在徐四金的小說《香水》中，權力關係在社會中運作，權力關係 (Power Relations) 是傅柯作品裡的重要主題 權力關係的討論讓我們理解到權力可以由許多方式產生和影響人們的行為，人們對規訓、瘋癲、犯罪等等的反應，給我們了解主角葛奴乙的方向，也可以較社會學的方式去理解葛奴乙和社會的互動關係。
   葛奴乙對社會的負面性質吸引了很多評論家的注意，許多評論家用隱喻的方式去分析這些負面性來闡述他們可能代表的意義，但這些負面性到底從何而來? 我們必須關注葛奴乙成長的社會，因為我們需要納入環境因素來理解葛奴乙這些負面性質的源頭，再者小說中的人們也展現出許多負面的性質，那是甚麼因素使葛奴乙比他們更惡名昭彰？這也是我們需要探討的層面。
   第一章 〈權威性的知識〉 從檢視社會系統開始，我想從宗教、法律、道德的角度去檢視權力關係在這些層面中是如何運作的 這些社會系統在知識還有真理的名號下影響了人們的判斷事情的準則。
   第二章 〈不正常性〉 致力於找出葛奴乙在社會中的位置，這些排除葛奴乙的概念是如何產生作用又是如何被建立的，理解這些問題可以幫助我們更清楚葛奴乙和社會的互動關係。
   第三章 〈社會意義中的外人〉 我想討論葛奴乙傷害社會的動機，葛奴乙失去他的自我定位，而他企圖從社中尋找解套，然而我們可以看到他和社會互動的結果是場災難，邪惡是解釋葛奴乙的動機和他所作的事情的最好解答嗎? 考慮到權力關係塑造社會的多種方法，葛奴乙的特別之處並不適合社會系統，因為他沒有吸收社會訊息的能力，而悲劇就因葛奴乙和社會難以溝通的情況下發生。

In Patrick Suskind's Perfume, the power relations work in the social background. Power relation is an important subject which is mainly discussed in Foucault’s works. The discussion of power relation provides us the concept that power is generated in many different ways and influences people’s behaviors. People’s responses to law, madness, crime and so on, give us aspects to understand the protagonist Grenouille and provide us resources to know the interactions between Grenouille and the society in a sociological way. 
	Grenouille’s negativities for society intrigue critics. Many of them express these negativities as metaphorical possibilities for other issues. But, how these negativities come from in first place should be concerned. We need to have more attentions to the society where Grenouille is living because we need to involve the environmental factors to understand the resources of Grenouille’s negativities. Also, in the novel, it seems that the people in the society reveal us that they are also negative models. Then, what makes Grenouille even more notorious than others? This is also an aspect we can elaborate under the social power relations.  
	Chapter one, Authoritative Knowledge, starts with the examination of social systems. I want to explore how the power relations work in these aspects: religion, law, and morality. These social systems affect people’s judgment in the name of knowledge and truth.
	Chapter two, Abnormality, is devoted to finding out Grenouille’s state in the society. How exclusions work on him and how the concepts which people think about Grenouille are established need to be clarified. The intentions behind these questions are to clarify the relations and interactions between Grenouille and the society.
	The purpose of chapter three, The outsider of the social meanings, is to find out Grenouille’s motivation of doing harm to society. Grenouille loses his own identity and he tries to seek it from the society. However, we can see the ways he interacting with society are a disaster. Is evil the best answer to describe Grenouille’s motivation and what he has done? Considering many ways that the power relations form the society, Grenouille’s specialty is not suitable for this social system because of his inability receiving the messages from society. The tragedy happened in these incomprehensible communications between Grenouille and the society.

Contents
Introduction The Power relations in Patrick Süskind’s Perfume: The Story of a Murderer	1
Chapter One: Authoritative Knowledge	7
Chapter two: Abnormality	20
Chapter Three: The Outsider of The Social Meanings	32
Conclusion	43
Works Cited	49

Works Cited
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Foucault, Michel. Abnormal : Lectures at the Collège De France 1974-1975. Tran. Graham Burchell. New York: Picador, 2003. Print.
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---. The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. Tran. Robert Hurley. Volume 1 Vol. New York: Vintage Books, 1980. Print.
---. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Tran. Richard Howard. New York: Vintage, 1988. Print.

Gluchman, Vasil, ed. Morality. New York: Rodopi, 2013. Print.

Gray, Richard T. "The Dialectic of "Enscentment": Patrick Süskind's Das Parfum as Critical History of Enlightenment Culture." PMLA 108.3 (1993): 489-505. Web.

Prado, C. G. Starting with Foucault. Boulder: Westview, 1995. Print.

Heller, Kevin Jon. "Power, Subjectification and Resistance in Foucault." SubStance 25.1 (1996): 78-110. JSTOR; JSTOR. Web. 

Krause, Edith H. "In Search of the Maternal: Patrick Süskind's Perfume." Germanic Review 87.4 (2012): 345-64. Web.

Ruff, Julius. Violence in Early Modern Europe 1500-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 2001. Print.

Seidman, Steven, ed. The Postmodern Turn New Perspectives on Social Theory . Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1994. Print.

Süskind, Patrick. Perfume: The Story of a Murderer. Tran. John Woods. London: Penguin Books, 2006. Print.