本論文在於探究，邁向多層級、動態治理的歐洲聯盟援引全球化、技術變動快速、且產業已臻成熟的資通訊（Information Communication Technology, ICT）發展，作為推動區域整合的政策工具，尤其是2000年以降的里斯本策略攘括眾多資通訊相關計畫，廣納多元行動者參與以追求歐洲社會穩定與經濟繁榮卻因此面臨的制度變遷。
本研究假設，歐洲聯盟推算倡議資通訊發展的政治成本低於把它排除在歐洲整合的平台之外，而援引資通訊發展而獲得的競爭力強化、就業和穩定等預期收益，又高於保持施行原有制度，於是從自主的治理體系採納了來自全球的資通訊議題，時與漸進，資通訊ICT特有的規範也將漸漸地影響到歐盟治理體系的變遷，為制度改革作出功用。據此，本研究聚焦在3個研究問題：1.歐盟如何在全球資訊（IT）發展弱勢地位下，以歐洲整合為名、以治理為鑰，倡議適合歐洲環境的資通訊發展？2.歐洲在1984 – 1998年期間同時推動電信業民營化和電信自由化，搭配單一內部市場的特殊架構，落實了制度化管理，適用在加入網路、數位化新世代技術之發展路徑上嗎？3.解析資通訊發展歐洲化的因果關係，如何判定多層級各別行動者的偏好與彼此間的衝突，並明瞭其對促成制度變遷之意義？
對於各層級行動者的研究，本研究提出歐盟層級、成員國層級、市場之廠商，與中介機構之四個行動者類別，以背景資料分析和田野訪談11個案例作為主要觀察對象。
本論文的主要研究發現，歐盟面對全球化之資通訊發展，是從內在制度倡議共識理念，並特別彰顯資通訊的社會普及，相關政策之形成係透過多層級間共同分享的公共治理空間，以形塑適合歐洲整理脈絡的知識型社會；即使部份成員國的西歐工業國家對ICT發展持「去製造化」的思維，也不妨礙東歐新興經濟體的「外人直接投資趨策」之科技製造業發展，與相互構組全球ICT產業鏈的美－亞模式呈現發展路徑不依賴的現象；歐洲電信發展軌跡面臨數位匯流之資訊科技出現了複製發展路徑的困境，多層級行動者的各自偏好雖然明顯、彼此間亦因此發生重重衝突，但在歐洲整合之理念下，妥當之治理仍然被各行動者所期待，對於朝向調和之制度的變遷歷程，具有其關鍵意義。

This dissertation is aimed to focus on institutional change in the development of European Union (EU) and global Information Communication Technology (ICT) to study the challenge of dynamic multi-governance and its developing policy-forming in the context of European integration. Particularly, EU Lisbon Summit announced Lisbon Agenda at 2000 and continues to launch Lisbon strategies such works programme for the ICT theme of the FP6, FP7 as cross Member States projects. ICT takes core position for EU improving competitiveness, employment and stability. 
Since 1980, ICT has been transforming speedily by US-Asia market-contracted cooperation, enhancing by digital technology convergence into 2000 meantime international organizations deal into common standards in the world as driving power of globalization. EU, however merely few industrial MSs developed national telecommunication sector due to quasi-protectionism accompanied with privatization. EU MSs account for an ever smaller percentage of ICT productions in manufacture and unknown ICT branding in world market. EU has stayed it on insufficiency and tardiness due to certain political themes and European Integration needs in different periods. EU faces new breakthroughs in ICT have been continuing over the nowadays and next decades to bring ever-more wide ranging applications 
This study hypothesis, while citing the development of access to ICT to expected benefits, EU projects on its own systematic governance also global ICT-specific norms would gradually affect its institutional changes in the context of European Integration. Accordingly, the dissertation proposes three research questions: first, how European ICT development has been initiated by dynamic governance and policy forming in the name of European integration and under a weak position of PC-based IT? Second, main ICT component as telecommunication had systematized with European Single Market by approach of privatization and liberalization in 1984 – 1998. Is it applicable in the path of digital convergence? Third, analysing the causal relationship of individual actors on ICT development in the context of Europe integration, how determine their preferences and conflicts, and understand its meaning contributed to institutional change?
This dissertation analyzes EU ICT policies and illustrates in 11 cases study of multi-level actors as EU commission, MSs, enterprises and intermediates. Main findings are EU innovate ICT development in a consensus between shaping of public space and context of knowledge-based society; it does not depend on global ICT industry chain of structuring of the US - Asian model; the path of European telecoms development has replicated difficultly in digital convergence; the multi-level actors present own visible preferences, among numerous conflicts have occurred as a result. For the proper governance based on the concept of integration in Europe, the various actors are still looking for the institutional changes towards reconciliation process, with its crucial significance.

章節目次
第 一 章、緒言 1
第一節、研究動機 1
第二節、研究目的 5
第三節、研究方法 7
第四節、文獻回顧 8
一、科技史冊記載美國超越歐洲的遠因 8
二、單一市場之科研政策的學術研究 12
三、資通訊發展歐洲化之研究 14
四、資通訊發展的社會學研究 14
五、歐盟治理模式改變及其影響之探討 15
六、ICT企業暨產業生態系統的研究 17
七、科管學門的創新暨前瞻研究 18
第五節、理論基礎 20
一、功能主義和新功能主義 21
二、治理理論和多層級治理 23
三、制度理論與制度變遷	26
四、社會ICTs研究 28
第六節、 研究問題與研究範圍 36
第七節、 研究架構與章節安排 39
第 二 章、 資通訊發展作為促進歐洲整合之源起與變遷 45
第一節、 資通訊發展的全球源起 45
一、 新技術革命帶來結構變化 45
二、 資通訊發展與新經濟	50
第二節、 資通訊發展的全球變遷 54
一、 市場創新「美－亞模式」 54
二、 資通訊發展的國際共通規範之雛型 60
第三節、 資通訊發展的歐洲源起 66
一、 電腦技術研發萌芽 66
二、 里斯本議程全面啟動	71
第四節、 資通訊發展的歐洲歷程 75
一、 法理支持科技合作之治理 75
二、 階段發展的歐洲化 78
第 三 章、 資通訊發展在歐洲整合之實踐研究 87
第一節、 歐體／歐盟政策衍生之資通訊發展框架 87
一、 資通訊相關政策的法源 88
二、 資通訊相關政策的決策者 89
三、 資通訊相關政策的決策過程 91
四、 資通訊相關政策的權責劃分 91
第二節、 電信業自由化的制度管理 93
第三節、 超國家大型ICT計畫 95
一、 歐洲資訊技術研發策略計畫（ESPRIT）	96
二、 伽利略（Galileo）衛星計畫	97
三、 歐洲研究區域（ERA） 98
四、 科研架構計畫（Framework Programme） 100
五、 單一歐洲資訊空間 102
第四節、 資通訊在歐洲整合的社會普及 104
一、 網路硬、軟體發展 107
二、 家戶與企業的網路使用 112
三、 「網路文盲」與「二次落差」 115
第五節、 歐盟資通訊發展時序匯整 118
第 四 章、 以歐盟層級為行動者之案例研究 121
第一節、 歐盟研究總署 122
一、 歐盟科研政策研擬之幕僚單位	122
二、 前瞻整合社會需求的資通訊發展 127
三、 變動治理形成歐盟機構之顯著問題 132
第二節、 歐盟企業總署 135
一、 歐盟產業政策的創新研擬 135
二、 產業生態與資通訊發展密合不良 139
第三節、 小結：摸索學習 承上啟下 145
第 五 章、 以歐盟成員國層級為行動者之案例研究 147
第一節、 德國經濟科技部 149
一、 德國官方回應歐盟倡議資通訊發展 149
二、 德國推動資通訊發展的國家行動 153
三、 ICT新技術與產業老結構的衝突 160
第二節、 芬蘭國家技術創新局Tekes 162
一、 芬蘭資通訊發展的國家創新角色 162
二、 Tekes橫向整合跨部會之資源	167
三、 貼近歐盟規則並援引國際資源	172
第三節、 愛爾蘭科技與創新政策處Forfás 174
一、 引進ICT產業改造經濟結構 174
二、 認同知識經濟的現代發展模式	182
三、 外部競爭升高內部治理的困難	185
第四節、 匈牙利投資暨貿易發展局ITDH  187
一、 中東歐新興經濟對全球化ICT的寄望 187
二、 同步發展匈牙利內部ICT消費市場 191
三、 擴大ICT經濟效益埋下國家負債問題 194
第五節、 小結：成員國自成一格的ICT發展 195
第 六 章、 以市場場域為行動者之廠商案例研究 197
第一節、 飛利浦安荷芬研究中心 199
一、 70年代即與亞洲ICT製造業建立關聯 199
二、 知識產權部在歐洲進行全球管理 209
三、 跨國企業全球經營與歐洲研發的調節 211
第二節、 ADB  213
一、 全球ICT市場中的歐洲中小企業 213
二、 歐洲技術創新與亞洲產業聯盟	216
三、 歐盟對小型ICT歐洲廠商的有限治理與有限資源	219
第三節、 bwin  221
一、 網路世代的歐洲新創ICT服務業 221
二、 定位全球化產業的發展藍圖 227
三、 歐洲單一市場適法不一致的挑戰 230
第四節、 小結：ICT廠商的全球化共通特性 235
第 七 章、 以利益團體為行動者之專業中介機構案例研究  237
第一節、 歐洲創投暨私募產業協會EVCA  237
一、 啟動ICT投入資金的觸媒 237
二、 多方協調治理端、資金端與社會認知 247
三、 歐盟金融監管趨嚴的投資限制	252
第二節、 艾森創新機構Exnovate  254
一、 結合美、加學者探討歐洲開放式創新	254
二、 串接產、官、學在ICT議題的對話網絡	257
三、 面臨歐盟內部資源爭奪的磨擦	261
第三節、 小結：有待發揮的調和角色  262
第 八 章、 多層級行動者案例的綜合討論 265
第一節、 各類別行動者的偏好的表現 265
一、 歐盟層級 265
二、 成員國層級	267
三、 市場場域之廠商層級	269
四、 利益團體之專業中介機構層級	271
第二節、 行動者之間的衝突與調和 273
一、 釐清衝突類別，多方提議構想	273
二、 調和功能與機動落實的治理新範示 277
第 九 章、 結論 279
第一節、 主要研究發現 281
一、 與多層級治理串接的歐洲資通訊發展創新 281
二、 歐洲整合脈絡的資通訊發展與全球路徑不依賴 283
三、 歐盟推動資通訊發展和電信發展的路徑不一 284
四、 行動者各自偏好造成衝突，妥當治理推動制度變遷 285
第二節、 研究貢獻 287
第三節、 後續研究建議 289
參考書目 .293
附錄
本研究案例研究訪談明細   323
中外文縮寫對照  326

表次
表　1.6　不同行動者案例的分類 37
表　2.1　230年來的五次技術革命 45
表　2.2　歐洲整合1980年代以降的重心 71
表　2.4.1　歐洲國家網路整備指標 (NRI)之顯著排行 82
表　2.4.2　ICT作為永續發展之全球排名（2009 – 2010） 84
表　5.3.1　重大外資企業在愛爾蘭的發展與定位變遷 180
表　6.3.1　bwin Group子公司成員 230

圖次
圖　1.5.1　社會資通訊技術研究（social research on ICT）之圖略 31
圖　1.5.2　社會ICTs研究及其實踐的跨領域交叉議題 33
圖　1.5.3　資通訊政策議題矩陣圖 35
圖　1.6　本研究假設之ICT相關議題矩陣圖 39
圖　1.7.1　本研究架構 40
圖　1.7.2　本研究流程 42
圖　1.7.3　本研究章節安排 43
圖　2.2.1　90年代雁行理論圖 60
圖　2.2.2　歐洲國家ICT產業附加價值占總產業附加價值之比例 65
圖　3.4.1　歐盟整合三階段的網路滲透率成長表現（2002 – 2009）109
圖　3.4.2　歐盟成員國網路滲透率成長變化（2007年 對照 2009年）110
圖　3.4.3　歐盟27國網路滲透率比較（2009）111
圖　3.4.4　歐盟27國家戶寬頻連網率變化（2006年 對照  2009年) 113
圖　3.4.5　歐盟27國家戶連網率 （2009年）114
圖　3.4.6　歐盟ICT技能員工占總雇用員工比率之年變化（2001 – 2008）117
圖　3.4.7　比較歐盟27國ICT技能員工占總雇用員工比率118
圖　3.5.1　歐洲整合過程中的資通訊發展關鍵時點119
圖　4.1.1　歐盟研究總署（EU RDG ）案例之研究定位123
圖　4.1.2　歐盟研究總署組織及其分工 （2009）133
圖　4.2.1　歐盟企業總署案例之研究定位 135
圖　4.2.2　歐盟27國企業連網率 （2009年）140
圖　4.2.3　歐盟地區企業使用ICT情形（2005 對照2008年平均值）141
圖　4.2.4　 ICT研發投入占商業研發投入的各國比較 142
圖　4.2.5　各國ICT部門對企業研發密度的貢獻比較（2005）143
圖　4.3.1　以歐盟層級為行動者之案例在社會ICTs相關議題的綜合整理146
圖　5.1.1　德國經科部案例之研究定位150
圖　5.1.2　德國ICT2020的5年經費規劃 153
圖　5.2.1　芬蘭國家技術創新局Tekes案例之研究定位 163
圖　5.2.2　Tekes 1997- 2008年 R&D 募資情形 172
圖　5.3.1　愛爾蘭Forfás案例之研究定位 175
圖　5.3.2　愛爾蘭國家科技研發政策之架構 178
圖　5.4.1　匈牙利ITDH案例之研究定位 188
圖　5.4.2　匈牙利與OECD各國平均科學與創新表現的比較 191
圖　5.5.1　以歐盟成員國層級為行動者之案例在社會ICTs相關議題的綜合整理	196
圖　6.1.1　飛利浦安荷芬研究中心案例之研究定位 200
圖　6.2.1　ADB案例之研究定位 214
圖　6.3.1　bwin案例之研究定位 222
圖　6.4.1　以市場場域為行動者之廠商案例在社會ICTs相關議題的綜合整理 236
圖　7.1.1　EVCA案例之研究定位 239
圖　7.1.2　歐盟15國與美國的創投資金比較（1997-2008）240
圖　7.1.3　美、英、歐盟15國初期投資類型的創投資金比較241
圖　7.1.4　歐盟成員國2009年私募業投入擴張與重整之資金(占各國GDP比) 243
圖　7.1.5　歐盟成員國2009年創投投入種子與創業之資金(占各國GDP比) 244
圖　7.1.6　2009年上半年歐洲國家各類別創投投資ICT企業家數 245
圖　7.2.1　Exnovate案例之研究定位 255
圖　7.3.1　以利益團體為行動者之專業中介機構案例在社會ICTs相關議題的綜合整理 263
圖　8.1　本研究綜合分析多層級行動者與ICT議題之互動呈現 278

中文文獻
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79.	陳信宏，黎綺雯、戴彗紋（2008），實踐開放式創新的政策思維。接軌世界  創新無限。台北：經濟部技術處出版。第74 – 87頁。
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