歐洲聯盟歷經了1970年代的歐洲政治合作（EPC）和1990年代初期展開的共同外交暨安全政策（CFSP），從原本對以巴衝突的政策分歧，逐漸發展出高度的政策共識，認為在以色列人和巴勒斯坦人之間的衝突持續進行的情況下，中東地區的長期穩定和平跟民主化，就會不斷遭受到極端的民族主義和宗教思想的破壞，並且加深伊斯蘭人口對西方社會和以色列的仇恨和對立。而雖然美國和歐洲聯盟不斷強調中東地區發展民主的急迫性，可是一個充滿對西方社會敵視的中東穆斯林社會，勢必難以發展和諧的和相互尊重的民主政治。因此歐洲聯盟在以巴衝突中的任務，是要改善巴勒斯坦地區的人道、經濟和政治社會發展環境，支持和平路線計畫（Road Map）的進展，並且協助巴勒斯坦人建立民主的、獨立的和可實現的巴勒斯坦國（democratic, independent and viable Palestinian State）所需要的政治組織和制度，因為妥善解決以、巴之間的紛爭是恢復中東地區穩定和平的必要過程。

After the EU underwent the integrative process of the European Political Cooperation (EPC), since the early seventies, and the more complex institutional integration in the ninties, the EU has since gradually cast aside its divergent views toward the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and developed a high level of political consensus regarding the conflict. The EU emphasizes the destructive effects the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict can have on the greater Middle East. Damaging the long time stability and peace in the Greater Middle East by creating more and more radical nationalistic and religious ideologies, which enhance the clash between the Islamic societies against Israel and the Western world.
Although the EU and the USA both continue to lay emphasis on the urgency to develop democratic values in the Middle East, but an Islamic society with a hostile view towards the USA and other nations which are seen as her allies, is bound to fail in creating harmonious and tolerant democratic political institutions. That is why the mission of the EU in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is mainly to improve the humanitarian, economical and socio-political environment of the Palestinian Territories, by supporting the Road Map and helping the Palestinians to establish the political structures and institutions a democratic, independent and viable Palestinian state needs. A just solution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is therefore a necessary step towards the creation of longstanding political and societal stability and peace in the Middle East.

目次

摘要	i
謝辭	v
目次	vii
圖目次	xiii
表目次	xv
專有名詞對照表	xvii
專有名詞縮寫對照表	xix
第一章   緒論	1
第一節 研究動機與研究目的	1
一、研究動機	1
二、研究目的	3
第二節  研究方法與研究途徑	4
一、研究途徑	4
二、研究方法	6
第三節  研究範圍與研究限制	6
一、研究範圍	6
二、研究限制	7
第四節  論文架構與文獻探討	8
一、論文架構	8
二、文獻探討	10
第五節  重要名詞解釋	12
第二章  以巴衝突的概述	17
第一節  以巴衝突的歷史背景	17
第二節  以巴衝突的癥結	49
第三章  歐洲聯盟對以巴衝突的政策發展	65
第一節  冷戰期間歐洲聯盟立場的演進	66
第二節  後冷戰時期的政策發展	79
一、1990年代初期	80
二、1990年代後期	82
三、後911時期	86
第三節  影響歐洲聯盟對以巴衝突的因素	92
一、內在因素	92
（一）朝向共同外交政策的發展	93
（二）歐洲聯盟的穆斯林人口	95
（三）歐洲與以巴衝突在歷史上的密切關連性	97
（四）能源利益	98
（五）歐洲聯盟主要會員國與中東地區國家的傳統友誼關係	102
二、外在因素	103
（一）國際體系的轉變	104
（二）區域性安全	106
（三）國際恐怖主義	107
（四）美國謀求中東和平的挫折	110
第四章  歐洲聯盟對以巴衝突的決策過程	113
第一節  發展背景	113
第二節  法源依據與組織架構	114
一、法源依據	114
（一）歐洲聯盟條約	114
（二）阿姆斯特丹條約	115
（三）尼斯條約	116
二、組織架構	117
第三節  決策程序與政策執行工具	121
一、決策程序	121
二、政策執行工具	124
（一）外交工具	126
（二）經濟工具	128
（三）軍事和非軍事工具	130
第四節  歐洲聯盟會員國的政策立場	133
一、主要會員國	135
二、次要會員國	146
三、其它會員國	152
第五章  歐洲聯盟解決以巴衝突的政策架構及執行過程	155
第一節  解決架構	155
一、區域經濟發展工作小組	156
二、歐洲-地中海夥伴關係	157
三、歐洲睦鄰政策	159
四、歐洲聯盟對中東地區國家的雙邊關係	161
五、中東和平進程	162
第二節  執行過程	164
一、改善巴勒斯坦人的經濟環境	165
二、增進區域性的穩定	170
三、巴勒斯坦當局的改革	171
四、協助巴勒斯坦人建立民主的政治體制	176
五、協助巴勒斯坦當局維護治安與邊界管理的能力	179
（一）歐洲聯盟協助巴勒斯坦警察協調機關	180
（二）歐洲聯盟在拉發交叉點的邊界協助任務	182
第三節  執行過程所遭遇到的困難	184
一、巴勒斯坦地區經濟環境的持續惡化	185
二、推動區域性的穩定不易有進展	187
三、巴勒斯坦當局的貪污情形嚴重	188
四、歐洲聯盟和以色列政府在以巴衝突的議題上的立場分歧	189
第六章    歐洲聯盟在以巴衝突中所扮演的角色	193
第一節  歐洲聯盟的角色	193
一、協調者	194
二、促成美國決策	195
三、促成以巴談判	199
第二節  歐洲聯盟會員國的角色	203
一、主要會員國	204
二、次要會員國	208
三、其它會員國	211
第七章    評估與展望	215
第一節  評估	216
一、事實評估	216
（一）歐洲聯盟在以巴和平進程中所扮演的角色	216
（二）歐洲聯盟採取具體行動的侷限性	217
（三）歐洲聯盟具體協助和平進程的領域	220
（四）歐洲聯盟的決策機制	223
（五）歐洲聯盟會員國的政策立場與歐洲聯盟共同政策的關係	226
二、理論評估	227
（一）對以巴衝突的探討	227
（二）對歐洲聯盟政策立場的探討	229
（三）對歐洲聯盟具體作為的探討	231
第二節  展望	232
第八章  結論	239
一、內部政策整合階段	240
二、具體行動發展階段	242
參考書目	247
附錄	269
地圖	287


圖目次

圖 1- 1：論文研究架構圖	9
圖 3- 1：國際體系和歐洲聯盟外交決策的相互關係圖	105
圖 7- 1：共同外交暨安全政策：1999年初期的混亂政策決策模式	225
表目次

表 1- 1：以巴衝突歷史相關文獻	11
表 1- 2：歐洲聯盟對外政策發展相關書籍	12
表 2- 1：聯合國巴勒斯坦分治計畫所決定的人口分布	28
表 2- 2：聯合國難民救濟與工作署的巴勒斯坦難民營數據表	53
表 2- 3：以色列在佔領地區內建設的屯墾區	56
表 2- 4：耶路撒冷的人口結構：2002年	58
表 3- 1：中東地區的主要武器供應國家：1970-74；1975-1979	67
表 3- 2：歐洲共同體的原油進口來源：1973年-1983年 	69
表 3- 3：美國對以色列的援助	78
表 3- 4：歐洲政治合作（EPC）行動、共同外交暨安全政策（CFSP）共同立場和聯合行動：1970-95	94
表 3- 5：歐洲聯盟會員國穆斯林人口統計數字	96
表 3- 6：歐洲共同體的原油進口比例	99
表 3- 7：全球的石油蘊藏量演變：依照地理區域和年代分類，1974年、1994年和2004年	100
表 3- 8：世界原油進口排名	101
表 4- 1：歐洲聯盟條約下的共同外交暨安全政策決策程序	123
表 4- 2：對和平進程的支持	125
表 4- 3：關於歐洲聯盟特別代表的任命	125
表 4- 4：協助巴勒斯坦當局	125
表 4- 5：歐洲聯盟的外交工具	127
表 4- 6：歐洲聯盟的經濟工具	129
表 5- 1：歐盟執委會所提出來的歐洲睦鄰和夥伴關係工具承諾金額	160
表 5- 2：以色列、埃及、敘利亞、黎巴嫩和約旦五國的主要貿易夥伴：2004年（單位：百萬歐元）	162
表 5- 3：歐洲聯盟在「地中海援助計劃」中對西岸地區和加薩走廊所提出的財務承諾：1995年-2003年	169
表 5- 4：歐洲聯盟在中東和平進程中對以巴的經濟援助	169
表 5- 5：歐洲聯盟對聯合國難民暨救濟組織的協助：1994-2001	170
表 5- 6：「歐洲聯盟對巴勒斯坦警察支援協調辦公單位」經由捐贈給巴勒斯坦當局的裝備	182
表 6- 1：以色列和歐洲聯盟的貿易量：2000年到2004年	200
表 6- 2：以色列的主要貿易夥伴	201
表 6- 3：以色列對歐洲聯盟的進出口量：1990年和2001年	201
表 6- 4：歐洲聯盟和美國對巴勒斯坦人的援助金額：2005年	202
表 6- 5：歐盟對西岸地區和加薩走廊的經濟援助：1994-2001	203
表 6- 6：比利時在巴勒斯坦地區的正式發展補助：2001-2004	210
表 6- 7：歐洲聯盟會員國對巴勒斯坦人的援助：1994-2003	212
表 7- 1：歐體在中東和平進程和對巴勒斯坦人的經濟援助：1994-2003	221
表 7- 2：阿拉伯人和猶太人眼中巴勒斯坦國的形象	236
表 8- 1：歐洲聯盟對以巴衝突的重大政策演變：1970-2005	241
表 8- 2：歐洲聯盟協助巴勒斯坦人改善政治和經濟環境的領域	243

壹、中文部分
一、書籍
王道、葛斯、唐春華、佐海嫻、蔣仁祥  譯。《近東與中東危機》。台北市：麥田出版：城邦文化發行。2000年。Mejcher, Helmut. Krisenherd Naher und Mittlerer Osten: Sinai, 5. Juni 1967. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1997.
黃馨慧  譯。《全球新局勢：了解國際新局勢的80個觀念概念》。台北市：一方出版有限公司。2004年。Cordellier, Serge. Le nouvel état du monde: Les id ées-forces pour comprendre les nouveaux enjeux internationaux. Paris: Édition La Découverte & Syros, 2002.
梁永安  譯。《文化與抵抗》。台北縣新店市：立緒文化。2004年。Said, Edward W. Culture and Resistance: Conversations with Edward W. Said. New Century Publishing, 2003. 
--       譯。《一個猶太人的反省》。台北縣新店市：立緒文化。2004年。Marc H. Ellis. Israel and Palestine: Out of the Ashes: the search for Jewish identity in the twenty-first century. London: Pluto Press, 2002.   
蔡政文。《當前國際關係理論發展及其評估》。台北市：三民書局。1998年。 
蔡百銓  譯。《中東史》。台北市：國立編譯館。2003年。Goldschmidt, Arthur Jr. A Concise History of the Middle East. Westview Press, 2001.
鄭之書  譯。《中東：自基督教興起至二十世紀末》。台北市：麥田出版。1998年。Lewis, Bernard. The Middle East: 2000 years of history from the rise of Christianity to the present day. Rye Field Publications, 1995.

二、論文
沈玄池。《歐洲共同體在以阿衝突中事件中的外交取向：1973-1983》，碩士論文。淡江大學歐洲研究所。1984年。
張念卿。《伊斯蘭激進主義與國際恐怖活動》，碩士論文。國立政治大學外交學系。2001年。
曾嘉文。《歐洲共同安全暨防衛政策（1999-2003）-基於新自由制度主義之研究》，碩士論文。淡江大學歐洲研究所。2004年。
梁玉珊。《比利時之社會分歧與政治體制的轉變（1993-2004）》，碩士論文。淡江大學歐洲研究所。2005年。

三、期刊
卓忠宏。「歐盟地中海政策」。問題與研究，第43卷第4期，民國93年7、8月，頁95-113。

貳、英文部份
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European Commission, “European Neighbourhood Policy: Country Report: Palestinian Authority of the West Bank and Gaza Strip”, Commission Staff Working Paper, Brussels: Commission of the European Communities, 12.5.2004. COM (2004) 373 final.
European Commission, “Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Council and the European Parliament: EU-Palestinian cooperation beyond disengagement- towards a two-state solution”, COM (2005) 485 final, Brussels, 5.10.2005

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三、期刊
“After Iraq”, New Perspectives Quarterly, Vol.20, No.3, Summer, 2003, pp.4-51.
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Hollis, Rosemary. “The Israeli-Palestinian road block: can Europeans make a           difference?”, International Affairs, Vol.80, No.2, March 2004, pp.191-201.
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四、報章雜誌
Whitelaw, Kevin, Kenaan El-Arab, Rodeina, Kassaballi, Samar, Abu Toameh, Khaled, Derfner, Larry and E. Kaplan, David, “Vox Pop”, U.S. News & World Report, March    
14, 2005, pp.22-26.

參、德文部份
一、專書
Hubel, Helmut. Frankreichs Rolle im Nahen Osten. Bonn: Europa Union Verlag,       1985.
Gottschald, Marc. Die GASP von Maastricht bis Nizza: Die Ergebnisse und Beschlüsse der Gemeinsamen Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik der EU seit ihrer Entstehung bis zum Vertrag von Nizza. Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2001.
Krupp, Michael. Zionismus und Staat Israel: Ein geschichtlicher Abriß. Gütersloh:         Gütersloher Verlagshaus Gerd Mohn, 1992.
Schmitt, Karl and Edinger, Michael. Israel in den neunziger Jahren und die Deutsch-Israelischen Beziehungen. Jena: Universitätsverlag Jena, 1996.
Wagner, Martin. Gebrauchsanweisung für Israel. München: R. Piper GmbH & CO. KG, 1996.
二、期刊
Internationale Politik (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Politik), Nr.10,              Oktober 2005, p.5.
Alexiev, Alex. “Wegschauen und verharmlosen”, Internationale Politik, Nr.9,           September, 2005, pp.92-98.

三、報章雜誌
Berbalk, Ottmar, Borst, Stefan and Nadja Mathes. “Viel zu verlieren”, Der Spiegel, Nr.7 (13. Februar 2006), p.155.
Bednarz, Dieter, and Schlamp, Hans- Jürgen. ”Der Konflikt betrifft uns alle”, Der           Spiegel, Nr.28, 11 July, 2005.
Bednarz, Dieter. Ertel, Manfred. Festenberg, Nikolaus von. Follath, Erich. Hipp, Dietmar. Hoyng, Hans. Knöfel, Ulrike. Leick, Romain. Mascolo, Georg. Matussek, Matthias. Saltzwedel, Johannes. Simons, Stefan. Wiedemann, Erich. “Tag des Zorns”, Der Spiegel, Nr.6, 2. June 2006.
Doerry, Martin , Großbongardt, Annette and Spörl, Gerhard. “Ich habe keinen           Zauberstab”, Der Spiegel, Nr.8, Februar 21, 2005, pp.106-108.
Emcke, Carolin. “Musik gegen die Gewalt”, Der Spiegel, Nr.40, September, 27, 2004, pp.135-137.
Grossbongardt, Annette. “Brennende Hügel”, Der Spiegel, Nr.45, Oktober, 30,2004,               p.136.
Gruber, Peter and Inbari, Pinhas. “Ein bisschen Frieden”, Focus, Nr.7, 14. Februar, 2005, pp.180-183.
Inbari, Pinhas. “Wir können keinen politischen Frieden ohne einen wirtschaftlichen         Frieden erreichen.”, Focus, Nr.9, 28. Februar, 2005.
Inbari, Pinhas, Eberhardt, Wolfram. “Sharon ist der Rebell”, Focus, Nr.34, 22.        August, 2005, pp.150-153


肆、網際網路專文及資源
一、網路專文
Archick, Kristin. “European Views and Policies toward the Middle East” Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, Order Code RL31956, updated March 9, 2005. 參見，美國國務院官方網站，http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&lr=&q=Kristin+Archick+European+Views+and+Policies+toward+the+Middle+East&btnG=Search, update to 2006.6.7. 
Brown, Nathan J. “The Palestinian Reform Agenda” Peaceworks No.48, United States Institute of Peace, December 2002, pp.13, 23-24. United States Institute of Peace: http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks48.html, update to 2006.3.8.
”German Foreign Policy and the Middle East Conflict”, German foreign policy dialogue Newsletter-issue 07, May, 2002. 參見，Deutsche-Aussenpolitik.De，http://www.deutsche-aussenpolitik.de/newsletter.php, update to 2006.6.7. 
Kagan, Robert. “Power and Weakness”, Policy Review, No.113. 參見，Policy Review，http://www.policyreview.org/JUN02/kagan.html, update to 2006.3.19.
Lindstrom, Gustav (ed.) Shift or Rift: Assessing US-EU relations after Iraq. Paris:          Institute for Security Studies, 2003.參見，The European Union Institute for Security Studies，http://www.iss-eu.org/, update to 2006.5.28.
Lindstrom, Gustav and Schmitt, Burkard (eds.) One Year on: lessons from Iraq. Paris: Institute for Security Studies, March 2004. 參見，The European Union Institute for Security Studies，http://www.iss-eu.org/, update to 2006.7.5.
Luif, Paul. “EU Cohesion in the UN General Assembly”in EU Institute for Security        Studies 2003. 參見，http://www.iss-eu.org, update to 2006.6.8. 
Newman, David and Yacobi, Haim. “The Role of the EU in the Israel/Palestine Conflict”, Working Paper Series in EU Border Conflict Studies, No.12 2004 , Department of Politics and Government Ben Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel. 參見，EUBorderConf , The European Union and Border Conflicts， http://www.euborderconf.bham.ac.uk/publications/workingpapers.htm, update to 2006.6.7. 
Ortega, Martin (ed.) The European Union and the crisis in the Middle East. Paris:           Institute for Security Studies, July 2003.參見，The European Union Institute for Security Studies，http://www.iss-eu.org/, update to 2006.5.28. 
Steinberg, Gerald M. “The European union and the Middle East Peace Process”,           Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs, Letter No.418, Kislev 5760,           November 1999. 參見，Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs，http://www.jcpa.org/jl/vp418.htm, update to 2006.6.7. 
Whitman, Richard. “The European Union’s Common Foreign and Security Policy:          Achievements and Prospects”, Centre for the Study of Democracy,            Research Papers, Number 11 (London: University of Westminster Press,          Winter, 1996. 參見，http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/sites/west.html, update to 2006.6.7. 
Yacoubian, Mona. “Promoting Middle East Democracy: European Initiatives”, United States Institute of Peace. Special Report 127, October 2004, pp.1-15. 參見，United Institute of Peace，http://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr127.html, update to 2006.6.8.
Young, Richard. “The European Union and Democracy in the Arab-Muslim World”,         Centre for European Policy Studies, Working Paper No.2 November 2002. 參見，Centre for European Policy Studies website，http://www.ceps.be, update to 2006.2.10. 
Youngs, Tim. ”Development in the Middle East Peace Process 1991-2000”,        International Affairs and Defence Section: House of Commons Library,        Research Paper 01/08, 24 January 2001. 參見，http://www.parliament.uk/commons/lib/research/rp2001/rp01-008.pdf, update to 2006.6.7. 

二、網路資源
（一）政府官方網站
奧地利外交部（Austrian Foreign Ministry）
http://www.bmaa.gv.at/

比利時外交部官方網站（Federal Public Service Foreign Affairs Belgium）
http://www.diplomatie.be/en/ 

比利時發展合作部門（Belgian Development Cooperation Department）官方網站，http://www.dgcd.be/en/partner_countries/palestine/index.html

丹麥外交部（Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark）
http://www.um.dk/en/ 

芬蘭外交部（Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland）
http://formin.finland.fi/english/ 

法國外交部（French Ministry of Foreign Affairs）
http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/ 

德國外交部（German Federal Foreign Office）
http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/www/de/index_html 

希臘外交部（Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs）
http://www.mfa.gr/english/

愛爾蘭外交部（Ireland Department of Foreign Affairs）
http://foreignaffairs.gov.ie/ 

以色列外交部（Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs）
http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA

義大利外交部（Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy）
http://www.esteri.it/ita/index.asp 

荷蘭外交部（Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs）
http://www.bz.nl/default.asp?CMS_ITEM=MBZ257568

西班牙外交部（Spain Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation）
http://www.mae.es/en/Home/ 

瑞典外交部（Sweden Ministry of Foreign Affairs）
http://www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/2059 

美國國務院（United States Department of State）
http://www.state.gov/

美國中央情報局世界紀實年鑑（CIA World Fact Book）
http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/

巴勒斯坦當局官方網站（Palestinian National Authority）
http://www.pna.gov.ps/Jerusalem/index.asp 

（二）國際政府間組織官方網站
歐洲聯盟網站（European Union）
http://europa.eu/ 

國際法院（International Court of Justice）
http://www.icj-cij.org/ 

石油輸出國家組織（Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries）
http://www.opec.org/home/ 

阿拉伯石油輸出國家組織（Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries）
http://www.oapecorg.org/ 

聯合國（United Nations）
http://www.un.org/ 


聯合國難民救濟與工作署（United Nations Relief and Works Agency）
http://www.un.org/unrwa/index.html

聯合國巴勒斯坦問題資訊系統（United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine）
http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf 

（三）國際新聞媒體網站
英國國家廣播公司新聞台（British Broadcasting Corporation News）
http://news.bbc.co.uk/

衛報新聞台（Guardian Unlimited, The Guardian Newspaper）
http://www.guardian.co.uk/ 

明鏡周刊（Spiegel Online）
http://www.spiegel.de/ 

（四）非官方民間組織網站
B’Tselem: The Israeli Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories
http://www.btselem.org/English/index.asp

Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs 
http://www.jcpa.org/ 

Policy Review
http://www.policyreview.org/  

Search for Common Ground
http://www.sfcg.org/

United States Institute of Peace
http://www.usip.org/index.html