本研究運用語料庫驅動的研究方法(corpus-driven approach)主要分析非英語母語學習者的學術寫作。根據三角剖分的方法論點(triangulation),本研究首先采用混合方法研究設計(mixed methods research design) 來研究指定的語言對象。 其次,研究方向透過量化分析提出語言模式既而結合質性分析解釋量化結果.         第三,在結合量化結果和質性解釋當中,混合研究設計旨在增加研究結果的可靠性(reliability)。 
本研究研究重點包含第一人稱代名詞we及其他詞彙之使用。學術寫作文本來自                 2015年ICNALE SW 1.1，其中作者提取中國學習者，其他非英語母語的學習者（包含泰國，日本，韓國學習者）和一組英語母語的學習者。 與此同時,研究範圍分為兩部分:(1)屬於中國學習者語料庫者分析we過度之使用和we句子;                    (2)屬於多種學習者的語料庫觀察人稱代名詞(包含第一,第二第三人稱代名詞)           和第一人稱代名詞(I & we)n-grams。研究意義提出基於字頻統計分析(frequency-based analysis)是語料庫驅動的研究方法(corpus-driven approach)重要的元素。

The present study implements corpus-driven approach to analyze non-native English learners academic writing. On the notion of triangulation, this study uses mixed methods research design to study the specified linguistic objects. In particular, the research direction firstly goes through quantitative analysis to propose the linguistic model before explaining quantitative results in combination with qualitative analysis. In the combination of quantitative results and qualitative interpretation, the mixed methods research design aims to increase the reliability of the research results.

 The focus in this study includes first person plural pronoun we and other key items. The academic writing text data is from ICNALE SW 1.1 (2015) in which the author extracted the written modules of Chinese, other non-native English learners (including Thai, Japanese, and Korean learners), and a group of native English learners. The scope of investigation is divided into two sections: (i) the analysis of excessive use of we and we-clause by Chinese learners and (ii) the analysis of various personal pronouns (including first, second, and third person pronouns) and first person pronouns (I and we) n-grams from multiple learner corpora. The research findings draw on frequency-based analysis to suggest important elements for corpus-driven approach

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION  1
1.1 Research Purposes  1
1.2 Research Background 2
1.3 Statement of the Problems 10
1.4 Research Summary 15
1.5 Research Contributions 17

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW  19
2.1 Research Paradigms in Corpus Linguistics 19
2.2 Research Implementations of Corpus-Driven Approach 24
2.3 Empirical Corpus Findings on Person Pronouns 29

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 36
3.1 Review of Methods of Investigation  36
3.2 Review of Research Issues  38
3.3 Research Procedures 40
3.4 Pilot study 47

CHAPTER 4: FINDINGS 55
4.1 The Overuse of We in Chinese Learner’s English Essay Corpus  55
4.2 The Distribution of We-Clause in Chinese Learner’s English Essay Corpus  63
4.3 Person Pronouns from Multiple Corpora Comparison 67
4.4 Exploring I and We Tri-Grams from Multiple Corpora Sources 72

CHAPTER 5: DISCUSSION 76
5.1 Patterns of Pronoun Usage 76
5.2 Patterns of Lexical Items Usage 84
5.3 Patterns of n-grams 87

CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION   96
6.1 Efficiency of Frequency-Based Findings 96
6.2 Limitations of the Study   97
6.3 Direction for Future Studies 99

REFERENCES   101
APPENDIX     117

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Methodological triangulation for frequency data (form & presentation) and data analysis      29
Figure 2: Top 20 high-frequency word list of the pilot study       49
Figure 3: N-gram of we      51
Figure 4: Pattern of we     51
Figure 5: Top 50 high-frequency word list in Study 4.1   57
Figure 6: The scatter plot presentation for areas of frequency of we in Study 4.1      59
Figure 7: First, second, and third singular and plural pronouns in Study 4.3        70
Figure 8: The scatter plot presentation on pronoun usage of CHN learners in Study 4.1     77
Figure 9: The scatter plot presentation of key items in top 50 high-frequency word list in Study 4.1     84
Figure 10: Extracted n-grams data of money and society in Study 4.1      86
Figure 11: Frequent tri-grams of I, you, and they from THA and ENS learners in Study 4.3          88
Figure 12: Concordance data of I think it on the writing topic about smoking in Study 4.4       90
Figure 13: Concordance data of I think that and I agree with from CHN learners in Study 4.4    92
Figure 14: Concordance data of We can get and We can learn from CHN learners in Study 4.4         94
Figure 15: Concordance data of We can get and We can learn from JPN learners in Study 4.4         95

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: An outline of corpus-driven studies in the dissertation      46
Table 2: Frequency data of writing samples in the pilot study             48
Table 3: Normalized frequency data of we and part-time job(s)            50
Table 4: 2 x 2 contingency table of we-clause and its indexes           52
Table 5: 2x2 contingency table on observed frequency of we-clause and its index        53
Table 6: The descriptive value distribution for frequency of we in Study 4.1             58
Table 7: The z-score distribution for frequency of we in Study 4.1 after outliers excluded          58
Table 8: One-sample KS tests examining normalized frequency of we into areas of word count level      62
Table 9: Distribution of frequency of we into four word count levels       63
Table 10: 2x2 contingency table on expected frequency (left) and Pearson residuals (right)        65
Table 11: One sample KS test and Mann-Whitney U tests on testing the mean difference of we-clause    66
Table 12: Corpus data of CHN, JPN, KOR, THA, and ENS learners in Study 4.3       67
Table 13: Two predictive models for the difference in pronoun usage between THA and ENS learners     71
Table 14: Corpus data of CHN, JPN, and THA learners in Study 4.4      72
Table 15: I tri-gram data from corpus data of CHN, JPN, and THA learners      74
Table 16: We tri-gram data from corpus data of CHN, JPN, and THA learners      75

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