隨著冷戰結束，以及全球化進程的影響，非國家行為者的相關研究，已經逐漸引起，國際關係學門廣大的回應。而本文主要在於探討國際非政府組織對國際政府間組織的行動與影響成效，並藉由梅諾教授的『國際壓力團體理論』，來分析歐洲最大的環境公民組織：歐洲環境聯盟在1974年成立後，其如何透過正式，或非正式的管道向歐盟相關決策機制，包括歐盟執委會(European Commission)、歐盟部長理事會(the Council of the European Union)、歐洲議會(European Parliament，EP) 等，及其會員國個別之環保機構，採取干預行動，進而產生的直接或間接的影響成效。

另外，本文乃以歐洲環境聯盟歐盟環保決策的行動，為本文的研究個案，期望藉此理解出國際非政府組織與歐盟，此兩者之間的互動模式，也希冀藉此提供後續研究者，針對國際非政府組織，如何以國際壓力團體的姿態，對於國際政府間組織及個別國家施展其『國際干預力』，有進一步認識。

最後，根據以上的分析，提出結論，認為歐洲環境聯盟，雖然有部分預算來自於歐盟執委會的補助，但是依舊能確保其中立性，對歐盟相關環保決策進行干預，也因此，吸引許多國際大型的非政府組織，如地球之友、綠色和平組織等，與其合作對歐盟進行干預，間接提升歐洲環境聯盟，在全球環境事務中，所扮演的角色，尤其當歐盟，亟欲成為全球環境事務的領導者時，以歐盟為干預導向的歐洲環境聯盟，其國際干預力，也勢必隨之提高且有影響力。

With the end of the cold war, and the ongoing globalization process, the study of non-state actors has gradually given rise to much response in the study field of
international relations. 
This study is mainly about the activities and impacts outcomes of INGOs towards Inter-Governmental Organizations, and is using Prof. Jean Meynaud’s “International Pressure Group theory”to analyze the Europe’s largest civil environmental organization: European Environmental Bureau (EEB), after it was established on 1974，the EEB how to intervene and
 influence on EU’s decision-making machine, including European Commission, the Council of the European Union, European Parliament, etc., and the other environmental institutions of its’ member state，and effect several decision-making. 
Furthermore, this study through the activities of the EEB on EU Environment  Policy as this paper’s research case study, expecting to comprehend the  interaction between NGOs and the EU, and also to provide further research
 information about how NGOs , as international pressure groups, perform  international interference with NGOs and nation states.

緒論
第一節   研究動機與目的………………………………………………………..1
第二節   研究途徑與方法………………………………………………………..4
第三節   研究範圍與論文架構…………………………………………………..7
第四節   資料來源與研究限制..............................................................................9
第一章   歐洲環境聯盟的成立要素、組織架構及發展
第一節   歐洲環境聯盟的成立要素與目標........................................................12
第二節   歐洲環境聯盟的組織架構……………………………………………17
第三節   歐洲環境聯盟的發展與限制…………………………………………22
第二章   歐洲環境聯盟的干預力
第一節   正式干預力............................................................................................32
第二節   非正式干預力…………………………………………………………52
第三節   歐洲環境聯盟的干預層次……………………………………………56
第四節   歐洲環境聯盟的戰略與戰術…………………………………………62
第三章   歐洲環境聯盟對歐盟環保政策的行動
第一節   歐洲環境聯盟對水政策的行動………………………………………70
第二節   歐洲環境聯盟對空污政策的行動……………………………………76
第三節   歐洲環境聯盟對化學政策的行動……………………………………82
第四節   歐洲環境聯盟對氣候變化的行動……………………………………88
第五節   歐洲環境聯盟對歐盟擴大後的環保行動……………………………94
第四章   歐洲環境聯盟對歐盟環保政策的影響力
第一節   影響歐洲環境聯盟對歐盟決策成效的因素………………………..102
第二節   歐洲環境聯盟對歐盟決策的影響成效……………………………..112
第五章   評估與展望
第一節   評估…………………………………………………………………..127
第二節   展望 …………………………………………………………………140
結論………………………………………………………………………………...147
參考文獻  ……………………………………………………………………….153
附錄（一）……………………………………………………………………….163

圖表目次
緒論
圖《0-1》   論文研究架構圖……………………………………………………….8
第一章   歐洲環境聯盟的成立要素、組織架構及發展
圖《1-1》   國際非政府組織運作流程圖………………………………………...16
圖《1-2》   歐洲環境聯盟組織架構圖…………………………………………...19
表《1-1》   綠色八集團（Green Group of Eight）…………………………………29
第二章   歐洲環境聯盟的干預力
圖《2-1》   歐盟環境決策的地位………………………………………………...34
圖《2-2》   歐洲環保決策過程圖………………………………………………...36
圖《2-3》   歐盟各行為者參與決策之過程圖…………………………………...45
圖《2-4》   複雜的政策制定過程與歐盟理事會的角色………………………...49
圖《2-5》   歐洲環境聯盟的干預行動路徑……………………………………...55
圖《2-6》   具有全球意涵的國家政策制定之歐洲化…………………………...60
第四章   歐洲環境聯盟對歐盟環保政策的影響力
表《4-1》 歐洲環境聯盟在各政策領域中採取干預行動後的影響力綜合分析表……………………………………………………...…………...123
第五章   評估與展望
圖《5-1》   國際壓力團體與歐盟決策機制的供需模型…………………….....138
表《5-1》  歐洲環境聯盟的『ACCESS』量表…………………………………139

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EEB, The European Environmental Bureau campaign on Environmental Fiscal Reform, (Brussels: EEB, 2003)
EEB, 'Tips and Tricks' for Water Framework Directive implementation (Brussels: EEB, March 2004)
EEB, Towards an EEB review of the EU Sustainable Development Strategy, (Brussels:  EEB, July 2004)
EEB, What is wrong with Eu’s Chemicals Policy, (Brussels: EEB, 09/99)
EEB, Work programme and Budget 2003, (Brussels: EEB, 2002)
EEB/WWF, A new chemicals policy in Europe - new opportunities for industry, (Brussels: EEB, 2003)
EESC, The EESC: a bridge between Europe and organised civil society, (Luxembourg: EUR-OP 2003)
EU, 5th Environmental Action Programme(1993-2000), OJ C138 17/05/93.
EU, 6th Environmental Action Programme(2001-2010), COM(2001)31, 24/01/2001.
EU, Council Directive 96/62/EC of 27 September 1996 on ambient air quality assessment and management, OJ L 296, (21/11/1996)
EU, European climate change programme, (June 2001), Communication from the Commission (COM (2001)580)
EU, Glossary: Institution, Policies and Enlargement of the European Union, Office for Official Publications of European Community, (2001)
EU, Multi-level Governance: Linking and Networking the various Regional and Local Levels, Report by “Governance”-Working Group 4a, European Commission, (2001) 
EU, Pesticides Authorisation Directive, 91/414/EEC, (SANCO 822/2001)
EU, Second ECCP Progress Report - Can we meet our Kyoto targets, (European Union 2003)
EU, Strategic document: Common Strategy on the Implementation of the Water Framework Directive (Brussels, 2 May 2001)
EU, The Commission proposal for the Fourth Daughter Directive on Ambient Air Quality, (COM (2003) 423)
EU, Water Framework Directive, L 327/69 Official Journal of the European Communities, (Brussels, December 2000)
EU, WHITE PAPER Strategy for a future Chemicals Policy, COM (2001) 88 final
European Commission, “The Commission and Non-Governmental Organizations: Building a Stronger Partnership”, Commission of the European Communities (2000)
European Parliament, “Lobbying in the European Union: Current Rules and Practices”, Working Paper of the European Parliament, (2003)
Hallo, R., EEB Statement on "Access to documents of EU Institutions", (Brussels: EEB, 18 September 2000)
Harremoës, P., Gee D., MacGarvin M., Andy Stirling, Keys J., Wynne B., and Vaz S.G., Late lessons from early warnings: the precautionary principle 1996-2000, (EU: EEA report, 2002)
Jørgensen, C.E., Environmental Fiscal Reform: Perspectives for Progress in the European Union, (Brussels: EEB, June 2003).
Reguly, E., EU's Kyoto trading setup makes sense, (The Globe and Mail, April 10, 2004)
主要訪談對象（Main Interviews）
Laurent Van De Poele, (former EU commissioner, Special Adviser of KUL)
Regina Schneider, (Head of Information and Communication Unit of EEB)
Miller Jacqueline, (Treasurer of EEB)