本研究在討論操作條件對沉浸式薄膜過濾之粒子附著機構的影響。以孔洞大小為0.1μm之薄膜，過濾平均粒徑為7μm之聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)粒子，探討不同的過濾通量、過濾時間、通入空氣之曝氣量與氣泡大小等操作條件對粒子的附著機構與過濾效能之影響。
研究結果顯示：針對次微米粒子而言，粒子間的作用力是影響粒子附著的主要作用力，隨著粒徑的提升，粒子間的作用力之影響便逐漸減小，轉而由切線方向的作用力來主導。當過濾時間達3600秒時，最終壓力與濾餅便以達到一擬穩定值，且當過濾通量三倍，最終壓力提高了近5倍，而濾餅量則增加約7倍的量。根據實驗所得之數據可知，粒子的附著可依據其分佈的不同而做區分，當粒徑在1μm以下時，粒子間的附著會受到粒子間作用力的影響，隨著粒徑的增加而變小，但是當粒徑大於1μm後，粒子間的作用力之影響便不在顯著，使得其機率逐漸上升，但隨著粒子的增大，切線方向的作用力也隨之加大，使得附著機率逐漸開始下降，而當粒徑大過10μm之後，粒子便不易附著，而粒子的附著會隨著操作條件的不同而有所改變。通入氣泡除了有助於掃除濾餅之外，還能使小粒子易於附著，且通氣量越大，此現象就越為明顯，且經比較之後發現，改變氣泡大小的效果比通氣量來得大；而加入通氣會膜面的穩定性減小，進而導致粒子不易附著，使其附著機率下降，且當粒徑越大，此現象就越為顯著。理論所計算出來的濾餅性質與實驗所求得之濾餅性質相比，仍須將理論計算的部份加以修正，如此方能使其符合實驗值。

The effects of operated conditions, such as filtration flux, filtration time, particle size, aeration intensity, air bubble size on the deposition properties, cake properties, and the performance in submerged membrane filtration are studied. A particulate sample with a wide size distribution range from submicron to micron is used in experiments. The properties of particle deposition are analyzed based on a force analysis. The results show that: For submicron particle, the interparticle force plays a major role in particle deposition, however, the drag force, gravitational force and bubble shear force increase their importance as particle increase. When particle size is larger than 1μm, the interparticle force drops rapidly, i.e. the van der Waals force is greater than electrostatic force under these conditions. Therefore, the importance forces that effect particle deposition include drag force, gravitational force and bubble shear force as particle size larger than 10μm. Increasing filtration flux lead to enlarge normal drag force and increase deposition properties. An increase in aeration intensity and reduction of bubble size can also decrease particle deposition properties. Furthermore, the cake properties, such as mass, porosity and average specific filtration resistance of cake would be affected by deposition properties. Although some theoretical cake properties are closed to experimental data, but the probability of particle deposition functions still need to modify.

目錄
中文摘要……………………………...…………………………………..І
英文摘要……………………………………………………….………..ІІ
目錄	IV
圖目錄	VI
表目錄	X
第一章  緒論	1
1-1 前言	1
1-2 研究動機與目的	5
第二章  文獻回顧	6
2-1  薄膜生物反應器的特性與種類	6
2-2  薄膜結垢、積垢對過濾的影響	11
2-3  在過濾程序中通入氣泡對結垢的影響	17
第三章  理論	24
3-1 粒子在濾面上之附著機構	24
3-2 阻力串聯模式	33
第四章  實驗裝置與步驟	36
4-1 實驗裝置	36
4-2 實驗物料	38
4-3 分析儀器	39
4-4 實驗步驟	40
第五章  結果與討論	42
5-1 膜面的力分析與粒子附著之關係	42
5-2 過濾通量對粒子附著之影響	47
5-3 氣泡對粒子附著之影響	64
5-4 過濾阻力之分析	80
第六章  結論	88
符號說明	91
參考文獻	95
附錄	105
附錄A  實驗物料之種類及物性	105
附錄B 實驗數據計算公式	110
 
圖目錄
Fig. 1- 1 The classification of membrane filtration process	2
Fig. 2- 1 External membrane bioreactor	8
Fig. 2- 2 Submerged membrane bioreactor	9
Fig. 2- 3 Selective deposition of particle A on particle B (Lu et al. 1995)	12
Fig. 2- 4 Effect of the main membrane fouling factor	15
Fig. 2- 5 Stages of fouling	20
Fig. 2- 6 (a) (Bubble flow) (b) (Slug flow) (c) (Churn flow) (d) (Annular flow)( Taitel,1980)	23
Fig. 3- 1 Forces exerted on a depositing particle in a submerged micro-filtration	25
Fig. 3- 2 Interaction energy of van der Waals force and electrical double layer repulsive force under different distanece	30
Fig. 3- 3 Overview of various types of resistance in membrane filtration	33
Fig. 4- 1 A schematic diagram for constant flux filtration of Submerged filtration system	37
Fig. 5- 1 Forces exerted on particles with various diameter	44
Fig. 5- 2 Normal drag forces exerted on particles with various diameter under different filtration flux	46
Fig. 5- 3 Time course of final filtration pressure under various filtration flux	47
Fig. 5- 4 Time course of cake weight under various filtration flux	48
Fig. 5- 5 Effect of filtration time on the particle size distribution in the cake	49
Fig. 5- 6 Effect of filtration time on deposition property with different particle size in the cake	51
Fig. 5- 7 Effect of flux on the particle size distribution in the cake	52
Fig. 5- 8 Effect of filtration flux on deposit property with different particle size in the cake	53
Fig. 5- 9 Effects of particle diameter on the particle depositing function(top), force ratio(middle), probability of particle deposition(bottom) with flux = 3.8 x 10-5 m3/m2s	54
Fig. 5- 10 Effects of particle diameter on the particle depositing function(top), force ratio(middle), probability of particle deposition(bottom) with different flux	58
Fig. 5- 11 Time course of cake resistances under various filtration flux	61
Fig. 5- 12 The SEM picture of 0.1 MF membrane after filtration	62
Fig. 5- 13 Comparison of average specific filtration resistances of the cake under various filtration flux	63
Fig. 5- 14 Comparison of porosity of the cake under various filtration flux	63
Fig. 5- 15 Forces exerted on particles with various diameter	64
Fig. 5- 16 Comparison of cake weight under various aeration intensity	65
Fig. 5- 17 Comparison of Final pressure with aeration(blue), without aeration(black) under various filtration flux	66
Fig. 5- 18 Comparison of cake weight with aeration(blue) ; without aeration(red) under various filtration flux	67
Fig. 5- 19 Comparison of particle size distribution under various aeration intensity(db = 0.6cm)	68
Fig. 5- 20 Effects of particle diameter on the particle depositing function(top), force ratio(middle), probability of particle deposition(bottom) with different aeration intensity (db = 0.6cm)	69
Fig. 5- 21 Comparison of cake weight with different bubble size.	72
Fig. 5- 22 Comparison of bubble shear force with different conditions	73
Fig. 5- 23 Comparison of particle size distribution in different air bubble size	74
Fig. 5- 24 Effects of particle diameter on the particle depositing function(top), force ratio(middle), probability of particle deposition(bottom) with different air bubble size.	75
Fig. 5- 25 Comparison of cake resistances of the cake in different conditions	78
Fig. 5- 26 Comparison of average specific filtration resistances of the cake in different conditions	77
Fig. 5- 27 Comparison of average porosity of the cake in different conditions	78
Fig. 5- 28 Comparison of cake mass between theory results and experimental data under various filtration fluxes	80
Fig. 5- 29 Comparison of average mean particle size of between theory results and experimental data under various filtration fluxes	81
Fig. 5- 30 Comparison of average specific filtration resistance of cake between theory results and experimental data under various filtration fluxes	82
Fig. 5- 31 Comparison of cake resistance between theory results and experimental data under various filtration fluxes	83
Fig. 5- 32 Comparison of cake mass between theory results and experimental data under various aeration conditions	84
Fig. 5- 33 Comparison of average mean particle size of cake between theory results and experimental data under various aeration conditions	85
Fig. 5- 34 Comparison of average specific filtration resistance of cake between theory results and experimental data under various aeration conditions	86
Fig. 5- 35 Comparison of cake resistance between theory results and experimental data under various aeration conditions	87
Fig. A.1- 1 The SEM picture of PMMA powder. (x 10 KX)	105
Fig. A.1- 2 Particle size distribution of PMMA powder. (MR-7G)	106
Fig. A.2- 1 The top view of the mixed cellulose ester membrane by SEM (x 30 KX)	107
Fig. A.2- 2 The side view of the mixed cellulose ester membrane by SEM (x 30 KX)	108
Fig. A.3- 1 Photo of aeration equipment	109

 
表目錄
Table 4- 1 The operating conditions used in this study	41
Table 5- 1 Comparison of cake weight with different conditions	73

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