本研究旨在比較西班牙與台灣專案管理中使用的不同管理方法的傾向，分析跨文化溝通的影響。當前的全球化經濟需要國際專案和多元文化團隊參與。在整合專案的不同工作內容以及加入新的團隊成員時，不同的工作文化和背景可能造成溝通問題，而影響專案的執行。為了舒緩這類可能的跨文化摩擦，我們回顧了專案管理文獻，以了解用於專案管理的可能管理方法與內涵。透過這些變量設計出問卷，期了解西班牙和台灣在專案管理中的管理方法的差異。
研究結果顯示，技術變量在統計上不太顯著，但文化變量如參與專案或合作、階層結構僵化的感知、和不確定性程度有顯著差異。為了分析文化對這些方法選擇的影響，我們利用Hofstede指標進行比較和詮釋，以提供研究背景與支持，並說明個人主義和集體主義的社群對階層感知的影響。同樣的，文化影響是根據問卷回應而得，顯示了西班牙人有避免不確定性和風險規避的傾向。最後研究提出了一些建議，以減輕跨文化的摩擦，並在這兩個國家之間創造一種更有效和情緒智力的工作文化。

The study aims to analyze the influence of cross-cultural communication by comparing different management approaches used in project management between Spain and Taiwan. The current globalized economy requires international projects and multicultural teams. Different working culture and backgrounds might represent a problem when integrating different parts of a project and as well as incorporating new team members. To mitigate this possible cross-cultural friction, a collection of project management literature is reviewed to develop a set of possible management approaches used in project management. With these variables, a questionnaire is designed as the main research instrument of the study, in order to find how management approaches, differ between Spain and Taiwan in project management. 
The results show that technical variables are less significant statistically, but cultural variables such as the engagement in the project or collaboration, the perception of the rigidity of hierarchy and the degree of risk aversion are significantly different. To analyze if there is a cultural influence in the choice of these approaches, Hofstede’s indexes are compared and interpreted in order to provide background and support. The interpretation illustrates the influence of individualist and collectivist societies in the perception of hierarchy. Similarly, cultural influence is found based on the questionnaire responses, showing the Spanish propensity to uncertainty avoidance and risk aversion. A set of recommendations is proposed, to mitigate cross-cultural friction and to create a more efficient and emotionally intelligent working culture between these two countries.

Chinese Abstract ………………………………………………………..………..	I
English Abstract……………………………………………………………….…	II
Table of contents…………………………………………………………………	IV
Figure list…………………………………………………………………………	VI
Table List…………………………………………………………………………	VII

1.	INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………..	1
1.1.	Research background………………………………………………... 	1
1.2.	Statement of the problem……………………………………………..	1
1.3.	Research motivation and objectives………………………………….	2
1.4.	Research design and process…………………………………………	3

2.	LITERATURE REVIEW ………………………………………………….	5
2.1.	The project……………………………………………………………	5
2.1.1.	The role of project manager………………………………………..	5
2.1.2.	Project management………………………………………………..	6
2.1.3.	Project management lifecycle………………………………………	7
2.1.4.	Project management methodologies and frameworks……………...	9
2.2.	Importance of choosing the right framework and 
management approach………………………………………………..	28
2.3.	Framework adapted to the culture of your team……………………...	30
2.4.	Common management approaches used in project management…….	31
2.5.	Hofstede’s cultural dimensions……………………………….………	33
2.6.	Existing research and studies………………………………….….….	36

3.	METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY…………………………….……….	38
3.1.	Conceptual framework……………………………………...………..	38
3.2.	Variables and their relation…………………………………………..	39
3.3.	Research hypotheses and model……………………………………...	42
3.4.	Population and samples…………………………………………….…	43
3.5.	Research instruments…………………………………………………	43
3.5.1.	Validation procedure…………………………………………….….	45
3.5.2.	Data gathering and processing procedure……………………….….	46
3.5.3.	Statistical treatment of the data ……………………………….……	46
3.6.	Limitations……………………………………………………………	48

4.	ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF THE DATA……………….	49
4.1.	Research questionnaire………………………………………………	49
4.1.1.	Presentation and analysis of the research questionnaire data……..	49
4.1.2.	Interpretation of the research questionnaire data…………………	52
4.2.	Hofstede indexes……………………………………………………	53
4.2.1.	Presentation and analysis of the Hofstede indexes……………….	53
4.2.2.	Interpretation of the data…………………………………………	54

5.	SUMMARY……………………………………………………………….	56
5.1.	Summary of findings………………………………………………	56
5.2.	Conclusions……………………………………………………….	57
5.3.	Recommendations………………………………………………..	59

References……………………………………………………………………	60

Annex A: Questionnaire……………………………………………………	64
Annex B: Additional figures and information………………………………	67
Annex C: Gathered Data and Statistical Analysis…………………………..	74
 
Figure list
Fig. 1.1 Research process……………………………………………………..….	4
Fig. 2.1 Representation of the project phases……………………………..……..	7
Fig. 2.2 Project life cycle of a phased approach project………………………….	8
Fig. 2.3 Project life cycle of an iterative approach project……………………….	9
Fig. 2.4 Representation of a waterfall project…………………………….………	10
Fig. 2.5 Example of a basic PERT chart…………………………………...……..	11
Fig. 2.6 Construction of a PERT diagram…………………………….………….	12
Fig. 2.7 Critical path of a 4-day project…………………………………………..	13
Fig. 2.8 Agile iterative model…………………………………………………….	14
Fig. 2.9 Cyclical iteration project……………………………….………………..	15
Fig. 2.10 Scrum method diagram…………………………………………………	17
Fig. 2.11 Traditional vs. extreme project management…………………………..	18
Fig. 2.12 Kanban chart……………………………………….…………………..	23
Fig. 2.13 PRINCE2 project structure………………………….…………………	25
Fig. 2.14 Triple constraint or PM triangle………………………………………..	29
Fig. 2.15 Hofstede’s culture triangle………………………….…………………	34
Fig. 3.1 Conceptual framework of the research…………………..……………..	38
Fig.3.2 Research model…………………………………………………………..	42
Fig. 4.1 Graph with Hofstede’s indexes of Spain and Taiwan…….…………….	53
Fig. B.1 Excitation………………………………………………………………..	67
Fig. B.2 Event chains……………………………………………………………..	68
Fig. B.3 Event chain diagrams……………………………………………………	68
Fig. B.4 Project duration and estimation of completion………………………….	69
 
Table List
Table 2.1 Yield sigma conversion chart………………………………………….	22
Table 2.2 Evaluation techniques and statistical tools 
used in project management………………………………………………..…….	26
Table 2.3 Project management methodologies and guidelines…………….……..	27
Table 3.1. Research variables and their value relation…………………………...	39
Table 3.2 Variables relating the Hofstede’s indexes……………………………..	41
Table 3.3 Questionnaire attached to the sample testing construct validity……….	45
Table 3.4 Research variables and their representation in the questionnaire……...	47
Table 4.1 Descriptive statistics based on the questionnaire responses…………...	49
Table 4.2 Hypotheses test and interpretation…………………………………….	52
Table 4.3 Hofstede’s indexes of Spain and Taiwan. 	
Standard deviation and standard error of the mean………………………………	53
Table A.1 Questionnaire………………………………………………………….	64
Table C.1 Questionnaire responses……………………………………………….	74
Table C.2 Gathered responses from the pilot questionnaire……………………...	75
Table C.3 Statistical analysis questionnaire of Taiwan…………………………..	76
Table C.4 Statistical analysis questionnaire of Spain…………………………….	76
Table C.5 T-Test analysis………………………………………………………..	77
Table C.6 Independent samples test………………………………………………	78
Table C.7 Cronbach alpha……………………….………………………………..	79
Table C.8 Inter-item correlation matrix…………………………………………..	80
Table C.9 Non-parametrical test - Mann Whitney Test………………………….	81
Table C.10 SD and T-Test of the Hofstede’s indexes of Spain and Taiwan…….	82

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