本文嘗試從全球化下的跨國移民角度來討論山下‧凱倫 (Karen Tei Yamashita) 《橘子回歸線》(Tropic of Orange, 1997) 一書中跨國移民所遭遇的文化身分衝擊和新自由主義政策 (NAFTA) 的經濟壓迫。在論文的第一章中，我討論全球化的負面影響 (如西方資本主義剝削、文化多樣性、環境不正義、資源分配不均、毒物污染等等)，而且我也討論小說中的七個角色在跨國移動的過程中所面臨的全球化問題對自身產生的影響和各自面對問題的態度。本文以妲欣嬁（Janine Dahinden） 的跨國類型視角來分析這七個角色的身分建構。第二章以城市漫遊者巴茲翁 (Buzzworm) 的角度來分析美墨簽訂的新自由主義政策所引發的社會問題和跨國移民居住不正義的遭遇，尤其是新自由主義政策的簽訂揭露出政府優先保障的貿易對象是跨國企業的利益而非國家的社會福利、勞工的權利，和人類居住的環境。第三章探討山下‧凱倫的寫作技巧。不同於其他的全球化學者以文化、經濟，和政治面向來分析全球化問題，山下以特殊的寫作手法：七天、七個章節、七個有跨國移動經驗的角色面向，彼此交錯出一張如同交響樂樂章的「多向文脈」 (HyperContexts) 來呈現全球化的問題。另外，小說標題中的橘子 (Orange) 所代表的意象有三個：回歸祖國 (returning to the origin)、風險的流動 (mobility of global risk)、生態區域主義概念 (bioregional perspective) 。最後，本論文強調人類、都市建築與自然環境的三者需要互相支持，才能消弭三者的衝突，達到和諧共生的理念。

Viewing Karen Tei Yamashita’s Tropic of Orange (1997) from perspectives of transnational and diasporic groups, this thesis attempts to point out that the transnational and diasporic groups encounter the conflict of cultural identity and the compression of the neo-liberal economic policy (NAFTA) under the impacts of globalization. This thesis starts with the problems of globalization (such as exploitation of the enterprises, cultural diversity, environmental justice, global economic policies and inequalities, and toxic pollution), and discusses how the impacts of globalization influence the identity formation of seven characters and how they respond to those impacts in their unique way. Furthermore, this chapter discusses the formation of identity of the seven characters in the light of transnational and diasporic discourse and uses Janine Dahinden’s classification to analyze the dimensions of mobility and locality of transnational migrants to talk about the seven characters’ circumstances. In the second chapter, this thesis focuses on Buzzworm’s perspective to talk about the problems of uneven distribution of resources, toxic pollution, and environmental injustice, which either result from or are accelerated by NAFTA. The fact is that the purpose of signing NAFTA is to protect profits of cooperation but not the profits of public welfare, laborers’ rights, and human living environment. In the third chapter, this thesis focuses on Yamashita’s unique presentation of the problems of globalization, and her special perspective on its cause and effect. In general, most scholars, in criticizing the problems of globalization, focus on discussing the efficiency of economic profits and the exploitation of enterprises. Yamashita shifts the focus from economic concerns to other social and cultural factors. And she presents multiple perspectives from the focalizers like NGOs, reporters, laborers, and the hobos who suffer from the uneven developments of globalization. Yamashita provides a chart of “Hypercontexts” to suggest the interconnection among the 7 characters in the 7 days. The “hypercontexts” chart works as a map for the reading of the intertwined storylines. This chapter starts with Yamashita’s 7 perspectives on problems of globalization, and infers her perspective on problems of globalization which are akin to the concept of bioregionalism in that local communities make their efforts at social change and ecological restoration through regional and interregional networking. On the other hand, the multiple significances of the image of orange are associated with different problems and issues depicted in the beginning, the middle, and the ending of the novel: “returning to the origin,” “mobility of global risk,” and a “bioregional perspective.” This thesis will analyze three major implications of orange separated in three chapters. To sum up, this thesis will conclude in a symbiosis of human, urban infrastructure, and natural environment, to demonstrate that the construction of a living building that processes the master plan of structure and natural environment could eliminate the conflicts between human, urban infrastructure, and natural environment and could reach the harmony of symbiosis.

Introduction………………………………………1

Chapter One
Identity Formation in an Age of Globalization……………………………………15

Chapter Two
Environmental Justice and Globalization……………………………………33

Chapter Three
Yamashita’s Revision of Problems of Globalization………………………………52

Conclusion………………………………………65

Works Cited……………………………………70

Works Cited
Adamson, Joni, and Kimberly N. Ruffin, eds. American Studies, Ecocriticism, and 
Citizenship: Thinking and Acting in the Local and Global Commons. New  
York: Routledge, 2013. Print.
Adamson, Joni, Mei Mei Evans, and Pachel Stein, eds. The Environmental Justice 
Reader: Politics, Poetics, and Pedagogy. Tucson: The University of Arizona P, 
2002. Print.
Agnew, John A., and David N. Livingstone, eds. The SAGE Handbook of 
Geographical Knowledge. London: SAGE, 2011. Print.
Allen, John, Doreen Massey, and Michael Pryke, eds. Unsettling Cities. New York: 
The Open U, 1999. Print.
Amin, Samir. Unequal Development: An Essay on the Social Formations of Peripheral Capitalism. New York: Monthly Review P, 1976. Print.
Appadurai, Arjun. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: The U of Minnesota, 1996. Print.
Atkinson, David, Peter Jackson, David Sibley, and Neil Washbourne, eds. Cultural Geography. New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 2005. Print.
Armbruster, Karla, Cheryll Glotfelty, and Tom Lynch. The Bioregional Imagination: Literature, Ecology, and Place. Athens: U of Georgia P, 2012. Print.
Baubock, Rainer, and Thomas Faist, eds. Diaspora and Transnationalism: Concepts, Theories and Methods. Amsterdam: Amsterdam UP, 2010. Print.
Beck, Ulrich. Risk Society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage, 1992. Print.
---. What is Globalization? Trans. Patrick Camiller. Cambridge: Polity, 2000.
Bhabha, Homi K. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge, 2004. Print.
Boli, John, and Frank J. Lechner, eds. The Globalization Reader. 5th ed. Oxford: WILEY, 2015. Print.
Border, Lain, Tim Hall, and Malcolm Miles, eds. The City Culture Reader. London: Routledge, 2000. Print.
Boullosa, Carmen, and Mike Wallace. A Narco History: How the United States and Mexico Jointly Created the “Mexican Drug War”. New York: OR Books, 2015. Print.
Buell, Lawrence. The Future of Environmental Criticism: Environmental Crisis and Literary Imagination. Malden: Blackwell, 2005. Print.
Buell, Lawrence, and Wai Chee Dimock, eds. “Ecoglobalist Affects: The Emergence of U.S. Environmental Imagination on a Planetary Scale.” Shades of the Planet: American Literature as World Literature. New Jersey: Princeton UP, 2007. Print.
Carr, Mike. Bioregionalism and Civil Society: Democratic Challenges to Corporate Globalism. Toronto: UBC, 2004.
Castells, Manuel. The Rise of the Network Society. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. Print.
---. The Power of Identity. Malden: Blackwell, 1997. Print.
Connell, Liam, and Nicky Marsh, eds. Literature and Globalization. New York: 
Routledge, 2011. Print.
Crang, Mike, and Nigel Thrift, eds. Thinking Space. London: Routledge, 2000. Print.
Cresswell, Tim. On the Move: Mobility in the Modern Western World. New York: 
Routledge, 2006. Print.
Cronon, William, ed. Uncommon Ground: Rethinking the Human Place in Nature. New York: W.W. Norton, 1996. Print.
Damrosch, David, Theo D’haen, and Djelal Kadir, eds. The Routledge Companion to World Literature. New York: Routledge, 2012. Print.
Deleuze, Gilles, and Felix Guattari. Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature. Minneapolis: Minnesota P, 1986. Print. 
Dobson, Andrew. The Green Reader: Essays Toward A Sustainable Society. San 
Francisco: Mercury House, 1991. Print.
Duncan, James S., Nuala C. Johnson, and Richard H. Schein, eds. A Companion to Cultural Geography. London: Blackwell, 2004. Print.
Evanoff, Richard. Bioregionalism and Global Ethics: A Transactional Approach to Achieving Ecological Sustainability, Social Justice, and Human Well-being. New York: Routledge, 2011. Print.
Faist, Thomas, and Peter Kivisto. Beyond A Border: The Cause and Consequences of Contemporary Immigration. New York: Augustana College, 2010. Print.
Fanon, Frantz. “The Negro and Language.” Black Skin, White Masks. London: Bay P, 1995. Print.
Giddens, Anthony. The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy. Cambridge: Polity, 1998. Print.
---. The Politics of Climate Change. Cambridge: Polity, 2009.
Hall, Stuart. “The Local and the Global: Globalization and Ethnicity.” Globalization and the World-System. New York: Oxford UP, 1991. Print.
Harvey, David. Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference. London: Blackwell, 1996. Print.
---. Spaces of Hope. Los Angeles: U of California P, 2000.
---. Spaces of Capital: Towards A Critical Geography. New York: Routledge, 2001.
---. The New Imperialism. New York: Oxford UP, 2003.
---. Spaces of Neoliberalization: Towards a Theory of Uneven Geographical Development. Germany: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2005.
Hauser, Johannes. “Structuring the Apokalypse: Chaos and Order in Karen Tei Yamashita’s Tropic of Orange.” PhiN37 (2006): 1-32. Print.
Heise, Ursula K. Sense of Place and Sense of Planet: The Environmental Imagination of the Global. London: Oxford UP, 2008. Print.
Hornborg, Alf, and Andrew K. Jorgenson, eds. International Trade and Environmental Justice: Toward A Global Political Ecology. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2010. Print.
Hsiao-ching Li, Florence. “Imagining the Mother/Motherland: Karen Tei Yamashita’s Tropic of Orange and Theresa Hak Kyung Cha’s Dictee.” Concentric: Literary and Cultural Studies 30.1 (Jan 2004): 149-67. Print.
Hutnyk, John, Virinder Kalra, and Raminder Kaur. Diaspora & Hybridity. London: SAGE, 2005. Print.
Johnson, David E., and Scott Michaelsen, eds. “Border Secrets: An Introduction.”
     Border Theory. London: Uof Minnesota P, 1997. Print.
Kurokawa, Kisho. The Philosophy of Symbiosis. London: Academy, 1994. Print.
Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space. Trans. Donald Nicholson Smith. Oxford: 
Basil Blackwell, 1991. Print. 
---. Rhythmanalysis. Trans. Stuart Elden and Gerald Moor. New York: Continuum, 
2004. Print. 
Leonard, Annie. The Story of Stuff. New York: Free P, 2010. Print.
Leopold, Aldo. A SAND COUNTY ALMANAC. U of Wisconsin: Oxford UP, 1949. Print.
Levander, Caroline F., and Robert S. Levine, eds. Hemispheric American Studies.
New Jersey: Rutgers UP, 2008. Print. 
Liang, Iping. Asia/Americas: Asian American Literature in Taiwan. Taipei: Bookman, 2013. Print.  
Naess, Arne. “The Shallow and the Deep, Long-Range Ecology Movement. A Summary.” Inquiry 16 (1973): 95-9. Print. 
Ortiz, Simon J. Woven Stone. Tucson: The U of Arizona P, 1992. Print.
Platt, Daniel Johnson. “‘A Strangely Organic Vision’: Postmodernism, Environmental Justice, and the New Urbanist Novel.” Diss. Eugene: The U of Oregon P, 2014. Print.
Robertson, Roland. Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. London: SAGE, 1992. Print.
Rushdie, Salman. Imaginary Homelands. London: The New Empire, 1991. Print.
Sale, Kirkpatrick. Dwellers in the Land: The Bioregional Vision. Athens: U of 
Georgia P, 2000. Print. 
Slovic, Paul. The Perception of Risk. London: Earthscan, 2000. Print.
Snyder, Gary. The Gary Snyder Reader: Prose, Poetry, and Translations, 1952-1998. 
Washington, D.C.: Counterpoint, 1999. Print. 
Spivak, Gayatri, 1999, A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward A History of the 
Vanishing Present. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1999.
Soja, Edward W. Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined
Places. Oxford: Blackwell, 1996. Print.
---. Postmetropolis. Oxford: Blackwell, 2000. Print. 
Stein, Rachel, ed. New Perspectives on Environmental Justice: Gender, Sexuality, and 
Activism. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers UP, 2004. Print. 
Tomlinson, John. Globalization and Culture. Chicago: The U of Chicago P, 1999. Print. 
Thayer, Robert. LifePlace: Bioregional Thought and Practice. Berkeley: U of California P, 2003. Print. 
Thoma, Pamela. “Traveling the Distances of Karen Tei Yamashita’s Fiction: A Review Essay on Yamashita Scholarship and Transnational Studies.” Asian American Literature: Discourses and Pedagogies 1 (2010): 6-15. Print. 
Urry, John. Mobilities. London: Polity P, 2007. Print. 
Wallach, Bret. Understanding the Cultural Landscape. New York: The Guilford P, 2005. Print. 
Yamashita, Karen Tei. Tropic of Orange. Minneapolis: Coffee House P, 1997. 
     Print. 
http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_diversity  Mar. 20, 2017.