本研究論文基於空間與地理之量化分析架構，分別針對三個社會經濟問題進行探討。本文第二章，題名為「幸福感與之外溢效果之探討」，旨在檢驗跨國間幸福感是否存在空間相依性；研究採用的資料為2006年跨116個國家之幸福指標與其相關之特徵變數。研究結果指出，具相同特性之國家間，幸福感之外溢效果會高於不具相同特性之國家；在本研究中，已開發國家間存在正向幸福感之外溢效果，而社會主義國家間存在負向幸福感之外溢效果；據此，若忽略空間外溢效果將導致模型的設定錯誤，進而招致相關之政策推論與其意涵產生舛誤。
本文第三章題名為「台灣人口老化與所得不均度之關係—空間方法之應用」，其分析1998-2006間台灣22縣市間，所得不均度之空間分布與其決定因素，並應用適用於面板資料之空間落遲模型進行收斂性分析。空間固定效果模型之估計結果指出，所得不均度會受到鄰近區域之所得不均度所影響；再者，將人口老化與空間落遲因子納入考量後，估計結果指出人口老化與空間外溢效果對所得不均度具正向影響。這結果可歸因於於小家庭數與獨居老人數增加，使家庭中無收入比率增加；除此之外，本研究發現區域間所得不均的現象存在發散性，也就是說隨著時間的增加，區域間所得不均度高之地區與所得不均度低之地區兩者間的差距並無法縮減。 
第四章，最後一個子題「全球化下幸福感之空間影響分析」運用145個國家之資料，並利用空間兩階段最小平方法(Spatial 2SLS ；Spatial two stage least square)討論納入幸福感之空間外溢性及全球化等因子後，對幸福感之空間分布有何影響。據文獻與研究之結果指出，衡量空間外溢效果之因子-空間落遲變數(Wh)具內生性，因此須將其內生性納入模型設定中，以避免估計結果產生偏誤。本研究子題亦將解釋變數外溢(WX)的可能性納入考量，該變數可協助控制解釋變數中因鄰近姓而產生的外溢效果。另外，本子題檢測出U型的Kuznet曲線，其指出平均幸福感與幸福感之不均度間存在非線性關係；也就是說幸福感的不均會造成羨慕和社會緊張的一個直接原因。子題最後將針對已開發與開發中國家幸福感之不均度進行比較分析。

This dissertation consists of three principle work investigating the spatial/geographical structure of different socio - economic phenomena with varying spatial econometric techniques.  The second chapter titled “Happiness and Regional Segmentation: Does Space Matters?” examines cross-country happiness interdependencies across 116 countries of diverse characteristics using averaged happiness data for the year 2006. The result points to significant happiness spillovers indicating the importance of group clustering in the studies of happiness. The result suggests that the more homogenous the group is, the higher will be the spillover among them. We observe positive spillover for developed countries and negative spillover for socialist and equal countries. Ignoring such spatial spillover effect may lead to misunderstanding of various policy implications. 
The third chapter titled “Population Aging and Regional Income Inequality in Taiwan: A spatial Dimension” of the dissertation analyzes the spatial distribution of regional income inequality across 22 regions of Taiwan for the time period 1998-2006. The work employs a ‘spatial lag model’ to assess the importance of spatial clustering in the processes of growth convergence and income inequality. A spatial fixed effect panel data analysis reveals that the level of inequality in income distribution of own province is positively and significantly determined by inequality in the neighboring province. Further, when we control for spatial dependence we observe a positive relation between aging and income inequality. This regional inequality is explained by a decline in the multi-generational families followed by a rise in the elderly households with no additional income. In an additional analysis which forms the second part of the paper, we observe both absolute and conditional beta divergence. The result points to the famous catching up or falling behind phenomenon. 
The fourth chapter titled “Happiness and Globalization: A spatial Perspective” examines the impact of globalization on the level of happiness across 145 nations of the world. Based on the data from the Gallup World Poll Survey (GWP), we employ a spatial 2SLS (two stage least square) model to show that spatial lag of happiness adds something important to specify the distribution of the level of happiness, beyond what we would expect from a country’s level of globalization. We conclude endogeneity of the spatial lag term (Wh) which if not taken into account with appropriate instruments may result into biased estimates. The study also provides evidences of spatial dependencies in the independent variables (WX’s) which represents indirect effects from a change in X’s in the neighboring regions. We observe contrasting spillover effects (direct v/s indirect effect) of the same explanatory factor generating positive or negative synergies, respectively, across space. Further, an inverted ‘U’ Kuznet curve reveals a non-linear relationship between average happiness and happiness inequality. At low levels, an increase in well-being appears to hurt the poor; but beyond a certain threshold, it seems to reduce inequality possibly because it brings with it renewed impetus for reforms in international trade and immigration rule. We experience between countries inequality for developed regions compare to developing regions.

Table of Contents
1.	Introduction	1
1.1	Research questions	2
1.2	Theoretical significance	3
1.3	Policy significance	4
2.	Happiness and regional segmentation: Does space matter?	5
2.1.	Introduction	5
2.2.	Conceptual framework and previous literature	7
2.3.	Data and Methodologies	10
2.3.1.	Data	10
2.3.2.	Empirical strategy	12
2.4.	Estimation Results	15
2.4.1.	Global analysis: OLS vs. Spatial results	15
2.4.1.1.	Developed vs. developing regions	16
2.4.1.2.	Equal vs. Unequal regions	18
2.4.1.3.	Socialist vs. Non-Socialist regions	19
2.4.2.	Spatial multiplier analysis	21
2.5.	Conclusion and Policy Discussion	23
3.	Population Aging and Regional Income Inequality in Taiwan: A Spatial Dimension	32
3.1.	Introduction	32
3.2.	Literature Review	35
3.3.	Data	39
3.4.	Methodology	41
3.4.1.	Fixed Effect and Spatial Panel Data Models	41
3.4.1.1.	Fixed Effect Panel Data Models	41
3.4.1.2.	Spatial Panel Models	44
3.4.2.	Regional Convergence/Divergence and Spatial Dimension	45
3.5.	Empirical Results	47
3.5.1.	Non –Spatial v/s Spatial Panel results	47
3.5.2.	Convergence-Divergence Hypothesis (Non–spatial v/s spatial results)	50
3.6.	Concludary Remarks	51
4.	Happiness and globalization: A Spatial Two Stage Least Square (2SLS) approach	63
4.1.	Introduction	63
4.2.	Literature Review	67
4.3.	Data	71
4.4.	Methodology: Spatial Dependence of Happiness	73
4.4.1.	Moran’s I test	73
4.4.2.	Spatial two stage least square estimation of the Spatial Lag happiness.	74
4.5.	Empirical Results	77
4.5.1.	Spatial Two-Stage Least Square Estimations	77
4.5.2.	Relationship between happiness and happiness inequality	81
4.6.	Concludary Remarks and Policy Implication	82
5.	CONCLUSION	91
6.	BIBLIOGRAPHY	94
7.	Appendix	108


LIST OF TABLES
Table 2- 1 Descriptive Statistics	26
Table 2- 2 OLS and SAR estimations: Global comparison	27
Table 2- 3 OLS and SAR estimations for Happiness: Developed and Developing countries	28
Table 2- 4 OLS and SAR estimations for Happiness: Equal and Unequal countries	29
Table 2- 5 OLS and SAR estimations for Happiness: Socialist and Non-Socialist countries	30
Table 2- 6 Spatial Parameter and Multiplier estimates for Happiness	31
Table 3- 1 Descriptive Statistics (panel fixed effect model)	54
Table 3- 2 Descriptive Statistics (convergence-divergence hypothesis)	55
Table 3- 3 Moran's I of GINI Income Inequality	56
Table 3- 4 Moran's I (Convergence-divergence model)	57
Table 3- 5 Fixed Effect Estimation - Non-Spatial v.s Spatial Model	58
Table 3- 6 Convergence - Divergence Hypothesis	59
Table 4- 1 Descriptive Statistics	85
Table 4- 2 Moran's I (Average Happiness)	86
Table 4- 3 OLS, Spatial lag and Spatial Lag with IV	87
Table 4- 4 Kuznet Hypothesis: Relationship between Level and Inequality of Happiness	88
Table 2- 7 List of Developed and Developing Countries	108
Table 2- 8 List of Equal and Unequal Countries	111
Table 2- 9 List of Socialist and Non-Socialist Countries	114


LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3- 1 Gini for Taiwan (regional level)	60
Figure 3- 2 Average household income for Taiwan (1998 ~ 2006)	61
Figure 3- 3 Moran's scatter plot for average household income growth	62
Figure 3- 4 Moran's scatter plot for GINI (1999 & 2005)	62
Figure 4- 1 Moran's I for average happiness (2012)	89
Figure 4- 2 Kuznet Curve: Global	89
Figure 4- 3 Kuznet Curve: Developed Countries	90

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