本研究以酵母菌（Yeast）來模擬生物發酵槽中之培養菌，再加入牛血清蛋白（BSA）配置成雙成份之懸浮液，來探討酵母菌與牛血清蛋白懸浮液的掃流微過濾特性。我們以適當薄膜阻擋懸浮溶液中的酵母菌，而部分牛血清蛋白質則可通過薄膜，以達到分離的效果。藉由量測不同的pH值及操作條件下的濾液通量，以及牛血清蛋白質的阻擋率，並分析濾餅的性質，以期找出懸浮液性質對分離效率的影響。
    由實驗結果發現，由於酵母菌等電位點接近pH = 3.0，所以在此條件下，酵母菌會發生聚集現象，使得其穩定濾速比pH = 5.0和pH = 7.0高出很多，但是對牛血清蛋白的阻擋率卻是最低的。而pH = 5.0和pH = 7.0環境之下，pH = 5.0濾速稍偏低一點、阻擋率則偏高一些，這是由於pH = 5.0時，BSA有凝聚的現象發生，使得濾餅或膜孔被BSA聚集團所阻塞，造成有比較低的濾液流量和比較高的阻擋率。由實驗得知pH＝3.0之懸浮液，在高掃流速度、低過濾壓差下會有最好的分離效率。
    本研究藉由過濾基本公式和力平衡方程式，推導一擬穩定濾速與操作條件的關係式。並根據濃度極化模式、深層過濾之粒子標準捕獲方程式，再考慮剪應力對巨分子運動的影響，進而得到一理論式，藉由此理論式子來估計巨分子之阻擋率，所得到的估計值符合實驗趨勢。

In this study, yeast cells are used to simulate the microbes in a fermentation tank. Yeast cell and BSA are suspended in a de-ionized water to prepare the binary suspension used in experiments. Yeast cells are retained by the filter membrane during a filtration, while some BSA molecules may permeate through the filter cake and the membrane into filtrate. The filtration rate, the retention of BSA and the cake properties under various operating conditions are measured and discussed. 
    The experimental results show that an aggregation of yeast cells occurs at pH 3 (near its isoelectric point), and the steady filtration rate is therefore quite higher than those at pH 5 and pH 7. However, the retention of BSA is the lowest at pH 3. Since BSA molecules coagulate with each other at pH 5, the BSA aggregates may foul in the cake or in the membrane pores. Therefore, the filtration rate is lower and the retention is higher at pH 5 than those at pH 7. A suspension at pH 3 under high cross-flow velocity and low filtration pressure can be concluded as the optimum operating condition.
    Based on the basic filtration equation and the force balance equation, the relationships among the pseudo-steady filtration rate and operating conditions can be derived and used for flux prediction. The estimated filtration rate agrees fairly well with experimental data. Furthermore, according to the concentration polarization model, the standard capture equation for depth filtration and the effect of shear stress on the protein migration, a theoretical equation is obtained to estimate the retention of protein. The protein retentions under various conditions can be estimated accurately.

目錄

中文摘要	                                                Ⅰ
英文摘要	                                                Ⅱ
目 錄	                                                IV
圖表目錄	                                              VIII
	
第一章 緒論                                               1
第二章 文獻回顧                                           4
	2-1 雙成份懸浮液之過濾的特性            	   4
	2-2 粒子間之作用力                               8
	2-3 濾餅的性質                                  11
	2-4  pH值與電解質濃度對粒子間作用力的影響       13
	2-5 聚集團內含水率之量測                        16
第三章 理論                                              20
	3-1 掃流過濾機內粒子之受力解析                  20
	3-2 粒子間之摩擦係數                            29
	3-3 粒子附著之臨界摩擦角度                      29
	3-4 濾餅的過濾比阻、孔隙度和固體壓縮壓力的關係  35
	3-5 雙成份掃流微過濾之模式探討                  36
	3-6 模擬穩定濾速之預測                          38
	3-7 巨分子過濾分析                              39
	    3-7.1 巨分子阻擋率的定義:(retention 
                   coefficient)                          39
	    3-7.2 濃度極化層                            39
	    3-7.3 巨分子之阻擋機構                      40
	    3-7.4 巨分子穿透濾餅之模擬分析              42
	    3-7.5 巨分子回收率                          43
第四章 實驗裝置與步驟                                    45
	4-1 掃流過濾實驗裝置、物料與濾膜                45
	    4-1.1 掃流過濾實驗裝置                      45
	    4-1.2 實驗物料與濾膜                        46
	4-2 分析儀器                                    47
         4-3 實驗步驟                                    48
             4-3.1 懸浮液性質的配法                      48
	    4-3.2 清洗Yeast的步驟                       48
	    4-3.3 掃流過濾步驟                          48
	4-4  BSA濃度之測量方法                          50
第五章 實驗結果與討論                                    52
	5-1  pH值對粒子平均粒徑與界達電位的影響         52
	5-2 雙成份懸浮液Yeast+BSA之掃流過濾特性         55
	    5-2.1 掃流速度與pH值對掃流微過濾的影響      55
	    5-2.2 過濾壓差與pH值對掃流微過濾的影響      58
	    5-2.3 離子濃度對掃流微過濾的影響            62
	5-3 過濾阻力分析                                64
	5-3.1 不同操作條件下過濾阻力分析                65
	5-3.2 不同pH值對過濾阻力的影響                  67
	5-4 粒子在濾面上之受力分析                      69
	    5-4.1粒子在濾面上所受到之流體拉曳力與粒子間之
                  作用力之關係                           70
	    5-4.2 分子間作用力之探討                    71
             5-4.3 粒子間的摩擦係數                      72
	5-5 不同操作條件對BSA阻擋率的影響               73
	    5-5.1 掃流速度與pH值對BSA阻擋率的影響       74
	    5-5.2 過濾壓差與pH值對BSA阻擋率的影響       75
             5-5.3 離子濃度對BSA阻擋率的影響             76
	    5-5.4  BSA回收率之探討                      77
	5-6 估計理論濾速和阻擋率                        82
第六章 結論                                              87
符號說明                                                 90
參考文獻                                                 96
附錄                                                    103
	附錄A 實驗物料的種類及物性                     103
	附錄B 實驗數據計算式                           107
	附錄C 濾餅壓縮性分析                           111
	附錄D 吸附效應                                 113
	附錄E 濾餅中粒子之內外部孔隙度的關係           114

圖目錄

第二章
Fig.2-1	A conceptual visualization of the moisture distribution in sludge（Tsang & Vesilind，1990)          18
Fig.2-2.	The Drying Apparatus (Tsang & Vesilind，1990)   18
Fig 2-3	Drying curve for identifying four different types of water in sludge(Tsang & Vesilind，1990)               19
第三章
Fig 3-1	Force exerted on a depositing particle in the cross-flow Microfiltration                               22
Fig 3-2	Interaction energy of Van der Walls force and electrical double layer repulsive force under different distance                                                 26
Fig 3-3	The resistance of microfiltration               37
Fig 3-4	A schematic diagram around the cake membrane surface in a cross-flow microfiltration                  42
第四章
Fig.4-1	A schematic diagram of cross-flow filtration system                                                   46
Fig.4-2	The calibration curve of BSA concentration of 0~0.2 wt% at various pH values                           51
第五章
Fig.5-1	 The average size of Yeast、Yeast/BSA and BSA particle under different pH values                       53
Fig.5-2	 The size distribution of Yeast/BSA binary suspension under different pH values                     54
Fig.5-3	 The zeta potential of Yeast、Yeast/BSA and BSA particle under different pH values                       55
Fig.5-4	 The pseudo-steady filtration rate during cross-flow microfiltration under various cross-flow velocities for different pH values                                  57
Fig.5-5	 Effect of cake mass under different cross-flow velocities for different pH values                       57
Fig.5-6	 Effect of average specific filtration resistances under different cross-flow velocities for different pH values                                      58
Fig.5-7	 The pseudo-steady filtration rate during cross-flow microfiltration under various filtration pressures for different pH values                                  59
Fig.5-8	 Effect of average specific filtration resistances under various filtration pressures for different pH values                                      60
Fig.5-9	 Effect of cake mass under various filtration pressures for different pH values                        60
Fig.5-10	 Effect of external porosity of cake under various filtration pressures for different pH values     61
Fig.5-11 The calculation compressibility coefficient n under different pH values                                62
Fig.5-12 The pseudo-steady filtration rate during cross-flow microfiltration under various ion concentration for different cross-flow velocity                            63
Fig.5-13 The zeta potential and average size of Yeast/BSA particle under different ion concentration when pH＝7.0  64
Fig.5-14	Filtration resistances in cross-flow filtration under different cross-flow velocities with pH＝7.0       66
Fig.5-15	Filtration resistances in cross-flow filtration under different filtration pressures with pH＝7.0        67
Fig.5-16 Filtration resistances in cross-flow filtration with different pH Values                                 68
Fig.5-17 Effect of filtration rates on the values of Fi and F2                                                   71
Fig.5-18 Interaction force Fi to distance of separation De with different pH values                                 72
Fig.5-19 The factor of fc under various operating condition                                                73
Fig.5-20 Effect of cross-flow velocity on the rejection of BSA with different pH values                             75
Fig.5-21 Effect of filtration pressure on the rejection of BSA with different pH values                             76
Fig.5-22 Effect of ion concentration on the rejection of BSA under various cross-flow velocities                  77
Fig.5-23 Effect of cross-flow velocity on the BSA recovery under different pH values                                79
Fig.5-24 Effect of cross-flow velocity on the efficiency under different pH values                                79
Fig.5-25 Effect of filtration pressure on the BSA recovery under different pH values                                81
Fig.5-26 Effect of filtration pressure on the efficiency under different pH Values                                81
Fig.5-27 Comparison of calculated results and experimental data of the pseudo-steady filtration rates during cross-flow filtration under different cross-flow velocities with different pH values                                      83
Fig.5-28 A plot of ln{[exp(qs/k)]×[Rrej/(1-Rrej)+1]} to Lc under different cross-flow velocity                      84
Fig.5-29 A plot of 1- to γ0/qs                           85
Fig.5-30 Comparison of calculated results and experimental data of the pseudo-steady rejections under different cross-flow velocity                                            86

附錄

Fig.A-1	The SEM picture of yeast(10,000X)              104
Fig.A-2 Particle size distribution of Yeast/BSA under pH=7.0                                                  104
Fig.A-3	The top view of the mixed cellulose ester
membrane by SEM（30,000X）                              106
Fig.A-4	The side view of the mixed cellulose ester membrane by SEM（30,000X）                              106
Fig.B-1	The effect of pressure drop on the membrane Resisitance                                             108
Fig.C-1 The calculation compressibility coefficient n under different pH  values                              111
Fig.C-2 The calculation compressibility coefficient β under different pH values                               112
Fig.D-1 The saturated BSA adsorption amount per Yeast weight at different pH values                           113
Fig.E-1 The drying curve for the filtration cake of yeast / BSA                                             114

表目錄

Table 4-1 The operating conditions used in this study    50
Table 5-1 The magnitude of each force typical operation conditions                                               69
Table B-1 The value of Rm under different operation conditions                                              107
Table C-1 Compressibility factor                        112
Table D-1 The saturated BSA adsorption amount per Yeast weight at different pH values                           113

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