Doreen Massey and Pat Jess. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1995. 87-132.
Ross, Andrew. “The Future Is A Risky Business.” FutureNatural: Nature, Science, Culture. Ed. George Robertson , Melinda Mash, Lisa Tickner, Jon Bird, Barry Curtis and Tim Putnam. New York: Routledge, 1996. 7-21.
Ruether, Rosemary Radford. “Foreword: Ecofeminism and the Challenges of Globalization.” Ecofeminism and Globalization: Exploring Culture, Context, and Religion. Ed. Heather Eaton and Lois Ann Lorentzen. Philadelphia: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003. vii-xi.
Said, Edward. Culture and Imperialism. New York: Vintage, 1994.
Salleh, Ariel. Ecofeminism as Politics: Nature, Marx and the Postmodern. London: Zed, 1997.
Sanchez, Carol Lee. “Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral: The Sacred Connection.”  Ecofeminism and the Sacred. New York: Continuum, 1993. 207-28.
Sarup, Madan. “Home and Identity.” Travellers’ Tales: Narratives of Home and Displacement. Ed. George Robertson, Melinda Mash, Lisa Tickner, Jon Bird, Barry Curtis and Tim Putnam. New York: Routledge, 1994. 89-101.
Sauer, Carl. “The Morphology of Landscape.” The Cultural Geography Reader. Ed. Timothy Oakes and Patricia Price. New York: Routledge, 2008. 96-104.
Schultermandl, Silvia. “Fighting for the Mother/Land: An Ecofeminist Reading of Linda Hogan’s Solar Storms.” Studies in American Indian Literature 17.3 (2005): 67-134.
Searles, Harold F. The Nonhuman Environment: Towards a Phenomenology of Person and World. Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1985. 
Serres, Michel. The Natural Contract. Trans. Elizabeth MacArthur and William Paulson. Ann Arbor: The U of Michigan P, 1995.
Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein. New York: Norton, 1996, 1818.
Shepard, Paul. “Fellow Creatures.” Literature and the Environment: A Reader on Nature and Culture. Ed. Lorraine Anderson , Scott Slovic and John P. O’Grady. New York: Longman, 1999. 140-45.
Shiva, Vandana. Staying Alive: Women, Ecology, and Development. London: Zed, 1989.
___. “Development As A New Project of Western Patriarchy.” Reweaving the World: The Emergence of Ecofeminism. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1990. 189-200.
___. “The Impoverishment of the Environment: Women and Children Last.” Ecofeminism. Ed. Maria Mies and Vandana Shiva. London and New Jersey: Zed, 1993. 70-90.
___. “The Greening of the Global Reach.” Global Ecology: A New Arena of Political Conflict. Ed. Wolfgang Sachs. London: Zed, 1993. 149-56.
___. “The Colonization of Rivers: Dams and Water Wars.” Water Wars: Privatization, Pollution and Profit. Cambridge: South End P, 2000. 53-86.
Shiva, Vandana. Biopiracy: The Plunder of Nature and Knowledge. Boston: South End P, 1997.
Silko, Leslie Marmon. Storyteller. New York: Seaver Books, 1981.
___. Yellow Woman and a Beauty of the Spirit: Essays on Native American Life Today. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.
Slovic, Scott. “Ecocriticism: Containing Multitudes, Practicing Doctrine.” ASLE News 11 (1999): 5-6.
___. Going Away to Think: Engagement, Retreat, and Ecocritical Responsibility. Reno: U of Nevada P, 2008.
Snyder, Gary. Earth House Hold: Technical Notes and Queries to Fellow Dharma Revolutionaries. New York: New Directions, 1969.
___. The Practice of the Wild: Essays. San Francisco: North Point, 1990.
___. A Place in Space: Ethics, Aesthetics, and Watershed: New and Selected Prose. Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1995. 
___. The Old Ways. San Francisco: City Lights, 1977.
Soper, Kate. What is Nature?: Culture, Politics and the Non-Human. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995.
___. “Nature/‘nature’.” FutureNatural: Nature, Science, Culture. Ed. George Robertson, Melinda Mash, Lisa Tickner, Jon Bird, Barry Curtis and Tim Putnam. London: Routledge, 1996. 22-34.
___. “Naturalized Woman and Feminized Nature.” The Green Studies Reader: From Romanticism to Ecocriticism. Ed. Laurence Coupe. New York: Routledge, 2000. 139-43.
Spirn, Anne Whiston. “Constructing Nature: The Legacy of Frederick Law. Olmsted.” Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature. Ed. William Cronon. New York: Norton, 1996. 91-113.
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. Death of a Discipline. New York: Columbia UP, 2003.
Spretnak, Charlene. “Earthbody and Personal Body as Sacred.” Ecofeminism and the Sacred. Ed. Carol Adams. New York: Continuum, 1993. 261-280.
Stein, Rachel, ed. New Perspectives on Environmental Justice: Gender, Sexuality, and Activism. London: Rutgers UP, 2004. 
___. “An Ecology of Mind: A Conversation with Linda Hogan.” ISLE 6.1 (1999): 113-18.
Steingraber, Sandra. Living Downstream: An Ecologist Looks at Cancer and the Environment. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1997.
Sturgeon, Noel. Ecofeminist Natures: Race, Gender, Feminist Theory, and Political Action. New York: Routledge, 1997.
___.  “Naturalizing Race: Indigenous Women and White Goddesses.” Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology, 4th ed. Ed. Michael E. Zimmerman, J. Baird Callicott, John Clark, Karen J. Warren, and Irene J. Klaver. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2004. 228-51.
Tarter, Jim. “'Dreams of Earth': Place, Multiethnicity, and Environmental Justice in Linda Hogan's Solar Storms.” Reading under the Sign of Nature: New Essays in Ecocriticism. Ed. John Tallmadge and Henry Harrington. Salt Lake City, UT: U of Utah P, 2000. 128-47.
___. “Some Live More Downstream than Others: Cancer, Gender, and Environmental Justice.” The Environmental Justice Reader: Politics, Poetics, and Pedagogy. Ed. Joni Adamson, Mei Mei Evans, and Rachel Stein. Tucson: U. of Arizona P, 2002. 213-28.
___. “Water Wars in Environmental Justice Discourse: Place and Identity in the Age of Globalization.” Tamkang Review 34.3-4 (2004): 85-109.
Taylor, Dorceta E. “Women of Color, Environmental Justice, and Ecofeminism.” Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature. Ed. Karen J. Warren. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1997. 38-81.
Terkenli, Theano S. “Landscapes of A New Cultural Economy of Space: An Introduction.” Ed. Theano S. Terkenli, and Anne-Marie d’Hauteserre. Landscapes of a New Cultural Economy of Space. Dordrecht: Springer, 2006. 1-18.
Thomashow, Mitchell. Bringing the Biosphere Home: Learning to Perceive Global Environmental Change. London and Cambridge, MA: MIT P, 2002.
Thompson, Damian. The End of Time: Faith and Fear in the Shadow of the Millennium. London: Minerva, 1997.
Tong, Rosemarie Putnam. Feminist Thought: A More Comprehensive Introduction. 2nd ed. Colorado: Westview P, 1998.
Tuan, Yi-Fu. Landscapes of Fear. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1979.
Turner, Jack. The Abstract Wild. Tucson, AZ: The U of Arizona P, 1996.
Vance, Linda. “Ecofeminism and the Politics of Reality.” Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Ed. Greta Gaard. Philadelphia, PA: Temple UP, 1993. 118-45.
Velie, Alan R. "Beyond the Novel Chippewa-style: Gerald Vizenor's Post-Modern Fiction." Four American Indian Literary Masters: N Scott Momaday, James Welch, Leslie Marmon Silko, and Gerald Vizenor. Norman, OK: U of Oklahoma P, 1982. 124-48.
Vizenor, Gerald Robert. Fugitive Poses: Native American Indian Scenes of Absence and Presence. Lincoln: U of Nebraska P, 1998.
___. Bear Island: The War at Sugar Point. Minneapolis: U of Minesota P, 2006.
Wallace, Kathleen R. and Karla Armbruster. “Introduction: Why Go Beyond Nature Writing, and Where To?” Beyond Nature Writing: Expanding the Boundaries of Ecocriticism.  Charlottesville: U of Virginia P, 2001. 1-28.
Wallace, Molly. “‘A Bizarre Ecology:’ The Nature of Denatured Nature.” ISLE: Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 7.2 (2000): 137-53.
Walter, Eugene Victor. Placeways: A Theory of the Human Environment. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1998.
Warren, Karen J. Ecological Feminist Philosophies. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1996.
___, ed. Ecofeminism: Women, Culture, Nature. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 1997.
___. Ecofeminist Philosophy: A Western Perspective on What It is and Why It Matters. Lanham. MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2000.
___. “Ecofeminism and Social Justice: Introduction.” Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology, 4th ed. Ed. Michael E. Zimmerman, J. Baird Callicott, John Clark, Karen J. Warren, and Irene J. Klaver. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2004. 139-54.
Weaver, Jace, Craig S. Womack, and Robert Warrior. American Indian Literary Nationalism. Albuquerque: UNM, 2006.
Weber, Max. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. Translated and edited by H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills. New York: Oxford UP, 1946. 
Williams, Raymond. "Ideas of Nature." Problems in Materialism and Culture: Selected Essays. London: Verso, 1980. 67–85.
Wilson, Edward O. The Future of Life. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002.
Wojcik, Daniel. The End of the World as We Know It: Faith, Fatalism, and Apocalypse in America. New York: New York UP, 1997.
Worster, Donald. The Wealth of Nature: Environmental History and the Ecological Imagination. New York: Oxford UP, 1993.
Yamashiro, Shin. “Part III Water: Freedom and Restraint.” Concentric: Literary and Cultural Studies 34.1 (2008): 13-19.
Yamashita, Karen Tei. Through the Arc of the Rain Forest. Minneapolis: Coffee House P, 1990.
Young, T. R. “Chaos and Social Change: Metaphysics of the Postmodern.” The Social Science Journal 28.3 (1991): 289-305.
Zimmerman, Michael E. “General Introduction to the Fourth Edition.” Environmental Philosophy: From Animal Rights to Radical Ecology, 4th ed. Ed. Michael E. Zimmerman, J. Baird Callicott, John Clark, Karen J. Warren, and Irene J. Klaver. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2004. 1-4.
Zukin, Sharon. Landscapes of Power: From Detroit to Disney World. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993.