二十世紀六０年代是全球五大洲革新震撼的年代，這個年代除了有政治與經濟上的變革，亦有文化與社會價值觀的重塑需求，於是，此時的新左派青年知識份子傾向以文化、文學、藝術、音樂的管道表達不滿與訴求。全球各地皆有以民歌介入政治抗爭的例子，此時民歌再次復興，融入更多元的實驗形式，並且與社會發展密切結合，這個時期的民歌清楚地反應社會現實與政治訴求。

拉丁美洲新歌是拉丁美洲在六０年代全球意識形態轉變的時期下，順應世界潮流而產生之獨特的音樂表達方式。拉丁美洲新歌是左派知識份子進行的文化統合進步工作，他們利用在地化民謠、結合原住民樂器與吉他連結人民大眾，且因為拉丁美洲歷史發展之因素，拉丁美洲新歌呈現出較為強烈的意識形態，在拉丁美洲產生的效應幾乎遍佈拉丁美洲與加勒比海各個國家，各國亦因為現實生活與音樂傳統之不同而各有特色，並且在世界，尤其對歐洲的音樂市場造成衝擊，可以說，拉丁美洲新歌也影響了國際觀感。

拉丁美洲新歌的意識形態表達了人民追求民族獨立的鬥爭，藉由強化泛拉丁美洲認同來凝聚向心力，以歌曲激勵行動，以去殖民化的精神為其中心思想，並與古巴革命後的新時代、格瓦拉的新人思想結合，最終目的則是追求社會的公平正義，建構拉丁美洲的人性尊嚴與美好未來。

本文利用歷史研究法、文獻分析法、內容分析法闡釋拉丁美洲新歌產生的歷史背景，在歷史發展下拉丁美洲新歌的種類與發展，拉丁美洲新歌所具有的特色，以及拉丁美洲新歌所要呈現的政治意識形態。可以得知拉丁美洲新歌捕捉到時代的精神與思潮，並且在當代，拉丁美洲新歌仍然持續發揮其影響力，甚至影響了重要政治領導人的文化政策。

1960s was a decade for five continents of the globe to revolutionize and shock. In this decade, there were not only the transformation of politics and economics, but also the re-shaping of cultural and social values. Thus, the intellectuals of new left youth tended to express their protest and demand through ways of culture, literature, art, and music. There were examples of folk music engaging in political protests all over the world, and this stood for the decade of folk revival music, too. Folk revival music involved more multiple and experimental forms in, closely relating to the development of the society. Folk revival music of the decade clearly reflected social realities and political demand.  

Latin American New Song was a unique way of music expression which was created under the way of world tendency of global ideology collision and transformation in 1960s. Latin American New Song was progressive works of cultural integration practiced by left intellectuals. They made use of local folk music, as well combined them with indigenous music instruments and guitars to unite the mass population. Because of the developmental facts of Latin American history, Latin American New Song contained stronger political ideologies in it. Its effects were spread to almost every country in Latin America and the Caribbean, and Latin American New Song in each country held distinct characteristics due to its real life and different music traditions. Also, it had obvious impact on European music market. That is to say, Latin American New Song had an influence on world viewpoints.  

The ideology of Latin American New Song was to express the struggle for people to pursue independence. Its goals were to consolidate people together by reinforcing pan Latin American identity and to encourage actions by songs on the basis of de-colonial spirits and integrating thoughts with new age after Cuban Revolution and Che Guevara’s New Man as well. In consequence, Latin American New Song aimed to set up social equality and justice and to construct human dignity and a better future for Latin America. 

This thesis used historical research, documentary analysis and content analysis to explain the historical background of Latin American New Song, the main kinds of Latin American New Song, their development and characteristics under this background, and the political ideologies in it. As a result, Latin American New Song caught the zeitgeist of the decade, 1960s. Until now, Latin American New Song is still influential. Even, it has an influence on the cultural policy of important political leaders in the twenty-first century.

目  錄

第一章、緒論1

第一節、研究動機與目的1
第二節、研究方法與架構3
第三節、研究範圍與限制5
第四節、拉丁美洲新歌的定義6

第二章、新歌產生的歷史背景11

第一節、二十世紀六０年代全球意識形態的轉變12
第二節、拉丁美洲左派思潮的崛起28
第三節、拉丁美洲爭取民族獨立與民族解放的鬥爭39

第三章、新歌的種類與發展51

第一節、新歌在智利與阿根廷的呈現52
第二節、新歌謠在古巴的呈現68
第三節、熱帶主義在巴西的呈現78

第四章、新歌的政治意識形態91

第一節、新歌中的社會現實與政治訴求93
第二節、歌頌手足與鄉土情懷100
第三節、追求社會公平與正義110

第五章、結論123

參考書目127



表 目 錄

表【2-1】新左派之藝術、文化、與政治的關係19
表【2-2】冷戰時期蘇聯與美國陣營的二元對立觀點42
表【2-3】南美各國軍人政變與統治時間表48

圖 目 錄

圖【1-1】研究架構圖4
圖【1-2】拉美新歌的組成要素8
圖【2-1】反文化運動的發展模式24

外文書籍
1.Agudelo, Dario Jaramillo. Poesia en la cancion   popular      latinoamericana. Valencia: De Esta Edicion, Pre-Textos, 2008. 422 paginas. 
2.Bierck, Harold A. Jr., ed. Lewis Bertrand, trans. Selected Writings of Bolivar. Volume 1: 1810-1822. New York: The Colonial Press Inc., 1951. 355 pages.
3.Braceli, Rodolfo. Mercedes Sosa: La negra. Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, 2010. 317 paginas.
4.Brewer, Steward. Borders and Bridges: A History of U.S.- Latin American Relations. Westport: Praeger Security International, 2006. 197 pages.
5.Brill, Mark. Music of Latin America and the Caribbean. Boston: Pearson, 2010. 416 pages. 
6.Brown, Jonathan C., ed. Workers’ Control in Latin America, 1930-1979. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1997. 328 pages.
7.Carr, Barry & Steve Ellner. The Latin American Left: From the Fall of Allende to Perestroika. Boulder: Westview Press, 1993. 256 pages.
8.Castaneda, Jorge G. Utopia Unarmed: The Latin American Left After the Cold War. New York: Vintage Books, 1993. 498 pages.
9.Chamosa, Oscar. The Argentine Folklore Movement: Sugar Elites, Criollo Workers, and the Politics of Cultural Nationalism, 1900-1955. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2010. 288 pages. 
10.Dent, David W. Historical Dictionary of U.S.-Latin American Relations. Westport: Greenwood Press, 2005. 510 pages
11.Deutschmann, David. Che Guevara Reader. Melbourne: Ocean Press, 2003. 437 pages.
12.Dunn, Christopher. Brutality Garden: Tropicalia and the Emergence of a Brazilian Counterculture. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2001. 276 pages. 
13.Escobar, Arturo. Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1995. 290 pages.
14.Eyerman, Ron & Andrew Jamison. Music and Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1998. 191 pages.  
15.Fischlin, Daniel & Ajay Heble, eds. Rebel musics : human rights, resistant sounds, and the politics of music making. Montréal: Black Rose Books, 2003. 254 pages. 
16.Galeano, Eduardo. Mujeres. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 1995. 59 paginas.
17.Guevara, Ernesto Che. Maria del Carmen Ariet Garcia & Javier Salado, eds. Our America and Theirs: Kennedy and the Alliance for Progress- The Debate at Punta del Este. Melbourne: Ocean Press, 2006. 119 pages.
18.Holden, Robert H. & Eric Zolov. Latin America and the United States. New York: Oxford UP, 2011. 414 pages.
19.Marti, Jose. Esther Allen, trans. “My race” Selected Writings. London: Penguin Group, 2002. 462 pages.
20.Jose Ramon Pardo. El canto popular: Folk y nueva cancion. Barcelona: Salvat Editores, 1981. 64 paginas.
21.Kutschke, Beate & Barley Norton, eds. Music and Protest in 1968. New York: Cambridge UP, 2013. 326 pages.
22.Lowy, Michael. The Marxism of Che Guevara: Philosophy, Economics, and Revolutionary Warfare. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2007. 178 pages
23.Malizia, Diana. Violeta Parra : mujer de cuerpo entero. Buenos Aires: Capital Intelectual, 2008. 141 paginas. 
24.Mattern, Mark. Acting in Concert: Music, Community, and Political Action. New Brunswick: Rutgers UP, 1998. 184 pages.
25.Miller, Nicola. Reinventing Modernity in Latin America: Intellectuals Imagine the Future, 1900-1930. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. 292 pages. 
26.Moore, Robin D. Music and revolution: cultural change in socialist Cuba. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006. 350 pages. 
27.Olsen, Dale & Daniel Sheehy. The Garland Handbook of Latin American Music. New York: Routledge, 2008. 592 pages. 
28.Ortiz, Jose Antequera. Palabra, Canto y Poesia: Origenes de la Nueva Cancion Latinoamericana: Oralidad y Difusion Poetica. Saarbrucken: Editorial Academica Espanola, 2011. 100 paginas. 
29.Parra, Violeta. Cantos Folkloricos Chilenos. Santiago: Editorial Nascimento, 1979. 134 paginas. 
---. Decimas. Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana, 1988. 215 paginas.
30.Perrone, Charles A. & Christopher Dunn, eds. Brazilian Popular Music & Globalization. New York: Routledge, 2002. 288 pages.
31.Randall, Annie J. Music, Power, and Politics. New York: Routledge, 2004. 296 pages. 
32.Reid, Michael. Forgotten Continent: The Battle for Latin America's Soul. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009. 408 pages.  
33.Skidmore, Thomas E. & Peter H. Smith. Modern Latin America. New York: Oxford UP, 1992. 3rd Edition. 449 pages.
34.Vasconcelos, Jose. La Raza Cosmica. Buenos Aires: Espasa-Calpe, 1948. 34 paginas.
35.Veloso, Caetano. Isbel de Sena, trans. Tropical Truth: a story of music and revolution in Brazil. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002. 350 pages.

外文期刊

1.Abregu, Martin. “Human Rights After The Dictatorship: Lessons From Argentina.” NACLA Report on the Americas. Vol. XXXIV. No. 1. July /August 2000, pp. 12-18. 
2.Alvarado, Rodrigo Torres. “Cantar la diferencia. Violeta Parra y la cancion chilena.” Revista Musical Chilena. No. 201. Enero-Junio, 2004, pp. 53-79.
---. “Callo su voz, mas no su canto.” Revista Musical Chilena. No. 190. Julio-Diciembre 1998, pp. 11-14.
3.Benmayor, Rina. “La ‘Nueva Trova’: New Cuban Song,” Latin American Music Review, Vol. 2. No. 1. Spring-Summer 1981, pp. 11-44.
4.Boadella, Montserrat Gali. “Musica para la teologia de la liberacion.” Anuario de Historia de la Iglesia. Vol. XI. Universidad de Nararra, Pamplona, Espana, pp. 177-188. 
5.Boyle, Catherine. “‘Gracias a la vida’: Violeta Parra and the Creation of a Public Poetics of Introspective Reflection.” Hispanic Research Journal. Vol. 10. No. 1. February 2009, pp. 70-85.
6.Canepa-Hurtado, Gina. “La cancion de lucha en Violeta Parra y su ubicacion en el complejo cultural chileno entre los anos 1960 a 1973. Esbozo de sus antecedentes socio-historicos y categorizacion de los fenomenos culturales atingentes.” Revista de Critica Literaria Latinoamericana, Ano 9. No. 7. Sociedad y Literatura en America Latina (1983), pp. 147-170. 
7.Cantor, Paul. “Who Killed Victor Jara?” NACLA Report on the Americas. Vol. 41. No. 5. Sep / Oct 2008, pp. 4-5.
8.Fairley, Jan. “Alive and Performing in Latin America.” Popular Music. Vol. 7. No. 1. Jan 1998, pp. 105-110. 
---, “Annotated Bibliography of Latin-American Popular Music with Particular Reference to Chile and to nueva cancion.” Popular Music. Vol. 5. Continuity and Change (1985), pp. 305-356. 
---, “La Nueva Cancion Latinoamericana.” Bulletin of Latin American Research. Vol. 3. No. 2. 1984, pp. 107-115.
9.Fabiola, Velasco. “La Nueva Cancion Latinoamericana. Notas sobre su origen y definicion” Presente y Pasado. Revista de Historia. No. 23. Enero-Junio 2007, pp. 139-153.
10.Gonzalez, Juan Pablo. “Evocacion, modernizacion y reivindicacion del folclore en la musica popular chilena: el papel de la performance.” Revista Musical Chilena. No. 185. Enero-Junio 1996, pp. 25-37.
11.Mann, Patricio, Catherine Boyle & Mike Gonzalez. “The Problems of the Text in Nueva Cancion.” Popular Music. Vol. 6. No. 2. May 1987, pp. 191-195. 
12.McSherry, J. Patrice. “Cross-Border Terrorism Operation Condor.” NACLA Report on the Americas. Vol XXXII. No. 6. May/June 1999, pp. 34-35.
13.Mendoza, Emilio. “Cancion de Protesta in Venezuela.” Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World. Vol. 9. 2013: 1-12.
14.Miller, Nicola. “A Revolutionary Modernity: The Cultural Policy of the Cuban Revolution.” Journal of Latin American Studies. Vol. 40. Specail Issue 04. Cambridge UP. Nov. 2008, pp. 675-696.
15.Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. “Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses.” Boundary 2, Vol. 12 /13 (1984): 333-358.
16.Moore, Robin. “Transformations in Cuban Nueva Trova, 1965-95,” Ethnomusicology. Vol. 47. No. 1 Winter 2003. University of Illinois Press, pp. 1-41.
17.Orquera, Yolanda Fabiola. “Marxismo, peronismo, indocriollismo: Atahualpa Yupanqui y el norte argentino.” Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas, Argentina. 21 paginas. 
18.Pirard, Eduardo Carrasco. “Exilio musical en Francia.” Revista Musical Chilena. No. 199. Enero-Junio 2003, pp. 74-77.
19.Rimbot, Emmauelle. “Luchas interpretativas en torno a la definicion de lo nacional: La cancion urbana de raiz folklorica en Chile.” Voz y Escritura. Revista De Estudios Literarios. No. 16. Enero-diciembre 2008, pp. 59-89.
20.Rio, Fernando. “La Flute Indienne: The Early History of Andean Folkloric-Popular Music in France and its Impact on Nueva Cancion.” Latin American Music Review. Vol. 29. No. 2. Fall / Winter 2008, pp. 146-189.
21.Rodriguez, Illa Carrillo. “Popular Music and the Work of Recollection in Early 1980s Argentina.” 2009 Congress of the Latin American Studies Association, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. June 11-14, 2009, 44 pages. 
22.Scruggs, T. M. “Singing Truth to Power: Mercedes Sosa, 1935-2009.” NACLA Report on the Americas. Vol. 42, No. 6, Nov / Dec 2009, pp. 4-5.
23.Tumas-Serna, Jane. “The ‘Nueva Cancion’ Movement and Its Mass-Mediated Performance Context.” Latin America Music Review / Revista de Musica Latinoamericana. Vol. 13. No. 2. Autumn-Winter 1992, pp. 139-157. 
24.Verba, Ericka. “Violeta Parra, Radio Chilena, and the ‘Battle in Defense of the Authentic’ during the 1950s in Chile.” Studies in Latin American Popular Culture 26. University of Arizona, pp. 152-165.

外文論文

1.Bello, Giovanna O. Faith and Revolution in the Latin American Nueva Cancion Movement. Dissertation: The Catholic University of America, 2012. 244 pages.
2.Dubuc, Tamar. Uncovering the Subject Dimension of the Musical Artefact: Reconsiderations on Nueva Cancion Chilena (New Chilean Song) as Practiced by Victor Jara. Thesis: University of Ottawa, 2008. 119 pages.
3.Idrovo, H. P. P. Nueva Cancion la cronica de las luchas del movimiento social ecuatoriano. Tesis: Universidad Andina Simon Bolivar, 2003. 200 paginas.
4.Lopes, Regina. Brazilian Popular Music and Modernist Discourse on National Identity. Dissertation: University of North Carolina, 2004. 170 pages.
5.Ramos, Juan. Latin American Decolonial Aesthetics: Antipoetry, Nueva Cancion, And Third Cinema As Counterculture(1960-1975). Dissertation: University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2011. 296 pages.
6.Roman-Rivera, William. Silence And Screams: “Nueva Cancion” And Its Impact on Political Movements in Chile, Argentina and Uruguay. Thesis: Ball State University, 2008. 76 pages.

外文報紙

1.(Argentine folk legend Mercedes Sosa dead at 74)，《The Independent》，http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/argentine-folk-legend-mercedes-sosa-dead-at-74-1797628.htm（瀏覽日期皆為2013/11/15）
2.(Argentine Singing Legend Mercedes Sosa, 74, Dies)，《Washington Post》，http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/04/AR2009100400918.html
3.(Mercedes Sosa, Who Sang of Argentina’s Turmoil, Dies at 74)，《New York Times》，http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/05/arts/music/05sosa.html
4.(Argentine singer Mercedes Sosa, ‘voice of Latin America,’ dies at 74)，《CNN》，http://edition.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/10/04/obit.mercedes.sosa/
5.(Latin artist Mercedes Sosa dies)，《BBC》，
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8289370.stm

外文網路資料

1.(Fundacion Atahualpa Yupanqui)
http://www.atahualpayupanqui.org.ar/principal.html
2.(Fundacion Victor Jara)
http://www.fundacionvictorjara.cl/
3.(Fundacion Violeta Parra)
http://www.violetaparra.cl/
4.(La Nueva Cancion)
http://www.folkways.si.edu/explore_folkways/la_nueva.aspx
5.(letras. mus.br網站)
http://letras.mus.br/
6.(Nueva Cancion)
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/930353/nueva-cancion
7.(Revista Musical Chilena)
http://www.revistamusicalchilena.uchile.cl/index.php/RMCH/index
8.(World Federation of Democratic Youth)
http://www.wfdy.org/