本研究旨在探討枯草桿菌培養液中胞外高分子物質與操作條件對掃流微過濾性能之影響。實驗採用平板式掃流微過濾系統，使用平均孔徑為0.22 μm的聚二氟乙烯(PVDF)濾膜，過濾不同培養天數的枯草桿菌培養液，探討透膜壓差、掃流速度對過濾速度、過濾阻力、蛋白質和多醣體的阻擋率、濾餅性質等之影響。
研究結果發現，培養時間越久的菌體尺寸越大，從培養1天平均尺寸200 μm增加到5天的229 μm；胞外聚合物的濃度亦會隨培養時間而增加，更容易在膜面形成積垢，造成過濾阻力上升。經由過濾阻力分析，可得知濾餅阻力佔總阻力的90%以上；將離心後之上層澄清液與原菌液之過濾速度做比較，發現原菌液中的膠羽是造成過濾初期濾速急速下降的原因。膠羽粒子容易在膜表面形成積垢，而胞外聚合物則會在積垢的縫隙中進行填補，使得阻力增加、濾速降低。研究結果亦顯示，濾速會隨掃流速度與透膜壓差之增加而增加，當掃流速度由0.1增加至0.3 m/s，濾速最多增加1.7倍，而透膜壓差由20增加至120 kPa，濾速最多增加1.2倍；然而濾速卻隨培養天數之增加而減少，當掃流速度與透膜壓差固定時，培養時間由1天增加至5天，濾速皆會降低60%。此外，培養天數增加，胞外聚合物濃度的增加會導致濾餅更緻密，造成多醣體與蛋白質阻擋率的上升。多醣體與蛋白質的阻擋率皆會隨掃流速度之增加而增加，掃流速度由0.1增加至0.3 m/s，二者的阻擋率皆增加1.4倍，而蛋白質與多醣體的阻擋率受透膜壓差的影響不大。由枯草桿菌所形成的濾餅具高壓縮性，雖然壓縮係數隨掃流速度之增加並無明顯變化，然而卻隨透膜壓差之增加而增加，也隨培養天數之增加而增加，培養時間由1天增加至5天，濾餅壓縮係數會由0.60增加至0.88。

The effects of extracellular polymer substances (EPS) in Bacillus subtilis broth and operating conditions on the performance of cross-flow microfiltration are studied. A two-parallel-plate cross-flow system is used in experiments, and a 0.22 μm membrane made of polyvinylidene fluoride is used as the filter medium. The effects of culture time, transmembrane pressure and cross-flow velocity on the filtration rate, filtration resistance, rejections of proteins and polysaccharides and cake characteristics are discussed. 
The results show that a larger size of bacteria is observed for longer culture time, the mean size increases from 200 to 229 μm when the culture time increases from 1 to 5 days. An increase in culture time also leads to higher EPS concentration and higher filtration resistance caused by the fouling on the membrane surface. Analysis of filtration resistance indicates that the cake resistance is over 90% of the overall filtration resistance. Comparing the filtration data of the upper supernatant after centrifugation and the original Bacillus subtilis broth, the rapid decline in filtration rate at the early periods of filtration is attributed to the floc existence in the Bacillus subtilis broth.
The packing of EPS in the filter cake which is formed by the floc causes to significant increase in filtration resistance and decrease in filtration rate. The filtration rate increases with increasing cross-flow velocity or transmembrane pressure. The filtration rate increases 1.7-fold when cross-flow velocity increases from 0.1 to 0.3 m/s and increases 1.2 times if transmembrane pressure increases from 20 to 120 kPa. However, the filtration rate decreases with increasing culture time. the filtration rate decreases 60% when culture time increases from 1 to 5 days under the same cross-flow velocity and transmembrane pressure. Furthermore, the increase in EPS concentration for longer culture time results in more compact cake, as a result, in higher rejections of polysaccharides and proteins. The rejections of polysaccharides and proteins also increase with increasing cross-flow velocity. Both the rejections increase 1.4-fold when cross-flow velocity increases from 0.1 to 0.3 m/s. However, the transmembrane pressure has a trivial effect on the rejections of proteins and polysaccharides. The cake formed by Bacillus subtilis exhibits highly compressible behavior. Although the effect of cross-flow velocity on the cake compressibility factor is not obvious, the cake compressibility increases significantly with increasing transmembrane pressure and culture time. The cake compressibility factor increases from the 0.60 to 0.88 when the culture time increases from 1 to 5 days.

中文摘要............................................... Ⅰ
英文摘要............................................... Ⅱ
目 錄.................................................. Ⅳ
圖目錄................................................. Ⅶ
表目錄................................................. Ⅹ

第一章	緒論.............................................. 1
1-1	前言........................................... 1
1-2	實驗動機與目的................................  5
第二章	文獻回顧.......................................... 6
2-1	可變形粒子之特性................................6
2-2	濾餅性質........................................8
2-3	掃流為過濾之特性...............................10
2-4	微生物過濾之特性...............................12
2-5	蛋白質過濾之特性...............................15
2-6	多醣體過濾之特性...............................17
2-7	聚集團內含水率.................................19
第三章	理論............................................. 22
3-1	阻力串聯模式...................................22
3-2	濾餅的過濾比阻、孔隙度和固體壓縮壓力之關係.....22
3-3	阻擋率的定義...................................23
第四章	實驗裝置與方法....................................24
4-1	掃流過濾實驗裝置...............................24
4-2	實驗物料與濾膜.................................25
4-3	分析儀器.......................................26
4-4	實驗步驟.......................................28
4-4-1	 懸浮液與緩衝液之配法........................28
4-4-2	 掃流微過濾之實驗步驟........................28
4-5	胞外聚合物分析.................................30
4-5-1	 蛋白質濃度之量測方法........................30
4-5-2	 葡聚醣濃度之測量方法........................30
第五章	結果與討論........................................32
5-1	枯草桿菌之特性.................................32
5-1-1	 枯草桿菌之生長曲線..........................32
5-1-2	 枯草桿菌液過濾膜積垢之成分..................36
5-2	枯草桿菌之掃流過濾特性.........................42
5-2-1	 離心處理對過濾之影響........................42
5-2-2	 濃度對過濾阻力之影響........................48
5-2-3	 透膜壓差對過濾阻力之影響....................51
5-2-4	 掃流速度的改變對過濾之影響..................56
5-2-5	 蛋白質與多醣體之阻擋率分析..................59
5-3	薄膜結垢分析...................................64
5-3-1	 掃描式電子顯微鏡之分析......................64
5-3-2	 共軛焦雷射顯微鏡之分析......................69
第六章	結論..............................................72
符號說明................................................74
參考文獻................................................76
附錄....................................................82
附錄A 實驗物料與濾膜種類............................82
附錄B 緩衝溶液的配置................................83
附錄C 懸浮液中蛋白質和多醣體濃度與培養時間圖........84

 
圖目錄
第一章
Fig.1- 1 Schematics of cross-flow filtration and dead-end filtration. (Lu，2004)	2
Fig.1- 2 Classification of membrane filtration process. (Wang，2004)	3
第二章
Fig.2- 1 An idealized plot of fraction density versus pressure for particle compaction showing the four overlapping stages. (German,1989)	7
Fig.2- 2 A conceptual visualization of the moisture distribution in sludge	20
Fig.2- 3 The Drying Apparatus(Tsang & Vesilind，1990)	21
Fig.2- 4 Drying curve for identifying four different types of water in sludge(Tsang & Vesilind，1990).	21
第四章
Fig.4- 1 The schematic diagram of cross-flow microfiltration system.	25
Fig.4- 2 The absorbance vs. concentration of BSA.	31
Fig.4- 3 The absorbance vs. concentration of Glucose.	31
第五章
Fig.5- 1 The microscope of Bacillus subtilis suspension.(900X，1day)	34
Fig.5- 2 The microscope of Bacillus subtilis suspension.(900X，3day)	34
Fig.5- 3The microscope of Bacillus subtilis suspension.(3600X，1day)	35
Fig.5- 4 The microscope of Bacillus subtilis suspension.(3600X，3day)	35
Fig.5- 5 Growth curve of Bacillus subtilis.	36
Fig.5- 6 The FTIR analysis of polysaccharide and protein under different operation.	40
Fig.5- 7 Size distributions of Bacillus subtilis under original broths and after centrifugation upperlayers by culture times.	41
Fig.5- 8 Concentration of samples under deferent preparations by culture times.	42
Fig.5- 9 Filtration fluxes of different condition under filtration times.	45
Fig.5- 10 Pseudo steady state filtration fluxes of different condition under culture times.	46
Fig.5- 11 The view of membrane surface after original broth filtration by SEM.(10kx,3day)	46
Fig.5- 12 The view of membrane surface after centrifugation upper layer filtration by SEM.(10kx,3day)	47
Fig.5- 13 The side view of membrane surface after original broth filtration by SEM.(10kx,3day)	47
Fig.5- 14 The side view of membrane surface after centrifugation upper layer filtration by SEM.(30kx,3day)	48
Fig.5- 15 The resistances change during cross-flow microfiltration under cell concentrations.	50
Fig.5- 16 The microscope of original broth filtrate.(3600X，1day)	50
Fig.5- 17 The specific filtration resistance change during cross-flow under culture times.	51
Fig.5- 18 The filtration flux change during cross-flow microfiltration under transmembrane pressures by culture times.	53
Fig.5- 19 The resistance of cake change during cross-flow microfiltration under transmembrane pressures by culture times.	54
Fig.5- 20 The cake masses change during cross-flow microfiltration under transmembrane pressures by culture times.	54
Fig.5- 21 The specific filtration resistance change during cross-flow microfiltration under transmembrane pressures by culture times.	55
Fig.5- 22 The 1- average porosity change during cross-flow microfiltration under transmembrane pressures by culture times.	55
Fig.5- 23 The filtration flux change during cross-flow microfiltration under cross-flow velocities by culture times.	57
Fig.5- 24 The resistance of cake change during cross-flow microfiltration under cross-flow velocities by culture times.	57
Fig.5- 25 The specific filtration resistance change during cross-flow microfiltration under cross-flow velocities by culture times.	58
Fig.5- 26 The porosity change during cross-flow microfiltration under cross-flow velocities by culture times.	58
Fig.5- 27 The rejection change during cross-flow microfiltration under transmembrane pressures by culture times.	61
Fig.5- 28 The rejection change during cross-flow microfiltration under cross-flow velocities by culture times.	62
Fig.5- 29 The mass fluxes change during cross-flow microfiltration under transmembrane pressures by culture times.	63
Fig.5- 30 The side view of clear membrane surface by SEM.(1kx)	65
Fig.5- 31 The side view of clear membrane surface by SEM.(10kx)	65
Fig.5- 32 The side view of membrane surface after original broth filtration by SEM.(10kx,1day)	66
Fig.5- 33 The side view of membrane surface after original broth filtration by SEM.(10kx,3day)	66
Fig.5- 34 The side view of membrane surface after original broth filtration by SEM.(10kx,5day)	67
Fig.5- 35 The top view of clear membrane surface by SEM.(10kx)	67
Fig.5- 36 The top view of membrane surface after original broth filtration by SEM.(10kx,1day)	68
Fig.5- 37 The top view of membrane surface after original broth filtration by SEM.(10kx,3day)	68
Fig.5- 38The top view of membrane surface after original broth filtration by SEM.(10kx,5day)	69
Fig.5- 39 The 2D image of membrane surface after O.D.660=0.285 suspension filtration by CSLM.(polysaccharide，operation depth:33 μm)	70
Fig.5- 40 The 2D image of membrane surface after O.D.660=0.285 suspension filtration by CSLM.(protein，operation depth: 33 μm)	71
Fig.5- 41 The 3D image of membrane surface after O.D.660=0.285 suspension filtration by CSLM.(protein& polysaccharide)	71
附錄
Fig.A- 1 Durapore membrane.	83
Fig.C- 1 The concentrations of protein and polysaccharide changes during different culture times of original broth.	84
Fig.C- 2 The concentrations of protein and polysaccharide changes during different culture times of supernatant.	85
 
表目錄
第四章
Table4- 1 Component of the suspension	26
Table4- 2 The operating conditions used in this study.	29
第五章
Table5- 1 The concentrations of proteins and polysaccharides in the original broths under various culture times.	39
Table5- 2 The concentrations of proteins and polysaccharides in upperlayer (supernatant)after centrifugation under various culture times.	39

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