系統識別號 | U0002-1207200716481000 |
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DOI | 10.6846/TKU.2007.00331 |
論文名稱(中文) | 中文點字觸摸顯示器之驅動器設計與分析 |
論文名稱(英文) | Design and Analysis of Actuators for Chinese Braille Display |
第三語言論文名稱 | |
校院名稱 | 淡江大學 |
系所名稱(中文) | 機械與機電工程學系博士班 |
系所名稱(英文) | Department of Mechanical and Electro-Mechanical Engineering |
外國學位學校名稱 | |
外國學位學院名稱 | |
外國學位研究所名稱 | |
學年度 | 95 |
學期 | 2 |
出版年 | 96 |
研究生(中文) | 梁世豪 |
研究生(英文) | Shih-Hao Liang |
學號 | 890340010 |
學位類別 | 博士 |
語言別 | 英文 |
第二語言別 | |
口試日期 | 2007-06-28 |
論文頁數 | 117頁 |
口試委員 |
指導教授
-
葉豐輝
委員 - 張士行 委員 - 潘榕光 委員 - 盧永華 委員 - 蔡慧駿 |
關鍵字(中) |
中文點字觸摸顯示器 拍擊式電磁驅動器 壓電式驅動器 視障者 適應性類神經模糊推論系統預測法 |
關鍵字(英) |
Chinese Braille display Flapper actuator Piezoelectric actuator Visually impaired people ANFIS prediction |
第三語言關鍵字 | |
學科別分類 | |
中文摘要 |
本論文之目的在於討論中文點字觸摸顯示器之驅動器的設計與分析。點字驅動器在盲用中文顯示器是非常重要的元件,其作用是驅動點字桿向上達到點字凸出的效果,點字凸出的設計條件為點字桿必須提供最小向上15克的推力以及0.7 mm的凸出距離。本論文提出水平拍擊、垂直拍擊、垂直直驅、拴鎖電磁式驅動器、以及一種壓電式驅動器的可行設計。各種不同的驅動器依照其驅動特性,經由接觸力學分析、熱傳分析、電磁分析,以及壓電分析確保設計的可行性以及耐用性。 電磁式驅動器經由適應性類神經模糊推論系統(ANFIS)執行設計參數預測分析,其目的為得到最小的驅動器溫升以及最大驅動力條件下的供應電壓以及線圈組抗。ANFIS亦用來設計壓電式驅動器,在特定的點字桿推力以及特定行程的條件下得到合適的供應電壓以及夾持位置。經由研究的結果發現,電磁式驅動器可經由改變驅動機構的方式達到充足的點字桿推力以及改善驅動線圈溫升的問題。電磁式驅動器因強健的驅動機構以及純熟的製作技術,確有長驅動壽命以及價格便宜的優點。經由設計的壓電式驅動器相對於電磁式驅動器有體積小、重量輕、無發熱量,以及低耗電量的優點。本研究的結果將可改善視障資訊輔具的功能,並提升視障者應用電腦的能力,使得視障者在就學、就業以及生活上得到實質的幫助。 |
英文摘要 |
This thesis discusses the design and analysis of actuators for Chinese Braille display (CBD). An actuator is the most important part to manipulate the Braille dot in Braille display. An effective convex Braille dot requires a thrust force at least 15 gf and must be of 0.7 mm in height. The actuators developed in this thesis include two types, electromagnetic actuators and piezoelectric actuator. The design includes four electromagnetic actuators, called horizontal flapper, vertical flapper, vertically direct actuating flapper, and latched mechanism flapper, and a piezoelectric actuator called PZT actuator. The numerical analysis, including contact mechanics, heat transfer, and electromagnetics, are applied in designing electromagnetic actuators, and the piezoelectric analysis is used in designing piezoelectric actuator to ensure the feasibility and durability of the design. The electromagnetic actuator is analyzed by Adaptive-Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) to predict the design parameters, including supplied voltage and coil resistance, in order to obtain sufficient thrust force for Braille dots while maintaining flapper actuator’s temperature within limits. The ANFIS is also used to predict the piezoelectric actuator’s design parameters, including supplied voltage and clamped position, to obtain the sufficient thrust force and Braille dot height. The study shows the electromagnetic actuators can provide the sufficient thrust force and improve the temperature raise problem by using different actuating mechanisms. With the robust actuating mechanism and skillful manufacturing technology, the electromagnetic actuators have the advantages of long life span and low price. On the other hand, the piezoelectric actuator has the advantages of small size, light weight, no heat generation and low power consumption. The contribution of our investigation can improve the function of visually assistive device in information category and enhance the ability of visually impaired people (VIP) to use computer. With the maturity of CBD, the VIP can easily get education, job, and life assistance. |
第三語言摘要 | |
論文目次 |
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHINESE ABSTRACT I ENGLISH ABSTRACT II TABLE OF CONTENTS IV LIST OF FIGURES VII LIST OF TABLES XI LIST OF SYMBOLS XIII CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Related Work 2 1.3 Overview of Chinese Braille Display 4 1.3.1 Electro-Mechanical Hardware 4 1.3.1.1 Interface Module 7 1.3.1.2 Logic Circuit Module 8 1.3.2 Assistive Software 9 1.3.2.1 Scheme of Human Computer Interface 10 1.3.2.2 Event Hooking Module 12 1.3.2.3 Braille Code Translator 12 1.3.2.4 ASCII Code Module 13 1.3.2.5 Mouse-Manipulating Module 16 1.3.2.6 Braille Code Output Module 18 1.4 Present Research 19 CHAPTER 2 BASIC DESIGN THEORIES 21 2.1 Mechanics Theory 21 2.2 Heat Transfer Theory 24 2.3 Electromagnetics Theory 25 2.4 Piezoelectric Theory 27 2.5 Adaptive-Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System 30 CHAPTER 3 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF BRAILLE ACTUATORS 34 3.1 Horizontal Flapper Braille Actuator 34 3.1.1 Mechanical Geometry Design 34 3.1.2 Mechanics Analysis 39 3.1.3 Thermal and Electromagnetics Analysis 42 3.2 Vertical Flapper Braille Actuator 46 3.2.1 Mechanical Geometry Design 46 3.2.2 Mechanics Analysis 49 3.2.3 Thermal and Electromagnetics Analysis 53 3.3 Vertically Direct Actuating Braille Actuator 55 3.3.1 Mechanical Geometry Design 55 3.3.2 Mechanics Analysis 57 3.3.3 Thermal and Electromagnetics Analysis 59 3.4 Latched Mechanism Braille Actuator 62 3.4.1 Mechanical Geometry Design 62 3.4.2 Mechanics Analysis 65 3.4.3 Electromagnetics Analysis 70 3.5 PZT Braille Actuator 72 3.5.1 Mechanical Geometry Design 72 3.5.2 Piezoelectric Analysis 73 CHAPTER 4 ANFIS PREDICTION FOR THE DESIGN PARAMETERS 76 4.1 ANFIS Prediction 76 4.1.1 Horizontal Flapper Braille Actuator 76 4.1.2 Vertical Flapper Braille Actuator 81 4.1.3 Vertically Direct Actuating Braille Actuator 84 4.1.4 Latched Mechanism Braille Actuator 88 4.1.5 PZT Braille Actuator 91 4.2 Results 94 4.2.1 Horizontal Flapper Braille Actuator 94 4.2.2 Vertical Flapper Braille Actuator 98 4.2.3 Vertically Direct Actuating Braille Actuator 101 4.2.4 Latched Mechanism Braille Actuator 103 4.2.5 PZT Braille Actuator 104 4.2.6 Discussions 105 CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION 110 5.1 Conclusions 110 5.2 Future Work 112 REFERENCE 113 APPENDIX A 116 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Braille codes and the standard Chinese Braille cell. 2 Figure 1.2. Braille cells in Chinese Braille display and a keyboard. 6 Figure 1.3. Schematic diagram of electronic design in CBD. 7 Figure 1.4. PCB of interface module with USB and COM port. 8 Figure 1.5. Schematic diagram of logic circuit module for decoding the actuation signals. 9 Figure 1.6. The architecture of assistive software. 12 Figure 1.7. Schematic diagram of Braille Code Translator. 13 Figure 1.8. The position of Braille dots in each cell with corresponding keys and the numeric keypad for operating the guide mouse function. 15 Figure 1.9. A homonym case of two Chinese words. 16 Figure 1.10. Operation of guide mouse. 18 Figure 1.11. Schematic diagram of constructing and designing an effective human computer interface for visually impaired people. 20 Figure 2.1. Principle of the magnetic field production. 25 Figure 2.2. Piezoelectric and converse piezoelectric effect. 28 Figure 2.3. Piezoelectric axis and action for d31 mode. 30 Figure 2.4. The architecture of ANFIS. 31 Figure 3.1. Parts of flapper type actuator used in HFBD. 35 Figure 3.2. Flapper actuators and Braille cell mechanism of HFBD. 37 Figure 3.3. Computer designed Horizontal Flapper Braille cell module. 38 Figure 3.4. Prototype of a HFBD Braille cell module. 38 Figure 3.5. FEM mesh and the location of concentrated stress in A type armature of HFBD. 40 Figure 3.6. FEM mesh and the location of concentrated stress in A type Braille pin of HFBD. 41 Figure 3.7. FDM mesh and the complete arrangement of flappers in HFBD. 43 Figure 3.8. The electromagnetic model of flapper in HFBD. 44 Figure 3.9. Results of thermal and electromagnetic analysis of HFBD under nature and force convection. 45 Figure 3.10. The flapper’s actuating mechanism and structure in VFBD. 47 Figure 3.11. The Braille cell module of VFBD. 48 Figure 3.12. The prototype of Braille cell module in VFBD. 48 Figure 3.13. FEM mesh of a VFBD’s flapper. 50 Figure 3.14. The result of displacement for VFBD’s flapper assembly. 50 Figure 3.15. The result of stress distribution in VFBD’s flapper assembly. 51 Figure 3.16. The result of strain analysis for VFBD’s flapper assembly. 51 Figure 3.17. The process of the numerical solutions. 53 Figure 3.18. The FDM mesh and complete arrangement of flappers in VFBD. 54 Figure 3.19. The two dimensional magnetic flux field of the VFBD flapper actuator. 54 Figure 3.20. Parts of flapper actuator of VDABD. 56 Figure 3.21. Actuating mechanism of a Braille cell of VDABD. 56 Figure 3.22. Computer designed Braille cell module of VDABD. 57 Figure 3.23. Displacement of VDABD’s A type flapper mechanism. 58 Figure 3.24. Von Mises stress of VDABD’s A type flapper mechanism. 58 Figure 3.25. Equivalent strain of VDABD’s A type flapper mechanism. 59 Figure 3.26. Thermal analysis of VDABD’s flapper in nature convection. 60 Figure 3.27. Magnetic flux density of VDABD’s flapper actuator. 61 Figure 3.28. Numerical results of VDABD’s thrust force and temperature. 61 Figure 3.29. Schematic of initial and final attracting force. 62 Figure 3.30. Detailed actuating mechanism of the paired flappers for LMBD. 63 Figure 3.31. Flat and convex mode of a Braille dot mechanism for LMBD. 64 Figure 3.32. Computer designed Braille cell module of LMBD. 64 Figure 3.33. FEM mesh for latched mechanism of LMBD. 65 Figure 3.34. Von Mises stress of LMBD’s latched mechanism. 66 Figure 3.35. Equivalent strain of LMBD’s latched mechanism. 66 Figure 3.36. Safety factor of LMBD’s latched mechanism. 67 Figure 3.37. Detailed view of minimum safety factor occurring on the rivet joint. 67 Figure 3.38. Shape design of a swing arm. 68 Figure 3.39. Numerical results of minimum safety factor on swing arm and rivet joint of polymer frame. 70 Figure 3.40. Magnetic flux density of LMBD’s flapper actuator. 71 Figure 3.41. Magnetic flux intensity of LMBD’s flapper actuator. 71 Figure 3.42. The assembly of eight PZT actuators and Braille pins. 73 Figure 3.43. Computer designed PZT Braille cell module. 73 Figure 3.44. Actuating principle of a PZT actuator to drive a Braille pin. 74 Figure 3.45. Numerical results of thrust force and stroke for PZT actuator. 75 Figure 4.1. Initial and final MFs for HFBD. 77 Figure 4.2. RMSE and step size for maximum temperature and supplied voltage of HFBD. 78 Figure 4.3. ANFIS reasoning under nature and force convection for HFBD. 79 Figure 4.4. The structure of enameled coil wound on the iron core. 80 Figure 4.5. The learning procedure and reasoning system of ANFIS. 82 Figure 4.6. Initial and final MFs for VFBD. 83 Figure 4.7. RMSE and step size for maximum temperature and supplied voltage of VFBD. 84 Figure 4.8. Initial and final MFs for VDABD. 86 Figure 4.9. Training data, ANFIS output, RMSE, and step size of VDABD. 87 Figure 4.10. Initial and final MFs for LMBD. 89 Figure 4.11. Training data, ANFIS output, RMSE, and step size of LMBD. 90 Figure 4.12. Initial and final MFs for PZTBD. 92 Figure 4.13. Training data, ANFIS output, RMSE, and step size of PZTBD. 93 Figure 4.14. Comparison of maximum temperature and supplied voltage of HFBD analyzed by numerical models and predicted from ANFIS (330 Ω). 95 Figure 4.15. Numerical results for HFBD by the supplied voltage predicted from ANFIS (330 Ω) in nature convection. 97 Figure 4.16. Temperature measured from HFBD’s 45 Braille cells. 98 Figure 4.17. Computer designed Horizontal Flapper Braille display. 106 Figure 4.18. Computer designed Vertical Flapper Braille display. 106 Figure 4.19. Computer designed Vertically Direct Actuating Braille display. 107 Figure 4.20. Computer designed Latched Mechanism Braille display. 107 Figure 4.21. Computer designed PZT Braille display. 108 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1. Function keys of guide mouse. 17 Table 3.1. Statistical mechanics results of A and B type armature in HFBD. 41 Table 3.2. Statistical mechanics results of A, B, C, and D type Braille pin in HFBD. 42 Table 3.3. Numerical results of a Horizontal Flapper Braille cell module (330 Ω). 46 Table 3.4. Statistical mechanics results of A, B, C, and D type Braille mechanism in VFBD. 52 Table 3.5. Statistical mechanics results of flapper mechanism in VDABD. 59 Table 3.6. Statistical mechanics results of mechanics analysis with various shape of swing arm. 69 Table 3.7. Thrust force of flapper in initial and final status (165 Ω) for LMBD. 72 Table 4.1. The thickness of HFBD’s flapper to each coil resistance. 94 Table 4.2. Comparison of maximum temperature and supplied voltage analyzed by numerical models and predicted from ANFIS for HFBD. 95 Table 4.3. The HFBD’s numerical results in nature convection for supplied voltage predicted by ANFIS in force convection. 97 Table 4.4. Numerical, experimental, and ANFIS Results for HFBD. 98 Table 4.5. The thickness of VFBD’s flapper to each coil resistance. 99 Table 4.6. The feasible design solutions of VFBD. 100 Table 4.7. Comparison of the numerical model, ANFIS, and experimental results of VFBD. 101 Table 4.8. The thickness of VDABD’s flapper to each coil resistance. 102 Table 4.9. ANFIS predictions for the feasible design in VDABD. 103 Table 4.10. ANFIS predictions for the feasible design in LMBD. 104 Table 4.11. ANFIS predictions for the feasible design in PZTBD. 105 Table 4.12. Specification of blowers used in HFBD and VFBD. 107 Table 4.13. Comparison of feasible design of five actuators without blower. 109 |
參考文獻 |
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