1960年以後，美國速食產業改變了美國人的生活型態和飲食習慣；同時肥胖危機卻也圍繞著美國人的生活。近十年來，學者專家和美國社會開始對速食是否造成美國人普遍肥胖產生爭議。速食產業因應汽車量產和加工食品產業的相得益彰，改變美國的飲食習慣。速食飲食減少備餐時間且便宜廣為忙碌的現代美國人所喜愛。速食產業得以規模化經濟除了量產和媒體行銷外，也在學校教育下功夫並且影響政府施政。雖然速食產業幫助美國各公私立學校教育活動，但是營養午餐速食化卻也影響學生飲食習慣的養成。當速食產業推出「超大尺碼」行銷策略讓美國人增加了飲食份量，卻也逐漸延伸到和身體有關的尺寸如衣服、鞋子、家具等等。最重要的，肥胖不再只是基因問題更是與環境息息相關的問題。本論文除了探討速食產業的崛起和對美國生活飲食習慣的影響外，並檢視美國人肥胖的情形和肥胖所延伸的疾病。最後針對速食造成的肥胖爭議作研究討論，期許國內外都能正視國人健康攸關一個的國家的競爭力，唯有健康概念的建立才能在速食產業和消費者間追求雙贏。

During 1960-1970, American fast-food industry comes out and influences American lifestyle and dietary habit; meanwhile, obese crisis occurs on their surrounding. Recent decade, experts and people in America think about this controversial issue of obesity and fast food related. Automobile industry and food-processing industry provide a well-endowed environment for new fast-food industry. Fast food regarded as the prepared food shortens the time of meal preparing and is so popular in the United States. Thanks for technology, large scale economy development of fast food industry is resulted from media marketing and mass production. Besides, fast-food industry sponsors school education programs, and impacts decision making of government with lobbying. Although fast-food industry offers financial donations for private and public schools in the United States, it influences more children dietary habit by lunch contracting and vending machine. “Supersize” is a well-known marketing strategy in fast-food restaurants that you buy more and save more. Thus, American people get used to eating a large portion. The supersize of body extends from their clothes, shoes, furniture to everywhere. Most importantly, obesity is not only caused by genetic determinism but worked out according to social surrounding. After discussing the history of fast-food industry, American lifestyle and dietary habit, we are going to realize the correlation between obesity and disease and looking over the circumstance of American weights (Their Body Mass Index). The thesis also mentions that who should take responsibility for American obesity. Finally, the thesis is looking forward seeing people in any countries have good health condition and then pursuing win-win situation for consumers and producers.

目  次
圖   次	IV
表   次	VI
第一章   緒論	- 1 -
 第一節 前言	- 1 -
 第二節 研究動機	- 2 -
 第三節 研究目的與問題	- 3 -
 第四節  研究方法與限制	- 4 -
 第五節  研究流程	- 5 -
 第六節 章節安排	- 6 -
第二章   文獻探討	- 7 -
 第一節	速食產業的崛起與興盛	- 7 -
 第二節	速食文化與美國飲食文化的相關探討	- 10 -
 第三節	肥胖之地－美國人如何變成世界最胖的人	- 12 -
 第四節	種族、貧窮、疾病與肥胖的關係	- 20 -
第三章    美國速食產業的發展	- 24 -
 第一節 速食的定義	- 24 -
 第二節 速食產業的發展概況	- 27 -
 第三節 速食的成功之道－以麥當勞為例	- 31 -
 第四節 美國人吃了什麼樣的速食?	- 34 -
第四章    60年代後美國與速食	- 43 -
 第一節	家庭結構與生活轉型	- 43 -
 第二節	速食消費與媒體傳播	- 50 -
 第三節	美國人的超大尺碼	- 55 -
 第四節	兒童飲食習慣的養成	- 60 -
 第五節	學校與速食	- 64 -
第五章    速食引發肥胖的探究與爭議	- 69 -
 第一節	肥胖的定義與美國人肥胖情形	- 69 -
 第二節	家庭收入、種族與肥胖的關係及其速食消費	-74 -
 第三節	肥胖與疾病	- 83 -
 第四節	肥胖的責任歸咎	- 86 -
第六章    結論	- 92 -
參考文獻	- 97 -
中文部分	- 97 -
英文部分	- 97 -
網路部分	- 104 -
圖 次
圖1‧ 研究流程圖..................................... - 5 -
圖2‧ 紐約人對牛舌與波菜、漢堡的偏好投票〈1925〉..... - 11 -
圖3‧ 美國各區1991-2000 肥胖比例情況................ - 17 -
圖4‧ 美國兒童肥胖折線圖............................ - 19 -
圖5‧ 美國青少年肥胖折線圖.......................... - 19 -
圖6‧ 美國人在飲食與建身上的消費趨勢................. - 20 -
圖7‧ 美國大學生肥胖程度............................ - 22 -
圖8‧ 美國大學飲食攝取表............................ - 22 -
圖9‧1940 年到1975 年美國境內速食店經銷權狀況........ - 26 -
圖10‧1940 年到1975 年美國境內各食品與服務經銷權狀況. - 26 -
圖11‧ 美國1994-1996 馬鈴薯消耗情形................. - 36 -
圖12‧1977 年至1995 年美國人外食情況................. - 46 -
圖13‧1999 年食品公司廣告費用........................ - 53 -
圖14‧USDA 調查美國人70 年代與90 年代飲料消耗變化.... - 54 -
圖15‧麥當勞薯條份量................................ - 57 -
圖16‧兒童肥胖生態學模型............................ - 63 -
圖 17‧1976-2002 年美國成年人(20-74 歲)肥胖情形....... - 70 -

圖18‧已開發國家肥胖(BMI 超過30)排名................ - 70 -
圖19‧1991-2000 年 美國各州BMI 體重標準、過重以及肥胖報告- 75 -
圖20‧2006 年美國人體重與種族、性別、教育程度和收入的情形- 81 -
圖21‧2006 年美國速食大城排名........................ - 82 -
圖22‧1993-2006 年美國人消費變化(以飲食與健身消費為主)- 90 -
圖23‧速食產業、飲食習慣與肥胖問題之關係............ - 92 -

表 次
表 1‧MONSTER THICKBURGER 的營養表....................... - 13 -
表2‧以BMI 指數超過30 為基準，全美國各州成人病態型肥胖的比例- 15 -
表3‧美國速食產業簡表............................... - 29 -
表4‧麥當勞餐點中含有HFCS ........................... - 38 -
表5‧2000 年美國連鎖餐飲業分類排名中前兩名........... - 50 -
表6‧美國食品品牌與其產品名稱....................... - 56 -
表7‧1996 年兒童零用錢購買報告....................... - 62 -
表8‧1990 年初期參與CHANNEL ONE 廣告贊助的食品公司.... - 65 -
表9‧GIBSON CITY-MELVIN-SIBLEY UNIT#5 HIGH SCHOOL 2004 年10 月份營養午餐... - 67 -
表10‧2006 年 美國各州BMI 體重標準、過重以及肥胖報告. - 71 -
表11‧2006 年美國東南區與西南區各州人口種族結構...... - 75 -
表12‧2006 年美國新英格蘭區各州人口種族結構.......... - 77 -
表13‧美國所得州排名暨肥胖程度對照.................. - 79 -
表14‧2006 年 圖21 州肥胖比例表...................... - 82

參考文獻
中文部分
艾伯特．羅斯契爾(Rothacher,Albrecht)，黎曉旭譯。2006。《品牌背後的故事：品牌經營策略與企業文化》。久石文化。 
杜菁琳。2004。《華盛頓觀察》。第9期。3月17日。
關力遠。2002。《華盛頓觀察》。第4期。10月2日。

英文部分
Banwell, Cathy& Lane Dixon & Sarah Hinde & Heather Mcintyre.2003. “Fast and Slow Food in the Fast Lane: Automobility and the Australian Diet.”Pp.219-240. in Fast Food/Slow Food: The Cultural Economy of the Global Food System. Altamira Press.

Bork, Robert H.1996. Slouching Toward Gomorrah: Modern Liberalism and American Decline, Regan Books.

Bowman, Shanthy A. & Steven L Gortmaker & David S.Ludwig, etc.2004. “Effects of Fast-Food Consumption on Energy Intake and Diet Quality
Among Children in a National Household Survey”. Pediatrics,Vol. 113(1). Pp.112-118.January.

Brown, Douglas M. 1990. “The Restaurant and Fast Food Race: Who's Winning?”. Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 56(4).Pp. 984-995.April.

Brownell, Kelly D& Katherine Battle Horgen,.2003. Food Fight: The Inside Story of the Food Industry, America's Obesity Crisis, and What We Can Do About It . McGraw-Hill Companies.

________.2004. “Fast Food and Obesity in Children”. Pediatrics,Vol.113. Pp.131-133.
Cawley, John. 2006. “Markets and Childhood Obesity Policy.” The Future of Children,Vol. 16(1).Pp. 69-88.Spring.

Caldell, L.Melissa.2003. “Tasting the Worlds of Yesterday and Today: Culinary Tourism and Nostalgia Foods in Post-Soviet Russia”Pp.97-112.in Fast Food/Slow Food: The 

Cultural Economy of the Global Food System. Altamira Press.

CH II Publishers Inc. 2002. “Eating Habits and Obesity among African-American College Students”. The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, No. 36. Pp. 64-65.

Critser, Greg.2004. Fat Land: How Americans Became the Fattest People in the World. Mariner Books: Reprint edition.

Cutler, David M. & Edward L. Glaeser & Jesse M. Shapiro.2003. “Why Have Americans Become More Obese?”. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol. 17(3). Pp. 93-118.Summer.

DeBate, Rita DiGioacchino et al. 2002.“Racial and Gender 
Differences in Weight Status and Dietary Practices Anorzg College Students”. Adolescence. Winter.Pp.819-820.

DeMattia ,Laure and Denney, Shannon Lee. 2008. “Childhood Obesity Prevention: Successful Community-Based Efforts”. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.615.Pp.83-99. 

Ferguson, Priscilla Parkhurst & Sharon Zukin.1995. “What's Cooking?”. Theory and Society, Vol. 24(2). Pp. 193-199. April.

Frazão, Elizabeth.1999. America’s Eating Habits: Changes and Consequences. is embodied of U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Food and Rural Economics Division. Agriculture Information Bulletin, No. 750.

Gallo, Anthony E.1999. “Food Advertising in the United States” in America’s Eating Habits: Changes and Consequences. Economic Research Service/USDA, No.450.Pp.173-181.May.

Graddy,Kathryn. 1997. “Do Fast-Food Chains Price Discriminate on the Race and Income Characteristics of an Area?”. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics,Vol. 15(4).Pp. 391-401.October.

Greene,Meg. 2007.Obesity.Mason Crest.

Grodon,Robert J.2006.Macroeconomics.Tenth Edition. New York: Pearson.

Hackett, Donald W. 1976. “The International Expansion of U. S. Franchise Systems: Status and Strategies”. Journal of International Business Studies, Vol. 7(1).Pp. 65-75.Spring.

Heckman,James Jr. 2002. “The Importance of Starting Early”. Presentation to the National Head Start Conference. Washington DC. Junuary 26.

Hess, Alan. 1986. “The Origins of McDonald's Golden Arches”. The Journal of the Society of Architectural 
Historians,Vol. 45(1).Pp. 60-67.March.

Isganaitis, Elvira & Robert H. Lustig. 2005. Fast Food, Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance, and Obesity. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol,Vol.25. Pp.2451-2462.

Ingram, Scott. 2005. Want Fries with that? Obesity and the Supersizing of America. New York: Fraklin Watts.

Johnson-Taylor, Wendy L. & James E. Everhart. 2006. Modifiable Environmental and Behavioral Determinants of Overweight among Children and Adolescents: Report of a Workshop. Obesity,Vol.14(6).Pp.929-966.

Katz, Lawrence F& Alan B. Krueger. 1992. “The Effect of the Minimum Wage on the Fast-Food Industry”. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol. 46(1). Pp. 6-21.October.

Kincheloe, Joe L.2002.The Sign of the Burger: McDonald's and the Culture of Power. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

Krebs, Nancy F.& John H. Himes, & Dawn Jacobson, & Theresa A.Nicklas, & Patricia Guilday & Dennis Styne. 2007. “Assessment of Child and Adolescent Overweight and Obesity”. Pediatrics,Vol.120.Pp.193-228.

Kumanyika, Shiriki.1987. “Obesity in Black Women.” Epidemiologic Review,Vol.9. Pp.31-50.

________ & Sonya Grier.2006. “Targeting Interventions for Ethnic Minority and Low-Income Populations.” The Future of Children, Vol. 16(1). Pp. 187-207.Spring.

_________. 2002.“Obesity in Minority Populations”.Eating Disorders and Obesity: A Comprehensive Handbook (2en Ed), New York: Guilford Press.Pp.439-444.

Lambert, Craig. 2006. “The Way We Eat”. Harvard Magazine.Pp.51-58;98,99. May-June.

Ledikwe, Jenny H. & Julia A. Ello-Martin & Barbara J. Rolls.2005. “Portion Sizes and the Obesity Epidemic”. American Society for Nutritional Sciences,Vol.135. Pp.905-909.

Levenstein, Harvey. 2003. Paradox of Plenty: A Social History of Eating in Modern America.Univ. of California Press.

Lin, Biing-Hwan & Elizabeth Frazão & Joanne Guthrie. 1999. “Away-From-Home Foods Increasingly Important to Quality of American Diet”. Economic Research Service/USDA,No. 749. Pp. i-22. Jan.

________& Gary Lucier & Jane Allshouse & Linda Kantor S. 2001. “Fast Food Growth Boosts Frozen Potato Consumption”. Food Review, Vol. 24(1). Pp.38-46.

Loureiro, M. & R.M. Jr. Nayga. 2005. “International Dimensions of Obesity and Overweight Related Problems: An Economics Perspective”. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, Vol. 87.Pp.1147-1153.

Lynd, Robert Staughton & Helen merrell Lynd.1982.Middletown in Transition: A Study in Cultural Conflicts.New York: Harcourt Brace.

Margolis, Maxine. 1984. Mothers and Such: Views of American Women and Why They Changed. Berkeley Univ. of California Press.

Matheson, Donna M & Joel D. Killen, & Yun Wang, etc. 2004. “Children’s Food Consumption During Television Viewing”. American Clinical Nutrition Jonural,Vol.79. Pp.1088-1094. 

Meyers, Alan F. & Robert J.Karp, & John G. Kral. 2006. “Poverty,Food Insecurity, and Obesity in Children”. Pediatrics, Vol.118. Pp.2265a-2266.

Nelson,Melissa C.& Penny Gordon-Larsen, etc. 2006.“Body Mass Index Gain, Fast Food, and Physical Activity: Effects of Shared Environments over Time”.Obesity,Vol.14(4).Pp.701-709.April.

Nestle, Marion. 2003. Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health. Univ. of California Press.
Okie, Susan. 2004. Fed Up:Winning the War Against Childhood Obesity. Joseph Henry Press. 

Pollack,  Judann. 1996. Advertising Age,Vol.16.Pp1-16.March.
Popkin, Barry M. & Samara Joy Nielsen .2003. “The Sweetening of the World's Diet”.Obesity Research,Vol.11(11).Pp.1324-1332.November.

__________& Denis V. Barclay, & Samara J. Nielsen. 2005. “Water and Food Consumption Patterns of U.S. Adults from 1999 to 2001”.Obesity Research, Vol.13(12). Pp.2146-2152.December.

Rand, Ayn. 1964. “The Objectivist Ethics” in The Virtue of Selfishness.A Signet Book: New American Library. Pp29-30.

Rashad, Inas & Michael Grossman, & Shin-Yi Chou. 2006. “The Super Size of America: An Economic Estimation of Body Mass Index and Obesity in Adults”. Eastern Economic Journal, Eastern Economic Association, Vol. 32(1).Pp.133-148.

Rhee,Kyung. 2008. “Childhood Overweight and the Relationship between Parent Behaviors,Parenting Style, and Family Functioning”.The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,Vol.615(11). Pp.12-37.

Robbins, Lynn W. & Thomas P. Hass.1981. “Simulated Behavior of Fast Food Restaurants under Alternative Cost/Volume Conditions”. American Journal of Agricultural Economics,Vol. 63(1) . Pp. 146-152. February.

Robinson, John P. 1980.“Household Technology and Household Work.” in Sarah F. Berk (ed.) Women and Household Labor, Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications, pp. 53-67.

_________ & Suzanne M. Bianchi & Melissa A. Milkie & Liana C. Sayer.2000. “Is Anyone Doing the Housework? Trends in the Gender Dividion of Household Labor”, Vol.79 (1).Pp.191-228. September.

Sahud, Hannah B.& Helen J. Binns & William L. Meadow & Robert R. Tanz.2006. “Marketing Fast Food: Impact of Fast Food Restaurants in Children’s Hospitals”. Pediatrics, Vol.118. Pp.2290-2297.

Sallis, James F & Karen Glanz. 2006. “The Role of Built Environments in Physical Activity, Eating, and Obesity in Childhood.” The Future of Children, Vol. 16(1) Pp. 89-108. Spring.

Schlosser, Eric. 2002. Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal. Harper Perennial: Reprint edition. 

___________ & Charles Wilson. 2006. Crew On This: Everything You Don’t Want to Know About Fast Food, Penguin Books.

Smith, F. Andrew.2006. Encyclopedia of Junk Food and Fast Food. Westport: Greenwood Press.

Spurlock, Morgan.2005. Don’t Eat This Book: Fast Food and the Supersizing of America. Penguin Books. 

Tippett, Katherine S. & Linda E. Cleveland. 1999. “How Current Diets Stack Up”, collected by America’s Eating Habits: Changes and Consequences. Economic Research Service/USDA, No.450.Pp.51-71.May.

USDA.2000. “Fast Food Growth Boosts Frozen Potato Consumption”, extracted by U.S. Potato Consumption, Food Review, Vol.24(1). Pp.39-42.

Walker, Bruce J & Michael J. Etzel. 1973 “The Internationalization of U. S. Franchise Systems: Progress and Procedures.” Journal of Marketing, Vol. 37(2). Pp. 38-46. April.

Wansink, Brian.2000. “Accounding for Taste: Prototypes that Predict Preference”. Journal of Maketing,Vol.7.Pp.308-320.

Warner, Marcella L. & Kim Harley, etc.2006. “Soda Consumption and Overweight Status of 2-Year-Old Mexican-American Children in California”. Obesity,Vol.14(11).Pp.1966-1974.November.

Webser, Bruce H. & U.S. Census Bureau. 2007. Income, Earnings, and Poverty Data From the 2006 American Community Survey. U.S. Government Printing Office. August.

Whitaker, Robert C. & Sean M. Orzol.2006. “Obesity Among US Urban Preschool Children: Relationships to Race, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Status”. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med,Vol.160.Pp.578-584.

Wiecha, Jean L. & Karen E. Peterson, & David S. Ludwig , etc. 2006. “When Children Eat What They Watch: Impact of Television Viewing on Dietary Intake in Youth”. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med,Vol.160. Pp.436-422J.

Wilk, Richard.2003. “From Wild Weeds to Artisanal Cheese”. Pp.13-27. in Fast Food/Slow Food: The Cultural Economy of the Global Food System. Altamira Press.

網路部分
Boyle,Mattew. 2007. “The Fast-Food Capital of American.” New York: Fortune 500.April. http://money.cnn.com/2007/04/12/magazines/fortune/pluggedin_boyle_fastfood.fortune/index.htm (Accessed May 1,2008)

Carmona, Richard H. 2003. “The Obesity Crisis in American” United States Department of Health Human Services Conference.July 16. http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/news/testimony/obesity07162003.htm (Accessed May 1,2008)

CDC(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).2007. “Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Adults: United States,1999-2002,” http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/obese/obse99.htm (Accessed May 1,2008)

CDC.2006. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 
http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/brfss/list.asp?cat=OB&yr=2006&qkey=4409&state=US (Accessed May 1, 2008)

CDC.2007. BMI?Body Mass Index
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/index.htm
(Accessed May 1,2008)

CDC & WHO (World Health Organization). 1998. “Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Geneva, Switzerland”
 http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/obsity/epidemic.htm. (Accessed May 1,2008)

Fonda, Daren. 2004. “Kill the Messenger?” TIME Magazine. June 7.
http://www.time.com/time/subscriber/covers/1101040607/article/kill_the_messenger_01a.html (Accessed May 1, 2008)

Lemonick, Michael D. 2004. “How We Grew So Big”. TIME Magazine, Vol.163(23). June 7.
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,994385,00.html
(Accessed May 1,2008)

Loureiro, L. Loureiro & Rodolfo M.Jr. Nayga, 2005. “Obesity Rates in OECD Countries: An International Perspective”.
 Paper prepared for presentation at the EAAE XI Congress-Copenhagen. Pp.1-19. http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/123456789/11162/1/pp05lo01.pdf (accessed May 1,2008)

N/A.2003. “McDonald’s Obesity Suit Thrown Out.” CNN.com. Sept. 4. http://edition.cnn.com/2003/LAW/09/04/mcdonalds.suit/(accessed May 1,2008)

N/A. 2003.  “From Wallet to Waistline: Supersized Portions May Be More Than You Bargained For, Says Report.” Center for Science in the Public Interest. June 18.http://www.cspinet.org/new/200206181.html
     (accessed May 1, 2008)

N/A.2007. “Fat taxes 'could save thousands'”. CNN.com. July 11. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6291072.stm (accessed May 1,2008)

Robinson, Jennifer. 2005. “The Cost of Convenience.” UNLV Magazine. Spring http://magazine.unlv.edu/Issues/Spring05/23cost.html (accessed May 1, 2008)

Roston, Eric. 2004. “The Corn Connection”. TIME Magazine. June. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,994390,00.html (Accessed May 1,2008)

Ruskin,Gray. 2003. “The Fast Food Trap: How Commercialism Creates Overweight Children.”Mothering.Sept.
http://www.mothering.com/articles/growing_child/food/fast_food.html (accessed May1,2008)

Sharples,Tiffany. 2007. “Lifelong Effects of Childhood Obesity”.TIME Magazine. December.
http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1692184,00.html?iid=sphere-inline-sidebar(Accessed May 1.2008)

Wallis, Claudia. 2004. “The Obesity Warriors”. TIME Magazine, Vol.163 (23). June 7. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,994389,00.html?internalid=ACA (Accessed May 1,2008)

Sandelman & Association for FREE Top 10 Fast-Food Markets
http://www.sandelman.com/store/category.aspx?categoryID=27

Sandelman & Association for Quick-Track Fast-food and pizza restaurants sample report
http://www.sandelman.com/products/sampleReportQuickTrack.pdf

U.S Census Bureau States& Country Quick Fact
http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/index.html

United States Department of Agriculture http://www.usda.gov/wps/portal/usdahome
美國農業部提供營養和食物相關資訊

USDA of What's In The Foods You Eat Search Tool
     http://199.133.10.140/codesearchwebapp/codesearch.aspx
美國農業部提供13,000種美國常見食物的營養明細
United States Food and Drug Administration 

http://www.fda.gov/ 
美國食品暨藥物管理局