在無線感測器網路（Wireless Sensor Networks，WSNs）中，由於其所使用的無線感測器節點有著體積小及成本低而結構簡單的優點，可應用於許多方面的無線感測器網路在近年來也已經有了廣泛的發展及研究。但許多限制也對應了其優點而產生，然而在當中會遇到的最直接且困難之問題即在於其電力方面是相當受限的，設計一個合適的路由協定之瓶頸也在於節點所具備的電力限制。為了解決電力限制的問題，節點需盡可能的分散其使用負載，若電力之消耗可被平均分散至多數的節點，則整個感測器網路的生存時間便可望被提高。是以在考慮了許多不同結構的知名路由協定後，我們提出了一個應用於無線感測器網路中的被動式電力決策路由演算法（A Reactive Energy-Decision Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks，REDRP），此方法採用了被動式路由建立來傳送收集到的資料，而且使用了節點之剩餘電力為其決策條件，在其模擬之結果中則可顯示出此方法可使整體之電力消耗達到平均的分散進而增加網路之存活時間。

The wireless sensor network (WSNs) was extensively deployed and researched for many applications in recently. By taking the advantage of smaller dimension, lower cost and simple structure of the sensor node, the more restrictions come together with sensors. Therefore, the limited power of sensor nodes is the most direct and difficult problem we meet.  The limitation on the energy of sensor node makes the bottlenecks for designing the suitable routing protocols. In order to solve the problem of limited energy, the loading of nodes have to be distributed as possible as it can. If the energy consumption can be shared averagely by most nodes, then the lifetime of sensor networks will be enlarged. Thus we propose the routing protocol called Reactive Energy Decision Routing Protocol (REDRP) for sensor networking by considering several representative routing protocols in different structures. This protocol will create the routes in reactive routing method to transmit the data node gathered and the REDRP use the residual energy of nodes as the routing decision for energy-aware.  As the results of simulation shows that the more fairness usage of sensor nodes, the total energy consumption of entire network will be distributed fairly by our protocol and the lifetime will also be increased.

第一章    緒論	- 1 -
1-1    研究背景	- 3 -
1-2    研究動機	- 4 -
1-3    研究目的	- 8 -
1-4    內容概述	- 9 -
第二章    相關技術與研究	- 10 -
2-1    無線感測器網路的相關應用	- 11 -
2-2    無線感測器網路與無線隨意式網路之比較	- 13 -
2-3    主動式無線感測器網路路由協定介紹	- 17 -
2-3-1  Direct Diffusion	- 18 -
2-3-2  LEACH	- 19 -
2-3-3  SPIN	- 21 -
2-4    被動式無線感測器網路路由協定介紹	- 23 -
2-4-1  TEEN	- 23 -
2-4-2  PEGASIS	- 24 -
2-5    混和式無線感測器網路路由協定介紹	- 25 -
2-5-1  Rumor Routing	- 26 -
第三章    被動式電力決策路由演算法	- 29 -
3-1    無線感測器節點初始化	- 30 -
3-2    以被動式電力決策型路由演算法進行路徑尋找	- 33 -
3-3    資料傳送	- 43 -
3-4    路徑變動及調整	- 45 -
3-5    REDRP之特性	- 53 -
第四章    模擬環境與結果	- 54 -
4-1    模擬環境設定	- 54 -
4-2    效能比較及分析	- 56 -
第五章    結論與未來研究方向	- 60 -
5-1    結論	- 60 -
5-2    未來研究方向	- 61 -
參考文獻	- 62 -
附錄一    英文原稿	- 65 -
附錄二    論文發表	- 72 -
圖目錄
圖 1 Multi-hop routing 之範例......................................................... - 7 -
圖 2 無線感測器網路架構示意圖................................................ - 11 -
圖 3 無線感測器網路路由協定之分類........................................ - 17 -
圖 4 Direct Diffusion 運作示意圖................................................. - 18 -
圖 5 LEACH 之叢集架構表示...................................................... - 20 -
圖 6 SPIN 運作之過程................................................................... - 22 -
圖 7 PEGASIS 以形成鏈結方式傳回資料................................... - 25 -
圖 8 Rumor Routing 作路徑之更新.............................................. - 27 -
圖 9 Dist 值於網路初始時設定完成............................................. - 31 -
圖 10 感測器節點初始化流程...................................................... - 32 -
圖 11 偵測到事件之節點發出RP_Request 封包給鄰近節點...... - 35 -
圖 12 節點由傳回之RP_Reply 封包之資訊以選擇下一節點...... - 37 -
圖 13 節點20 送出RP_Next 封包以告知其所選擇之下一節點為節點13. - 38 -
圖 14 節點13 再發出RP_Request 封包以找尋下一節點............ - 39 -
圖 15 一條由節點20 至資料收集節點之路徑已被找到.............. - 40 -
圖 16 由資料收集節點發出Confirm 封包來完成路徑建立之動作. - 41 -
圖 17 路徑尋找流程圖.................................................................... - 42 -
圖 18 資料傳送流程圖..................................................................... - 45 -
圖 19 節點8 因感測到事件而使路徑發生改變............................ - 48 -
圖 20 節點8 發出RP_Change 封包以知會其前後節點改變路徑- 49 -
圖 21 資料收集節點發出兩個Confirm封包已完成路徑之更新及建立. - 50 -
圖 22 經過調整及重新尋找路徑而形成之新路徑........................ - 51 -
圖 23 路徑變動及調整流程圖........................................................ - 52 -
圖 24 節點平均剩餘電量之模擬結果............................................ - 56 -
圖 25 節點存活數量之模擬結果.................................................... - 58 -
表目錄
表 1 WSNs 與MANETs 之概括比較........................ - 14 -
表 2 RP_Request 封包之內容欄位................................................. - 33 -
表 3 RP_Reply 封包之內容欄位..................................................... - 35 -
表 4 RP_Next 封包之內容欄位....................................................... - 38 -
表 5 Confirm 封包之內容欄位........................................................ - 41 -
表 6 包含一個特殊檔頭的資料封包之內容欄位.......................... - 43 -
表 7 Data_R 封包之內容欄位......................................................... - 44 -
表 8 RP_Adj 封包之內容欄位........................................................ - 46 -
表 9 RP_Change 封包之內容欄位.................................................. - 48

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